Unit-2

Data Transmission:
Data Transmission is the physical
transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point to
point or point to multipoint communication channel.
Communication channel is any physical media like
cable, etc.,

Types of data transmission mode:

There are two types
of data transmission mode. They are
1. Parallel
2. Serial
 Asynchronous
 Synchronous
Parallel Transmission:

o Transmitted simultaneously on
separate wires.
o Multiple circuits for connection.
o Device closed to each other.
o Eg: Data transmission between
computer and printer.

Advantages of Parallel Transmission:

  Time required is only one clock cycle.
 Clock frequency can be kept low.

Disadvantage of Parallel Transmission:

 Number of wires.
 Cost is increased.

Serial Transmission:

 Transmitted serially on some wire.

 Required 1 wire to connect.
 Close or far doesn’t create any problem.
 Eg: Data Transmission between computer and
computer.
Types of Serial Transmission:
 In data communication, timing control of the
reception of bits is important. There are two
methods of timing control for reception of bits.

Asynchronous data transmission:

 Data bytes transmitted at any instant of time.
 One byte at a time.
 Ideal time between two bytes.
 Different clock frequencies.
 ‘Start’ and ‘Stop’ bits are used.
 Ideal time is not constant also known as gaps.
 Timing of signal is not important.
Advantage of Asynchronous Transmission:
 Synchronization not necessary .
 Cheap scheme.

Disadvantage of Asynchronous Transmission:

 ‘Start’ and ‘Stop’ bits and gaps makes transmission
slow.
 Timing error.

Synchronous Data Transmission:

 Carried out under common master clock.
 Transmitted as a block of bits.
 Operate at same clock frequencies.
 No ‘Start’ and ‘Stop’ bit required.
 No gaps between data bytes.
 Timing of signals is important.
Advantage of Synchronous Transmission:
 Speed of data is much.
 Timing errors are reduced.

Disadvantage of Synchronous Transmission:

 Data entirely dependent on timing.
 Devices should be properly synchronized.

DTE – DCE Interface:

 DTE – Data Terminal Equipment.
 DCE – Data Circuit Terminating equipment.

4 basic functional units involved in communication

of data:
 A DTE and DCE on one end
 A DTE and DCE on other end.
DTE:
 Any device that is source or destination of digital
data.
 At physical layer => terminal ,printer.
 DTE’s denote communication with each other.

DCE:
 Any device that transmit / receive signal through a
network.
 Commonly used DCE is modem.

Standards:
  Many standards have been developed to define the
connection between the DTE and DCE.
 Each standards provides a model for mechanical,
electrical and functional characteristics of the
connection.
 Eg: EIA – Electronic Industrial Association.
 ITUT- The International Telecommunication
Union – Telecom.
 Mechanical- Writing and connectors.
 Electrical-Signals.
 Functional- Protocol for signals.
 Eg: EIA.232, EIA 449.X.21.

DTE – DCCE Interface:

EIA – 232 Standard:

Standard developed by EIA(Electronic Industries

Association)

Mechanical:

Male DB- 25 connector on DTE end (cable has

female)
Female DB – 25 connector on DCE end (cable has
male)
 Cable length limited to soft(15m)
20kbps limit

Electrical:

Digital signal.
1 encoded as voltage in range -3v to -15v.
0 encoded as voltage in range +3v to +15v.
Wide range allows transmission on noisy line.

Functional:
Most of the 25 pins have defined functions.
Few of them are normally used, mot for control.
Pin 2 for transmitted data (transmitted from DTE)
Pin 3 for received data(transmitted from DCE)
Can be used for half or full duplex.

EIA – 449:
Desire compatibility with EIA – 232 plus higher
transfer rate and cable length.

Mechanical:
DB – 37 plus DB – 9 => combination of 46 pins.

Functional:
 DB – 37 similar to DB – 25 of EIA.232, except no
secondary channel.
DB – 9 handles secondary channel(compatible with
EIA – 232 secondary)

Electrical:
1encoded as voltage in range -2v to -6v.
0 encoded as voltage in range +2v to +6v.

X.21 Standard:
Standard developed by ITU – T (International
Telecommunication – Union Telecom)
Mechanical specs:
DB – 15 connector.
Cable length upto 1 km.
Max bps inverse of length (10mbps @10m,
100kbps @1km)
Typical 64kbps, for digital transmission.

Electrical specs:
Based on RS - 422, balanced mode.
Transmit two NRZ – L signal, one is complement
(mirror image) of other.
Receiver subtracts (negate then add) second signal
from first.
Advantage: Noise cancels out.
Functional specs:
Fewer pins than EIA – 232.
Pin assignments reflect mech and elect specs.
Most pin assignments are in pairs (for balanced
mode).

Transmission Media:
It is a pathway that carries the information from
sender to receiver. We use different types of cables or
waves to transmit data. Data is transmitted normally
through electrical or electromagnetic signals.

Or
In data communication terminology, a transmission
medium is a physical path between the transmitter and
the receiver i.e., it is the channel through which data is
sent from one place to another.

Types of Transmission media:

 Transmission Media is broadly classified into the
fllowing type:

Guided media:
It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded
transmission media. Signals being transmitted are
directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using
physical links.

Features:
High speed.
Secure.
Used for comparatively shorter distance.
There are 3 major types of Guided media:

Twisted – pair cable:

It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires

wound about each other.
Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in
a protective sheath. They are the most widely used
Transmission Media.

Twisted pair is of two types:

Unshielded Twisted Pair:
This type of cable has the ability to block interface and
does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose.
It is used for telephone applications.
It consists of two conductors (usually copper).
Each with its owncoloured plastic insulation.

*Advantages:-
*Least expensive
*Easy to install
*High speed capacity
*Disadvantages:-
*Susceptible to external interfaces.
*Lower capacity and performance in
Comparison to STP.
* Short distance transmission due to attenuation.
*Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):-
This type of cable consist of a special jacket
to block external interference .It is used in fast-data-rate
Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone
lines.
*Advantages:-
*Easy to install
*Eliminates crosstalk
*Comparitively faster
*Disadvantages:-
*Comparitively difficult to install and
manufacture
*More expensive
*Bulky

Coaxial cable:-
It has an outer plastic covering containing 2
parallel conductors each having a separate insulated
protection cover. Coaxial cable transmits information in
two modes. Baseband mode (dedicated cable band
width) and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split
into separate ranges).cable TVs and analog-television
Networks widely use coaxial cables.
*Advantages:-
*High bandwidth
*Better noise immunity
*Easy to install and expand
*Inexpensive
*Disadvantages:-
Single cable failure can disrupt(fail) the
entire network.

*Optical Fibre Cable:-

It uses the concept of reflection of lights
through a core mode up of glass or plastic .The core is
surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering
called the cladding. It is used for transmission of large
volumes of data.
*Advantages:-
 *Increased capacity and bandwidth
*Light weight
*Less signal attenuation
*Immunity to electromagnetic interfaces
*Resistance to corrosive materials
*Disadvantages:-
*Difficult to install and maintain
*High cost
*fragile
*Undirectional, i.e., will need another fibre, if we
need bidirectional communication.
*Unguided media:-
It also referred to as Wireless or unbounded
transmission media . No physical medium is required for
transmission of electromagnetic signals.
*Features:-
*Signal is broadcasted through air
*Less secure
*Used for larger distances
There are 3 major types of unguided media:-
*Radiowaves:-
 These are easy to generate and can penetrate
through buildings. The sending and receiving antennas
need not be aligned. Frequency Range : 3KHz-
1GHz.AM and FM radios and cordless further
categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.
*Microwaves:-
It is a line of sight transmission. i.e., the sending and
receiving antennas need to be properly aligned with each
other. The distance covered by the signal is directly.
Proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency
Range :1GHz-300GHz.These are majorly used for
mobile phone communication and television
distribution.
*Infrared:-
Infra red waves are used for very short distance
communication. They cannot penetrate through
obstacles. This prevents interference between systems.
Frequency Range : 300GHz-400THz. It is used in TV
remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.,
*Modem:-
 Familiar type of DCE is modem.
 It refers to 2 functional entities that make up the
device.
*a signal modulator
*a signal demodulator
 It stands for modulator /demodulator
The two pc at the end are DTE. The modem are
DCE. The DCE creates a digital signal and transfer
it to modem through an interface .The modulator
signal is received by demodulation function of the
second modem . The demodulator take the analog
signal and convert into the digital signal that
computer can accept.
*Performance:-
*Transmission media are roads on which
data travel.
To measure the performance of transmission
media, we can use 3 concepts
*Throughput
*Propagation speed
*Propagation Time
*Throughput:-
  Measurement of how fast data can pass through
a point
 Throughput is number of bits passing through a
wall in a second.
*Propagation speed :-
Measure the distance of a signal or bit can travel
through a medium in one second.
*Propagation time:-
Measure the time required for a signal or bit to
travel from one point to another point.
Propagation time = Distance/Propagation speed
*Error:-
 Data is corrupted during transmission
 Error must be detected and corrected
 Error correction and detection are
implemented at the data link layer (or)
Transport layer of the OSI model.
Types of error:-
There are 2 types of error. They are
*Single bit error
*Burst error
*Single bit error:-
 Only one bit of a given data is changed from
0 to 1 (or) 1 to 0.

*Burst error:-
 2 or more bits in the data units have changed
from 0 to 1 (or) 1 to 0.
 Not neccessary to occur consecutive bits
 Length of the burst error is measured from
first corrupted bit to last corrupted bit.
 *Functional specs:-
*fewer pins that EIA-232 pin assignments
reflect mech most pin assignment reflect mech and elect
specs. Most pin assignments are in pairs (for balanced
mode).
Error detection:-
*Redundancy:-
Extra bit is appended original data.
Types of Detection methods:

*VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check)

Eg:
Sender
1110111 1101111 111010 1101100 1100100
W O R L D
VRC Generator
11101110 11011110 1110100 11011000
11001000
*LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check)
Sender
Receiver
*CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
Data plus extra zero. The number of zero’s is one less
than the number of bits in the division.
*Check sum:-

Eg:
Data:
10101001 00111001

10101001
00111001
Sum 11100010
Check sum 00011101
Sender:
10101001 00111001 00011101
Receiver:-
10101001
00111001
00011101
sum 11111111
Complement 00000000