MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AT LAGUNA

Academic Year 2022 – 2023

EXPERIMENT 1: FLOW PATTERN IN PIPES

Clint Jefferson E. BELAN

Serg Aeron DELA CRUZ

Kin Leonard T. GONZALES

Abiel Bryant O. MONTES

Renz Cyrus S. SANTOS

ME142L – B39

Instructor: Manuel Rustria

DATE OF SUBMISSION
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this experiment is to decide the Reynolds Number, as an element of flow rate to
portray the type of fluid of fluid in a pipeline. Reynold's number is utilized to describe systems of stream.
The sorts of flows portrayed are laminar and turbulent streamlines. The flow is laminar when the fluid is
streaming slowly, and turbulent when the liquid streams quick. As we have observed that at laminar flow
the velocity of fluid is low, the dye forms a slim string then it somewhat whirls as velocity is increment
and at additional increment of velocity which describes turbulent flow, the flow of dye completely twirls
to the point it scatters. This shows that as the water stream rate increments, the calculated Reynolds
number likewise increments.

INTRODUCTION

Laminar Flow

In laminar flows, liquid particles move in layers, sliding over one another, causing a little energy
trade to happen between layers. Laminar stream happens in liquids with high consistency, moving at low
velocity.

Turbulent Flow

The turbulent flow, is represented by irregular developments and intermixing of liquid particles,
with an extraordinary trade of energy all through the liquid. This sort of flow happens in liquids with low
viscosity and high velocity.

Reynolds Number

Reynolds was quick to propose a rule for separation among laminar, transition and turbulent
streams in his exemplary dye visualization suggested a critical value of ≤ 2000 for the maximum furthest
reaches of laminar stream then 2,000 ≤ 2,000, the stream is transition stream then furthermore, ≥ 4000
critical value for turbulent stream. Liquid stream can be grouped to 3 systems laminar, change and
turbulent flow. The dimensionless Reynolds number is used to classify the state of flow. The Reynolds
Number Demonstration is a classic experiment, based on visualizing flow behavior by slowly and steadily
injecting dye into a pipe. This experiment was first performed by Osborne Reynolds in the late nineteenth
century.

Equation for Re

ρ vd vd
ReD = =
μ V
ρ = Density of the fluid, Kg/m3 V = Velocity of fluid, m/s µ = Dynamic viscosity, N·s/m2
D = Tube inside diameter, m v = Density of the fluid, Kg/m3

OBJECTIVES

1. Explain laminar, transition, and turbulent flow.

2. Determine the Reynolds Number of a flowing fluid.

3. Identify the types of flow in fluids

4. Perform an experiment on flow pattern using the Reynolds apparatus.

METHODOLOGY

The representation of stream conduct will be performed by slow and consistently infusing dye
into a pipeline. The condition of the stream (laminar, transition or turbulent) will determined by visual
then will validate by the calculations of the Reynolds number.

This section of the paper will outline the methods the researchers will employ to collect information and
data for the experiment. The materials and equipment are listed below, followed by the procedures that
the researchers used to collect the data they needed for the experiment and, finally, the data and results.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 HB 024 Osborne Reynolds Apparatus

- Dye Reservoir
- Dye Flow control valve
- Head tank
- Injection Needle
- Bell Mouth
- Stilling Materials (Marbles)
- Water supply tube
- Over flow tube
- Test Tube
- Flow Control valve
 HB100 Hydraulics Bench
 Graduated Cylinder
 Water Bucket
 Thermometer
PROCEDURES

Before the experiment began, the 15 students that were in class during the dying light of August
27, 2022, were separated into two. This was made by Sir. Rustria. The reason for that is to fit the students
in the laboratory room. This group of the researchers were the last batch to do the experiment. As a result,
when they entered the laboratory area, the tools and equipment’s were ready for use. The HB 024
Osborne Reynolds Apparatus Instruction Manual in the week 1 PowerPoint was followed for the
procedures of gathering the data (There are slight revisions however). Furthermore, the only steps the
researchers performed exclusively for the experiment are those listed below.

1. Open the Hydraulics Bench flow control valve slightly to allow only small overflow.
2. Put the dye reservoir in place. Adjust the needle to the center line of the test tube slightly and
protrude into the bell mouth.
3. Slightly open the test tube flow control valve for a small flow.
4. Slightly open the dye flow control valve. The objective is to allow the dye velocity at the needle
outlet is of the same velocity as the water entering the test tube so that the dye is a stream line
5. Water flow rate is measured by a stop watch and a graduated beaker placing at the apparatus
discharge
6. Observe that the dye remains as a stream line in the test tube. The line may move slightly side to
side but remain as a single line
7. Record the water temperature
8. Record the flow volume and time
9. Slight increase the flow rate and adjust the dye flow rate if necessary, until the stream line begins
to diffuse, which signifies turbulent flow. Record the flow volume and time
10. Slowly decrease the opening of the flow control valve until the flow changes from turbulent to
laminar and measure the flow rate by graduated cylinder.
11. Repeat steps 8 to10 for 5 trials (each for laminar and turbulent flow), for a total of 10 trials.

DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1. Data results in Experiment of Osborne Reynold’s appratus

Trial No. Volume of Water Time (s) Flow of Fluid

1 100 mL 19.74 s LAMINAR
2 100 mL 17.25 s LAMINAR
3 100 mL 13.51 s LAMINAR
4 100 mL 12.34 s TURBULENT
 5 100 mL 11.42 s TURBULENT
6 100 mL 10.10 s TURBULENT
7 100 mL 9.68 s TURBULENT
8 100 mL 8.90 s TURBULENT
9 100 mL 8.45 s TURBULENT
10 100 mL 7.5 s TURBULENT

ReD vs. Flow rate

1400

1200

1000

800

600
ReD

400

200

0
4 -4 4 -4 -4 4 4 5 4 4
0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0-
5x1 x10 1x1 x10 x10 x1 x1 x1 x1 x1
8 2 4
03
9
47 44 86 25 1 7 6 16 8
3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 94 10 50 17
5. 47 95 9
83 35 05
. 19 . 12 .10
6 1 7

Flow rate

Figure 1. ReD vs. Flow rate

Figure 2. Captured image of trial 1 Laminar Flow

Figure 3. Captured image of ttrial 2 Laminar Flow Figure 4. Captured image of trial 2 Laminar
Flow
Figure 5. Captured image of trial 4 Turbulent Flow Figure 6. Captured image of trial 5 Turbulent
Flow

Figure 7. Captured image of trial 6 Turbulent Flow Figure 8. Captured image of trial 7 Turbulent
Flow
Figure 9. Captured image of trial 8 Turbulent Flow Figure 10. Captured image of trial 9 Turbulent
Flow

Figure 11. Captured image of trial 10 Turbulent Flow

CALCULATIONS
Given:
Figure 12. Physical properties of water in SI units.

V = 100 ml T = 23° C
d = 14mm or 0.014 m
Interpolation
Density ( ρ ¿
 20−23 998.2−x
=
23−25 x−997.1
−3 998.2−x
=
−2 x −997.1
0.66( 998.2−x )=( x−997.1)
kg
998.2−0.66=997.5 3
m
Viscosity (μ)
20−23 1.005−x
=
23−25 x−0.894
−3 1.005−x
=
−2 x −0.894
0.66( 1.005−x)=( x−0.894)
−3 Ns
1.005−0.66=997.5× 10
m2

Trial 1 T = 19.74 sec

Getting Flow Rate:

𝑄 = VT

V
𝑄 = 1x10−419.74Q=
T

1 x 10−4
Q= m3
1 = 3.0395x10-4
19.74 x ( ) m
60
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
 1 min
(5.0658 x 10−6) x ( )
60 sec m
V= = 0.0329
π s
(0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρ vd
Re =
μ
(997.5) x( 0.0329)(0.014)
ReD =
0.9344 x 10−3
ReD = 491.70
LAMINAR

Trial 2 T = 17.25 sec

Getting Flow Rate:

V
Q=
T

1 x 10− 4 3
Q= -4 m
1 = 3.478x10
17.25 x( ) m
60

Getting Velocity:

Q
V=
A

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
 1 min
(3.478 x 10−4 )x ( )
60 sec m
V= = 0.0376
π s
(0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρ vd
Re = ;
μ
(997.5) x(0.0376)(0.014)
ReD =
0.9344 x 10−3
ReD = 562.82
LAMINAR

Trial 3 T = 13.51 sec

Getting Flow Rate:

V
Q=
T

1 x 10−4
Q= m3
1 = 4.441x10-4
13.51 x ( ) m
60
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
−4 1min
( 4.441 x 10 ) x ( )
60 sec m
V= = 0.0481
π s
(0.014)2
4
 kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10 2
m
Getting Reynolds:

ρ vd
Re =
μ
(997.5) x(0.0481)(0.014 )
ReD =
0.9344 x 10−3
ReD = 718.63
LAMINAR

Trial 4 T = 12.34 sec

Getting Flow Rate:

V
Q=
T
−4
1 x 10
Q= m3
1 = 4.862x10-4
12.34 x ( ) m
60
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
1min
( 4.862 x 10−4 )x ( )
60 sec m
V= = 0.0526
π s
(0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10 2
m
Getting Reynolds:
 ρ vd
Re =
μ
(997.5) x(0.0526)(0.014)
ReD =
0.9344 x 10−3
ReD = 786.13
LAMINAR

Trial 5 T = 11.42 sec

Getting Flow Rate:

V
Q=
T

1 x 10−4 3
Q= m
1 = 5.254x10-4
11.42 x ( ) m
60
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
−4 1 min
(5.254 x 10 ) x ( )
60 sec m
V= = 0.0568
π s
(0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρ vd
Re =
μ
 (997.5) x( 0.0568)(0.014)
ReD =
0.9344 x 10−3
ReD = 850.15
LAMINAR

Trial No. 6 T = 10.10 sec

Getting Flow Rate:
V
Q=
T

1 ×10−4 m3 3
-4 m
Q= 1 = 5.941 x 10
10.10 s min
60 s
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
3
−4 m 1min
5.941×10 ×
min 60 sec m
V= = 0.06432241612
π s
( 0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5
m3
Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10−3 2
m
Getting Reynolds:

ρvd
Re =
μ
kg m
(997.5 )(0.064 )(0.014 m)
m 3
s
ReD =
Ns
0.9344 ×10−3 2
m
ReD = 956.5068493
 Laminar
Trial No. 7 T= 9.68 seconds
Getting Flow Rate:

V1
Q=
T
1× 10−4 m3 3
-4 m
Q= 1 = 6.198347107 x 10
9.68 s min
60 s
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
3
−4 m 1 min
6.198× 10 ×
min 60 sec m
V= = 0.0671049209
π 2 s
( 0.014)
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρvd
Re =
μ
kg
(997.5 3
)(0. 0671049209)(0.014 m)
m
ReD =
−3 Ns
0.9344 ×10
m2
ReD = 1002.911195
Laminar
Trial No. 8 T = 8.90 seconds
Getting Flow Rate:
 V
Q=
T

1× 10−4 m3 3
-5 m
Q= 1 = 1.123595506 x 10
8.90 s min
60 s
Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4
3
−5m 1 min
1.123595506 x 10 ×
min 60 sec 1.216501897 ×10−3 m
V= =
π 2 s
(0.014 )
4
kg
ρ=997.5
m3
Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10−3
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρvd
ReD =
μ
kg −3 m
(997.5 )(1.216501897× 10 )(0.014 m)
m 3
s
Re =
−3 Ns
0.9344 ×10
m2
ReD = 18.1811312
Laminar
Trial No. 9 T = 8.45 seconds
Getting Flow Rate:

V
Q=
T

1× 10−4 m3 3
-4 m
Q= 1 = 7.100591716 x 10
8.45 s x min
60 s
 Getting Velocity:

1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4

−4 m3 1 min
7.100591716 x 10 ×
min 60 sec m
V= = 0.07687716126
π s
( 0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρvd
Re =
μ
kg m
(997.5 )(0.07687716126 )(0.014 m)
m
3
s
ReD =
−3 Ns
0.9344 ×10
m2
ReD = 1148.961427
Laminar

Trial No. 10 T = 7.5 seconds

Getting Flow Rate:

V
Q=
T
−4 3
1× 10 m 3
m
Q= 1 = 8 x 10-4
7.5 s x min
60 s
Getting Velocity:
 1 min
Q x( )
60 sec
V=
π
(0.014)2
4

m3 1 min
8 x 10−4 ×
min 60 sec m
V= = 0.08661493502
π s
(0.014)2
4
kg
ρ=997.5 3
m
−3 Ns
μ=0.9344 ×10
m2
Getting Reynolds:

ρvd
Re =
μ
kg m
(997.5 )(0.08661493502 )(0.014 m)
m 3
s
ReD =
Ns
0.9344 × 10−3 2
m
ReD = 1294.496541
Laminar

DISCUSSION

Reynolds number of every trial was determined utilizing the obtained data, then afterward
arranged in Table 1 it is the type of flow as we observed with the naked eyes Also, the calculated data of
ReD and flow rate is displayed in chart in figure 1. Each of the one to three trials showed laminar and
smooth stream and their Reynolds numbers were both determined to be under 2100. Then, at that point,
the trials four to ten is turbulent as we saw in naked eyes, but in the calculated data it shows four to ten
trials was also laminar flow, because their Reynolds number is below 2000. Laminar Flow happen at low
velocity, where the layers of fluid appear to slide by each other without whirls being available then again,
stream happens at higher speeds, where twirls are available giving the fluid a fluctuating nature.
Possible errors can be determined in the actual of our experiment particularly while expecting a
turbulent flow as the velocity was increment may be conceivable because of a defective equipment and
the instability of the area, then the needle of the dye was not in the center as shown in figure 13 below,
then lastly one of our teammate raised up the dye to put it in the center that cause instability for the needle
of dye.
Figure13. Actual experiment Figure13. Needle of the dye

CONCLUSION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

REFERENCES