Geotech Geol Eng

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00924-y (0123456789().,-volV)
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89().,-volV)

ORIGINAL PAPER

A Numerical Investigation on the Hydraulic Fracturing

Efficiency in Radial Well
Lujian Yao . Mingyang Zhai . Sixu Wang

Received: 26 December 2018 / Accepted: 24 April 2019

Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

Abstract In order to investigate the propagation
behavior of radial well hydraulic fractures, a low-
permeability reservoir in Shengli Oilfield was used as
the geologic condition, and a series of numerical
simulations of radial well guided hydraulic fracturing
were carried out based on a numerical method named
Rock Failure Process Analysis 3D. The concept of
effective stimulation coefficient was proposed in this
paper to illustrate the advantage of radial well
fracturing. The results show that compared with the
traditional hydraulic fracturing, the effective stimula-
tion coefficient through radial well fracturing is
increased by 8% and the effectively stimulated area
is increased by 60.6%. The viscosity of the fluid has
little effect on the effective stimulation coefficient and
effective stimulation area, when compared with the
injection rate. The effective stimulation coefficient
decreases with the increase of injection rate. And the
effectively stimulated area improves with the increase
of injection rate. In the process of radial well
fracturing, it is possible to reduce the ineffective
L. Yao  M. Zhai (&)  S. Wang
Key Laboratory of Ministry Education on Safe Mining of
Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University,
Shenyang 110819, China
e-mail: zhaimingyang_2011@163.com
L. Yao  M. Zhai  S. Wang
Center of Rock Instability and Seismicity Research,
School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern
University, Shenyang 110819, China
stimulation and construction costs by reasonably
reducing the construction injection rate.
Keywords Radial well  Hydraulic fracturing 
RFPA3D  Effective stimulation coefficient 
Numerical Simulation
1 Introduction
In recent years, hydraulic fracturing has been widely
used and become one of the important measures for
economic exploitation of oil and gas resources (Li
et al. 2013, 2016, 2017). As an especial fracturing
method, the radial well fracturing has great advantages
in the stimulation of thin-bedded reservoirs and those
with low or ultra-low permeability, which can signif-
icantly communicate with the target layers to guide the
hydraulic fracture propagation, and with small reser-
voir damage (Gong et al. 2016). With the development
of numerical simulation methods, many models and
numerical codes about hydraulic fracturing were
generated. For instance, the models include: the PK
(Perkins and Kern 1961), KGD (Geertsma and De
Klerk 1969), PKN (Nordren 1972), PL3D (Vandamme
and Curran 1989; Advani et al. 1990; Siebrits and
Peirce 2002) models, and XFEM (Wang and Zhang
2017); numerical codes includes: GOHFER (Barree
1983), TRIFRAC (Abou-Sayed et al. 1984), MFRAC
(Meyer 1989), FRANC3D (Potyondy 1993),

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STIMPLAN (Vandamme and Curran 1989; Warpinski

et al. 1994), ENERFRAC (Warpinski et al. 1994),
FRACPROPT (Warpinski et al. 1994), HYFRANC3D
(Carter et al. 2000), MLAYER2D (Peirce and Siebrits
2001), and RFPA (Li et al. 2013). These numerical
codes make significant contribution to the research of
hydraulic behavior and in-situ stimulation operation.
Through theoretical analysis, a solid fluid and mass
transfer coupling mathematical model of hydraulic
fracture in rock salt has been established, and numer-
ical simulations has been carried out with the model
(Liang and Zhao 2005). A geo-material failure process
analysis, considering the coupling of stress distribu-
tion, fluid injection, and element damage evolution,
has been used to investigate the mechanisms of crack Fig. 1 The radial well schematic diagram
initiation and propagation around a 2-D cylindrical
cavity in heterogeneous stiff soils during hydraulic conditions vary from project to project, therefore
fracturing (Wang et al. 2009). Natural or artificial specific analysis for each case is required. In this
paper, a low-permeability reservoir in Shengli Oilfield
hydraulic connections between a granular aquifer in
contact with a fractured-rock aquifer can have signif- in China is adopted as the geologic condition in the
icant physical and chemical impacts at both a local and numerical model. The numerical simulation method of
seepage-stress-damage coupling is used to analyze the
a regional scale, numerical simulations has been
conducted in order to illustrate the hydrogeological mechanism of hydraulic fracturing propagation in
consequences of such hydraulic relationships (Ches- radial wells. It is expected that this work can provide
some references for the radial well fracturing opera-
naux et al. 2012). A three-dimensional hydraulic
fracture numerical simulation model has been devel- tion and related research.
oped to quantitatively study the effects of different
geological and operational factors on the fracture
propagation in coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs 2 Project Overview
(Jiang et al. 2016). A discrete fracture network model
Shengli Oilfield, located in Dongying City, Shandong
has been proposed by performing a Monte Carlo
simulation on the fracture characteristics of downhole Province, is the second largest oil field in China. Since
the exploration and development, it has made great
shale cores and shale outcrops in the Longmaxi
contributions to the national economic construction
formation in the Sichuan basin of China (Hou et al.
2016). Distinct Element Method (DEM) based numer- and regional development. With the improvement of
exploitation methods, some tight formations have
ical model has been used to simulate interaction of
gradually become the exploitation targets. Hydraulic
hydraulic and natural fractures; and the simulation
results are validated through experimental studies fracturing method is applied to increase production in
the blocks, and the numerical investigations were
(Fatahi et al. 2017).
conducted based on the background of a tight block in
However, up to now, there are few simulations
relate to radial well fracturing. A schematic diagram of Shengli Oilfield in the paper. The ground stress profile
and imaging log are shown in Figs. 2 and 3,
the radial well shown in Fig. 1. The extended finite
element method was used to simulate the hydraulic respectively.
fracturing process in radial well, and the variation The depth of reservoir which is controlled by the
dual factors of tectonic-lithology is from 3000 to
rules of fracture initiation pressure and position was
found (Gong et al. 2016). And the fracture propagation 4350 m. The average rock porosity obtained from the
mechanism of hydraulic fracturing in radial well was logging interpretation is 7.9%, and the average
permeability is 3.9 9 10–3 lm2 which exhibits typical
also analyzed based on extended finite element
method in ABAQUS (Li et al. 2018). In-situ reservoir characteristics of the ultra-low porosity and

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Fig. 2 Reservoir geo-stress profile curve
low permeability. Moreover, the log interpretation
shows a large difference in geostress, the average
vertical stress is 83.4 MPa, the maximum horizontal
principal stress is 70.1 MPa, and the minimum
horizontal principal stress is 58.4 MPa. The single
fracture is expected to form during the entire hydraulic
fracturing because of the larger horizontal principal
stress difference. Therefore, the stimulation volume
may be relatively limited.
3 Basic Theory of RFPA3D
Rock Failure Process Analysis 3D (RFPA3D) is a
numerical software based on finite element method,
which consider the heterogeneity of the rock. The
8-node isoparametric element is used as the basic
element of the finite element mesh. The basic
assumptions in RFPA3D are as follows:
(a) It is assumed that the rock mass is fully saturated
and obeys Darcy’s law. The coupling process of
stress and strain in the deformed rock mass is
controlled by Biot’s consolidation theory.
(b) At the element scale, the rock material is
assumed to be an elastic brittle material with
residual strength. The rock mechanical behavior
is described by the elastic damage constitutive
relation, and the residual strain/deformation
after unloading is not considered.
(c) When the minimum principal stress exceeds the
tensile strength, the element is considered to be
in the tensile failure mode, and when the shear
stress satisfies the Mohr–Coulomb failure crite-
rion, the element is in the shear failure mode.
(d) The isotropic condition of the hydraulic behav-
ior on the element scale is assumed, and the
permeability of the element changes with the
change of the stress state during the elastic
deformation process, that is, when the element is
damaged, the permeability increases according
to the deformation correlation law.
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Fig. 3 Imaging log

(e) Considering the heterogeneity of the rock, it is The governing equations for the elastic deformation
assumed that the mechanical parameters of the of an isotropic linear poroelastic medium are:
rock conform to the Weibull distribution.
G
Gui;jj þ uj;ji  aPi þ f i ¼ 0 ð3Þ
In RFPA3D, the mechanical parameters of the 1 þ 2m
model elements, such as Young’s modulus and the where G is shear modulus, m is Poisson’s ratio, uij is
strength properties, are assumed to follow a Weibull stress tensor, and f i is volumetric body force.
distribution: When the stress reaches the damage threshold, the
    material begins to be damaged, and the elastic
m u m1 u m
f ð uÞ ¼ exp  ð1Þ modulus of the damaged material is defined as:
u0 u0 u0
E ¼ ð1  DÞE0 ð4Þ
where u is the element parameter (such as Young’s
modulus, Poisson’s ratio, or strength properties), u0 is where D is the damage variable, E is the elastic modulus
the scale parameter related to the average value of the and E0 is the elastic modulus of the undamaged
element parameter, and m is the homogeneity index material. D ranges from zero (0.0) for the undamaged
defining the shape of f(u) representing the degree of material to one (1.0) to represent full failure.
homogeneity. When the tensile stress in an element reaches the
The injection of a fluid (water) is governed by: tensile strength, the damage variable D can be
  calculated as:
kql g oP oev
r ðrP  ql grZÞ ¼ S a ð2Þ 8
ll ot ot < 0f
> e [ et0
tr
where k is permeability, ql is fluid density, ll is fluid D¼ 1 etu \e  et0 ð5Þ
>
: eE0
dynamic viscosity, g is gravity, P is pore fluid 1 e  etu
pressure, Z is elevation, S is storage coefficient, a is
where f tr is the residual tensile strength, et0 is the strain
Biot’s coefficient, and ev is volumetric strain.
at the elastic limit which is the so-called threshold

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strain for tensile damage, while etu is the ultimate sandwiched between two dry layers. The model is 500 m
tensile strain. in length (X direction in the model), 30 m in width (Y
Under multiaxial stress states, when the equivalent direction in the model), and 70 m in depth (Z direction in
principal tensile strain e reaches the threshold strain, the the model), as shown in Fig. 5. The model is meshed by
element is assumed to be damaged in the tensile mode. the 8-node isoparametric element, and consist of
The equivalent principal strain is defined as follows: 1,050,000 million elements. In this study, the propagation
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi of hydraulic fracture is assumed to be driven by an
 ¼  \e [ 2 þ \e [ 2 þ \e [ 2 ð6Þ
1 2 3 incompressible and Newtonian fluid. A constant injection
e
rate is applied along the boundary of the interior hole to
where e1 , e2 , and e3 are the three principal strains, 
e is simulate the pressurized fluid. A constant hydraulic
the equivalent principal strain, and \ [ is a function
 pressure condition (p = 0 MPa) is imposed on the
0x\0 outward boundaries of the model. According to the
defined as \x [ ¼ . The damage variable
xx  0 logging curve (Fig. 2), a constant stress of 70.1 MPa,
under complex stress conditions can be expressed as: 58.4 MPa, and 83.4 MPa was applied to each of the six
8  boundaries of the model in the three directions of x, y, and
>
<
0 e [ et0
f tr z, respectively, as shown in Fig. 4. The rate of time
D¼ 1 etu \ e  et0 ð7Þ increase is kept constant throughout the numerical tests at
>
: e E0  0.5 min per calculating step. Based on the log data of a
1 e  etu
reservoir in Shengli Oilfield, the material parameters of
The damage variable under uniaxial compression is oil layers are given as shown in Table 1.
given as follows: In order to verify the rationality of the numerical
(
0 e\ec0 model, the simulation results of RFPA3D were
D¼ kec0 ð8Þ compared with the those of FraproPT which is a
1 ec0  e
e famous commercial software related to hydraulic
where ec0 is the compressive strain at the elastic limit, fracturing operation design, as shown in Fig. 6. It is
k is the residual strength coefficient. important to note that the simulation results of
When the strength of the element that is in a multi- FraproPT has been verified by the petroleum engi-
axial stress state satisfies the Mohr–Coulomb crite- neering and its micro-seismic observations. The
rion, the maximum compressive principal strain can be injection parameters are shown in Table 2.
quantified at the peak value of the maximum principal Due to the low reservoir permeability and the large
stress. Triaxial stress states for shear damage can be geo-stress difference, the formed fracture is a simple
straightforwardly expressed as follows: double-wing fracture under the current injection
( conditions. Figure 6b shows a half-fracture with the
0 e1 \ec0 wellbore on the left side of the diagram. It is shown in
D¼ kec0 ð9Þ
1 ec0  e1 the simulation results of FracproPt that, the half-length
e1
of fracture is 150 m and the height of fracture is 25 m
For a detailed introduction to the principles of (Fig. 6b). In the RFPA3D simulation results, the half-
RFPA3D, see document (Li et al. 2012), which is not
covered here.

4 Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Hydraulic

Fracturing in Radial Well

4.1 Numerical Model Comparison and Validation

First, a numerical model shown in Fig. 4 is used to

investigate the behavior of the radial well fracturing.
According to Fig. 3 the oil layer is 14 m thick and Fig. 4 The 3D model

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Fig. 5 The front view of the
numerical model
Table 1 Table of numerical model mechanical parameters
Classification E rc l K u c
Oil layer 13.2 43.2 0.25 0.0043 35.0 3.78
Dry layer 11.0 74.0 0.27 0.0008 35.0 6.48
Where E is elastic modulus, GPa; rc is uniaxial compressive
strength, MPa; l is Poisson’s ratio; K is permeability, lm2; u is
internal friction angle, °; c is internal cohesion, MPa
length of fracture is 142 m and the height of fracture is
25 m (Fig. 6a). The result obtained from RFPA3D
agrees well with those from the FracproPT.
4.2 Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing in Radial
Well
In order to investigate the influence of radial wells on
hydraulic fracture propagation, a radial well numerical
model in RFPA3D was be established. The mechan-
ical parameters of layers and injection parameters in
the model are also show in Tables 1 and 2. The radial
well is 200 m long as shown in Fig. 7. Then, the model
is performed for calculation by parallel FEM compu-
tation on high-performance computer (HPC) cluster.
The simulation results are shown in Fig. 8.
In the process of radial well fracturing, the fractur-
ing fluid gradually fills the whole radial wells under
the guidance of the radial wells and seeps into the
surrounding rock mass. With the continuous injection
of fracturing fluid, the pore pressure of rock mass
around the radial well increases continuously. The
rock element begins damaging when the conditions
shown in the Eq. (10) are satisfied. As the damage
variable reaches one (1.0), the rock element breaks
down and becomes a fracture element.
P ¼ ðrH  rh Þ  St ð10Þ
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where rH is maximum principal stress, MPa; rh is
minimum principal stress, MPa; St is tensile strength
of rock, MPa.
The pore pressure of the section near the vertical
well in the radial well is higher than that far away from
the vertical well because of the existence of friction.
And the hydraulic fracture will start first in the position
close to the vertical well. According to the principle of
minimum energy, hydraulic cracks will propagate
perpendicular to the minimum principal stress, i.e. the
minimum energy required to propagate perpendicular
to the direction of the minimum principal stress. When
hydraulic cracks are formed, stress concentration will
occur at the edge of the crack, which makes the crack
continue to propagate along the edge of the crack.
However, because the friction of fracturing fluid
flowing in radial wells is less than that of fracturing
fluid flowing in hydraulic fractures, the hydraulic
fractures will expand preferentially along the direction
of radial wells rather than away from radial wells.
At 9 min, the hydraulic fracture propagates along
the radial well and not exceed the reservoir height
(Fig. 8a). At 17 min, as fracture length increase, the
fracture height reaches the reservoir boundary
(Fig. 8b). At 25 min, the hydraulic fracture does not
propagate beyond the radial well in the length and the
fracture height is well controlled, only 16 m (Fig. 8c).
At 33 min, the hydraulic fracture propagates beyond
the radial well in the length and the fracture height
increase rapidly, up to 18 m (Fig. 8d). It is shown that
when the hydraulic fracture does not propagate
beyond the radial well in the length, the fracture
height is well controlled, only 16 m. To describe the
fracturing efficiency, an effective stimulation coeffi-
cient g is proposed defined as the ratio of the effective
stimulation volume (V ES Þ to the total stimulation
volume (V TS ), as illustrated in the Eq. (11).
V ES
g¼ ð11Þ
V TS
Geotech Geol Eng

Fig. 6 Comparison of numerical simulation results of RFPA3D and FracproPT

Table 2 Injection parameters

Injection rate (m3/min) Total time (min) Fluid viscosity (mPa s)

5.0 75.0 63.0

According to this definition, at 33 min, the effective
stimulation coefficient g in the radial well model is
0.78, while g is just 0.70 in the traditional hydraulic
fracturing model in which the hydraulic fracture
pattern is shown in Fig. 9. The effective stimulation
coefficient g in the radial well model increased by 8%.
At this moment, the effective stimulation area in the
radial well model is 2856 m2, while in the traditional
hydraulic fracturing model it is 1778 m2. The effective
stimulation area increased by 60.6%.
Five numerical cases are simulated to investigate
the influence of the fluid viscosity on the radial well

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Fig. 7 Radial well numerical model

Fig. 8 The fracture

geometry in the radial well
fracturing model at different
injection time

fracturing efficiency. The fluid viscosities were
10 mPa s, 63 mPa s, 100 mPa s, 150 mPa s and
200 mPa s, respectively. Another five cases are also
simulated to investigate the influence of the injection
rate on the radial well fracturing efficiency. The fluid
rates were 3.0 m3/min, 3.5 m3/min, 4.0 m3/min,
4.5 m3/min and 5.0 m3/min, respectively. The statis-
tical results at 50 min are shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
As it is seen in Figs. 10 and 11, the viscosity of the
fluid has little effect on g and effective stimulation

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Fig. 9 The fracture

geometry in the traditional
hydraulic fracturing model
at 33 min

Fig. 10 The statistical results at different fluid viscosities at

Fig. 11 The statistical results at different injection rates at
4 m3/min injection rate
63 mPa s fluid viscosity

area, when compared with the injection rate. There-
fore, fracturing fluids with high viscosity can be
adopted for reducing the loss of fracturing fluid and
carrying more proppant into the formation. In addi-
tion, as the injection rate increases, the g decreases but
the effective reconstruction area increases. Therefore,
in order to reduce the ineffective fractures and reduce
the operation cost, a small injection rate can be
adopted during hydraulic fracturing, and the effective
stimulation area can be ensured by increasing the time
of the hydraulic fracturing.
5 Conclusions
Some numerical simulation results of radial well
fracturing have obtained based on the engineering
background of a low-permeability reservoir in Shengli

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Oilfield with RFPA3D finite element software in this
study. The influence of fluid viscosity and injection
rate on radial wells fracturing is analyzed in this study.
Also, the concept of effective stimulation coefficient
for illustrating the advantage of radial well fracturing
is proposed. Based on the finite element analyses, the
following conclusions were reached:
(a) Compared with the traditional hydraulic frac-
turing, the g of radial well fracturing increased
by 8%, and the effective stimulation area
increased by 60.6%.
(b) Compared with the injection rate, the viscosity
of the fluid has little effect on the fracture
propagation of radial well fracturing, so frac-
turing fluid with high viscosity can be adopted
during radial well fracturing.
(c) The effective stimulation coefficient decreases
with the increase of injection rate. And the
effectively stimulated area improves with the
increase of injection rate. In the process of radial
well fracturing, it is possible to reduce the
ineffective stimulation and save operation costs
by reasonably reducing the injection rate.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge
the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (Grant No. 51761135102).
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