Introduction To Communication System

Prof. Biradar T. D.
Asst. Prof.
Electronics and communication Dept.
D. J. Sanghvi college of Engineering.
MUMBAI-56

1
Syllabus

2
 Pre-requisite:

Knowledge of
1. Analog Circuits Design
2. Engineering Mathematics- III
Objectives:
• To understand basics of communication systems and effect of noise on
communication.
• To understand various Continuous and pulse modulation, demodulation
techniques.
• Get acquainted with various types of multiplexing techniques and their use
in communication

3
 Outcomes:

On completion of the course, learner will be able to:

1. Describe different types of noise and its effect on communication system.

2. Analyze AM, FM, PM modulation and Demodulation systems.
3. Explain the block diagram of various types of receiver for analog
communication.
4. Apply Sampling Technique in various pulse modulation systems.
5. Explain and differentiate TDM and FDM techniques used in communication

4
 1.Basics of Communication System 4

• Block diagram, electromagnetic spectrum, signal bandwidth and power,

types of communication channels, Introduction to time and frequency
domain.
• Types of noise, signal to noise ratio, noise figure and noise temperature.

5
 2.Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation 10

• Basic concepts, signal representation, need for modulation,

• DSBFC: Mathematical analysis, time domain waveforms, frequency spectrum,
modulation index, concept of under modulation, over modulation and critical
modulation, bandwidth, voltage distribution and power calculations.
• Low level and high level modulation, simple diode detector, practical diode detector,
square law detector.
• DSBSC: Mathematical analysis, time domain waveforms, frequency spectrum,
modulation index, bandwidth, voltage distribution and power calculations. multiplier
modulator, balanced Modulator.
• SSBSC: Mathematical analysis, time domain waveforms, frequency spectrum,
modulation index, bandwidth, voltage distribution and power calculations. SSB
generation, Filter method, Phase shift method, Third method.
• ISB: Basic concepts, transmitter and receiver block diagram, applications
• VSB: Basic concepts, application in television.
• Comparison of different AM techniques
6
 3. Angle Modulation and Demodulation 10

• Frequency modulation (FM): Basic concept, mathematical analysis, time

domain waveform, spectrum of FM wave, maximum deviation, modulation
index, bandwidth requirement, narrowband FM and wideband FM, Effect
of noise, noise triangle, pre-emphasis and deemphasis, FET reactance
modulator, varactor diode modulator, frequency stabilized reactance
modulator, indirect method of FM generation.
• Phase modulation (PM): Basic concept, mathematical analysis, time
domain waveform, maximum deviation, modulation index, Principle and
working of transistor direct PM modulator
• FM demodulation: Balance slope detector, Foster-Seely discriminator, ratio
detector, amplitude limiting and thresholding.
• Comparison between FM and PM, Applications of FM and PM.

7
 4. Radio Receivers 6

• Receiver parameters, TRF receiver, problems in TRF receiver, Super -

heterodyne receiver, choice of IF.
• Importance of RF amplifier, tracking ckt., mixer, IF amplifier, simple
AGC, AFC in superheterodyne receiver.
• Comparison of FM receiver with AM receiver, communication receiver
5. Pulse Modulation & Demodulation 8
• Sampling theorem, Nyquist criteria
• Sampling techniques, aliasing error and aperture effect PAM,PWM, PPM
generation and detection
• Pulse Code Modulation, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation,
principle, generation and detection
• Applications of pulse communication

8
 6. Multiplexing & De-multiplexing 4

• Frequency Division Multiplexing transmitter & receiver block diagram

• Time Division Multiplexing transmitter & receiver block
• Examples and applications of FDM and TDM

9
 Books Recommended:

Text books:
1. Kennedy & Devis, “Electronic Communication System” McGraw Hill
Education Pvt. Ltd.
2. Wayne Tomasi, “Electronic Communication System” Pearson
3. B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding, “Modern digital and analog communication system”
Oxford University Press
Reference Books:
1. Toub Schilling and Shaha, “Principles of Communication Systems” Tata
McGraw Hill
2. Symon Haykin, Michal Moher, “Introduction to Analog and Digital
Communication” Wiley.

10
I: Electronics Communication System
Transfer of information from one pace to another place.

Block diagram of an electronic communications system

It consist of
Transmitter
Transmission medium ,and
Receiver
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Electronics communication system cont...

Information signal or Source :

May be analog or digital
e.g. Audio ,video ,and digital data
Input transducer:
The device that converts a physical signal from source
to an electrical, mechanical or electromagnetic signal
more suitable for communicating
Transmitter :
It converts information signal to more suitable form ,for
transmission over a particular medium.

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Electronics communication system cont...
Communication channel :
Means of transporting signals between Tx and Rx.
e.g.pair of cooper wires ,microwave, satellite ,air or
optical fiber.
line or wired communications
Radio or Wireless communication
Noise:
Any unwanted electrical signal that interfere with the
information signal.

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Electronics communication system cont...
Receiver:
Accept the transmitted signal and converts back to
their original form.
Output transducer:
The device that converts the received signal back
into a useful quantity

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 Electromagnetic Spectrum
The entire range of light, or electromagnetic radiation, is know as the
electromagnetic spectrum shown in the picture below.

The visible region of the spectrum has wavelengths from about 400-700 nm.
Next to the high-energy part of the visible region (400nm) is ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. A common example of UV radiation is sunlight.
Next to the low-energy part of the visible region (700nm) is infrared radiation (IR). 15
 Time and Frequency domain.
The most common representation of signals and waveforms is in the time
domain.
Most signal analysis techniques only work in the frequency domain.

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Power & Energy Signals

17
 2:Classification of Electronic
Communication system:
Classified by the types of signals transmitted by the system
Analog communication system
Energy is transmitted and received in analog form Both
information and carrier are analog signals
Digital communication system
Where digital pulses are transferred between two or more
points in comm. System.

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Electronic Communication Systems
AM

Continuous Wave
communication Systems FM

PM
Analog Communication
Communication system

system
PAM
Electronics

Pulse Modulation AWM

PCM PPM

Digital Communication
DM
system

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ADM
 Classification of Electronic
Communication system:
Unidirectional /Bidirectional Communication:
Simplex Systems:
In Simplex systems, communication is possible in only one direction.
example: Paging Systems, AM and FM radio, TV broadcasting, cable TV

Half-Duplex Systems:
Two way communication but use the same Radio channel for both
transmission and reception. e.g.walky talky.

Full-Duplex Systems:
Allow simultaneous radio transmission and reception between a
subscriber and base station. e.g. Telephone, Radar,Internet ,Data
communications and LANs etc.

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 Classification of Electronic
Communication system:
• Techniques of Transmission systems
– Baseband Transmission System
– Communication Using Modulation

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 3:Baseband Signals and Baseband
Transmission:
 Baseband signals :
 Electrical equivalent of information signal.
 The term baseband is used to indicate the band of
frequencies of the signal delivered by the source or input
transducer.
 Example:
 Voice band occupies 0 to 3KHz
 TV signal the baseband occupies 0 to 4.3MHz

22
 Baseband Transmission:

 Transmission of original signal (baseband) directly into

medium (pair of cables, coaxial cables, or optical fibers)
example: local telephone communication, and long
distance PCM over optical fibers.
 Limitations :
 Incompatible for direct transmission over the medium
example: voice signals cannot travel long distances in air,
the signals attenuated rapidly.

23
 4 Modulation:

 Process in which one of the parameter (amplitude,

Frequency, or phase) of high frequency signal (carrier) is
changed in accordance with instantaneous value of
modulating signal.
Or
 Simply the process of changing one or more properties
of the analog carrier in proportion with the information
signal.

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 5 Need Of Modulation:

 Practicability of antenna
 Avoids mixing of signals
 Increase the range of signals
 Frequency multiplexing is possible
 Improves quality of signals

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 Need for Modulation
• Frequency translation: Modulation translates the signal from one region
of frequency domain to another region. This helps to transmit the
modulated signal with minimum attenuation through a particular
medium.
• Practical size of antenna: Modulation translates baseband signal to
higher frequency, which can be transmitted through a band pass
channel using an antenna of smaller size. This has made communication
practical.
• Narrow-banding: As modulation translates a signal from lower
frequency domain to higher frequency domain, the ratio between
highest to lowest frequency of the modulated signal becomes close to 1.
• Multiplexing: Different base band signals originating from different
sources can be translated to different frequency ranges. This allows
transmission of different signals through the same medium using
frequency division multiplexing (FDM) to be discussed in the following
lesson
26
 Need for Modulation
• Practical size of antenna:

• Exa. if baseband signal freq is 10KHz. Then minimum antenna

height to transmit signal is λ/4

• F=10KHz, λ=30Km, L=λ/4= 7.5Km this height is practically

impossible.

• if baseband signal freq is 1MHz. Then minimum antenna height to

transmit signal is λ/4=75m

• This height can be easily installed practically.

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Avoids mixing of signals

28
 6. Types of modulation
Types of
Modulation

Continuous
Pulse
wave
Modulation
modulation

Amplitude Angle Digital Analog

Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation

Frequency
PCM PAM
Modulation

Phase
PDM
Modulation

PPM 29
 Amplitude Modulation:

Process in which
amplitude of the carrier
signal (h.f signal) is
changed in accordance
with instantaneous value
of modulating signal.
The frequency of the
carrier remains constant.

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 Frequency Modulation:
Process in which frequency of carrier signal (h.f signal) is
changed in accordance with instantaneous value of modulating
signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant

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 Analog Pulse Modulation

Pulse Position
Modulation

Pulse Amplitude
Modulation

Pulse Width
Modulation

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 7.AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
• Mathematical Representation Of A M Wave:
Modulating signal em  Em cosmt

em Em m  2f m

Carrier signal ec  Ec cos ct

ec Ec c  2f c

Modulated signal eAM  A cos ct

Amplitude of modulating signal is

A  Ec  em

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 Mathematical Representation Of A M Wave cont…

Modulated signal is eAM  Ec  em cos ct

By substituting value of eAM  Ec  Em cos mt cos ct

modulating signal,
we get,
 Em 
eAM  Ec 1  cos mt  cos ct
 Ec 

34
 Modulation Index:
(modulation factor or modulation coefficient or
degree of modulation)
• Amount by which the signal amplitude is changed in
modulation depends on the ratio between the amplitudes of the
modulating signal and the carrier.
Em
m
Ec
• It can expressed as a percentage, and varies from 0 to 1

Em
m%  100
Ec

• It indicates the depth of modulation.

35
• It should not be too small or too large.
Mathematical Representation Of A M Wave cont…

A M equation is eAM  Ec 1 m cos mt cos ct

eAM  Ec cos ct  mEc cos ct cos mt

By using trigonometric , 2 cos A cos B  cosA  B  cos( A  B)

we get

mEc mEc
eAM  Ec cos ct  cos(ct  m )t  cos(c  m )t
 
I 2  2  
II III
36
 Mathematical Representation Of A M
Wave cont…
mEc mEc
eAM  Ec cos ct  cos(c  m )t  cos(c  m )t
  2 2
I      
II III

• Process of modulation doesn't affect the carrier

• The A M wave consists of three terms
• 1st : Unmodulated carrier ,
Doesn’t carry any information. mEc
• 2 : Upper side band f c  f m
nd
2
• 3rd : lower side band f c  f m mE c
2
• USB and LSB carries same information

37
Frequency Spectrum:
Plot of frequency Vs amplitude or power of signal
mEc mEc
eAM  Ec cos ct  cos(c  m )t  cos(c  m )t
 
I 2   2  
II III

The B W of AM signal is
B.W  fUSB  f LSB
  fc  fm    fc  fm 
 2 fm Fig: Frequency Spectrum: 38
A M BANDWITH

39
AM band allocation

40
Power Relation In AM:
• In AM three terms are their ,therefore the total power is

Pt  Pcar  PUSB  PLSB

2 2 2
Ecar EUSB ELSB
Pt   
R R R

Where,Carrier power is Pc  E 
Ec2
car2  
2

R R
Ec2
Pc 
2R
2
E
Sideband power is PUSB  PLSB  SB
R 41
Power Relation In AM:

PUSB  PLSB 
E 2


mEc 2 2
car

m2 Ec2
2

Side band power is R R 8R

m2
PUSB  PLSB  Pc
4

Therefore total power is

m2 m2
Pt  Pc  PUSB  PLSB  Pc  Pc  Pc
4 4
 m2 
Pt  1   Pc
 2 42
 Power Relation In AM:
Total AM power is

 m2 
Pt  1   Pc
 2 

• Pc is exactly same as the unmodulated carrier.

• It implies that the carrier power is unaffected by the amplitude
modulation process.
• Total power in AM wave is the sum of the unmodulated carrier-
signal power and two sideband powers.
• Total power in AM varies with the value of modulating signal.

43
Modulation index in terms of Pt and Pc
1
  Pt  2
m  2  1
  Pc 

Transmission Efficiency :
The percentage of total AM power contained in sidebands.
PSB

PT
 m2 m2  If m=1 ,maximum efficiency is
 4 Pc  4 P η=1/3=0.33.Thus , the maximum
PLSB  PUSB
  
transmission efficiency of AM signal is
Pt  m2 
1  2  Pt 33.3% only.
Therefore AM is a highly inefficient
m2 method of analog modulation. Two third of

2  m2 total power transmitted is wasted in the
m2 carrier power.
%  100 44
2  m2
A M Power in terms of Current
Pc  I c2 R
I c = rms value of unmodulated carrier 2
I t = rms value of A M wave Pt I R  I t 
2
   
t
2
R = Characteristic impedance of an Pc I R  I c 
c
antenna
Pt  m2 
But  1  
Pc  2 
Modulation index in terms of current 2
 I t   m2 
   1  
12  Ic   2 
 I 2

m  2   1
t 1

 I c    m 2 2
I t  I c 1  
 2 
45
 8 Modulation By several Sine waves:

Practically modulating signal is not single-frequency signal but it is a complex or

arbitrary waveform, consisting of two or more sinusoidal waves of different
amplitudes.

em1  Em1 cos m1t

em1  Em1 cos m1t

46
Modulation By several Sine waves:

Modulated wave eAM  A cos ct

eAM  Ec  emt cos ct
eAM  Ec  Em1 cos m1t  Em 2 cos m 2t cos ct
 Em1 Em 2 
eAM  Ec 1  cos m1t  cos m 2t  cos ct
 Ec Ec 
eAM  Ec 1  m1 cos m1t  m2 cos m 2t cos ct
E
Modulation index m1  m1 For first modulating signal
Ec
E For second modulating signal
m2  m 2
Ec 47
 Modulation By several Sine waves:
AM wave for two modulating signals
m1EC m1EC
eAM  Ec cos ct  cos(c  m1 )t  cos(c  m1 )t
2 2
m2 EC m2 EC
 cos(c  m 2 )t  cos(c  m 2 )t
2 2
Frequency Spectrum

48
 Power Relations:
Total Power
Sideband Power
Pt  Pc  PUSB1  PUSB2  PLSB1  PLSB2
m2
m1
2
m2
2
m1
2
m2
2 PUSB  PLSB Pc
Pt  Pc  Pc  Pc  Pc  Pc 4
4 4 4 4 Carrier Power
 m12 m2 2 
Pt  Pc 1    E
Pc  c
2

 2 2  2R
 mt 2 
Pt  Pc 1  
 2 
mt  m 21  m2 2 Total Modulation Index
49
100% Modulation

50
Under modulation

Amplitude modulated signal with 50% modulation

51
9. Over modulation:

It creates distortion(envelope) in the demodulated signal and may result in

signal occupying a larger B W than normal. since spectrum space is controlled
by law, over modulation of AM is actually illegal.
This can cause serious interference to other users if not filtered.

Amplitude modulation signal with more than 100% modulation

52
10. Calculation Of Modulation Index:

Emax  Emin
Em  and
2
Ec  Emax  Em

Emax  Emin
Ec  But
2
E
m m
Ec
Emax  Emin
m 2
Emax  Emin
2
E  Emin
 m  max
Emax  Emin 53
 Calculation Of Modulation Index Using
Trapezoidal Display:
AM signal is connected to vertical deflection plate of CRO and
modulating signal is connected to the horizontal deflection plates
of the CRO Then the display on screen is shown below

A  2Ec  Em and
B  2Ec  Em 
A B
 Ec  and
4
A B
Em 
4
Em A  B
m 
Ec A  B 54
11. Generation Of A M: (Modulator)

Low Level Modulator :

• Generated at low power level
• Amplify with chain of linear amplifiers

High Level Modulator:

• Generated at high power level
• Carrier and modulating signal both amplify first to
adequate
• Power level and then modulation takes place in the last
RF amplifier stage of the transmitter.
• Highly efficient class C amplifiers are used.
55
 Low Level Modulator :
The resistance of FET will change in accordance with modulating
signal amplitude , this will change the gain of the amplifier

Carrier signal at the non inverting terminal will get amplified more
for +ve going modulating signal , gain will increase as Ri decrease
when modulating signal is +ve. On the other hand less ampl. is
provided to the carrier for –ve going modulating signal.

 Rf 
Avf  1  
 Ri 

It is used in laboratories
56
High Level Modulator:
If a current pulse is applied to tank circuit, it generates damped
oscillation
Initial amplitude is proportional to the size of current pulse and a
decay rate is dependent on the time constant of the circuit .
Each pulse will cause a complete sine wave proportional in
amplitude to the size of this pulse
If the original current
pulses are made
proportional to the
modulating voltage. The
process is known as the
flywheel effect of tuned
circuit, and it works best
with a tuned circuit
whose Q is not too low. 57
 Low Level AM Modulator

• Amplifier operates in both linear and non linear region.

58
 Working
• The carrier ec is applied at the input of the amplifier and the
modulating signal em is applied in the emitter resistance
circuit.
• The amplifier circuit amplifies the carrier by a factor “A” so
that the output is Aec. Since the modulating signal is a part of
the biasing circuit, it produces low frequency variations in the
emitter circuit. This in turn causes *variations in “A”. The
result is that amplitude of the carrier varies in accordance
with the strength of the signal.
• Consequently, amplitude modulated output is obtained
across RL. It may be noted that carrier should not influence
the voltage gain A; only the modulating signal should do this.
• To achieve this objective, carrier should have a
• small magnitude and signal should have a large magnitude.
59
60
 High Level Collector Modulator Circuit:
•Tran. Q1 is class C power amplifier .The collector current is in the form of pulses.
•The modulating signal and supply is applied to the modulation transformer. It add
to or subs tract from Vcc
•This varying supply (fig.b) is applied to the class C Power amplifier.
•These current pulses are applied to the tank circuit ,and A M wave is produced at
output

61
 12 A M Transmitter
High Level Modulated Transmitter

Low Level Modulated Transmitter

62
Low Level Modulated Transmitter

Modulation takes place at low Power level

Chain of linear amplifiers (A,AB ) are used to raise the
power level and to avoid distortion the after modulation
Modulator is transistorized circuit for low level modulator.

63
High Level Modulated Transmitter
• Modulation takes place at high Power level
• Highly efficient class C power amplifiers, Collector modulator
or plate modulated Vacuum tubes modulator is used as a
modulator.
• Efficiency is very high
• Used for A M transmitter.

64
13. Comparison Of Low Level and High
Level Modulation
Parameters High Level Modulation Low Level Modulation
Power Level Modulation takes place Modulation takes place
at high Power level at low Power level
Amplifiers Highly efficient class C Linear amplifiers
power amplifiers are (A,B,AB ) are used after
used modulation
Efficiency Very High Low
Devices Used Vacuum tubes Transistors
,transistors JFET,Opamps
Design of AF Power Complex Easy
Amplifiers
Application High Power broadcast Some time used in TV
transmitter transmitter.( IF amp)

65
Disadvantage of AM Systems
• Carrier constitute two-third or more of the total transmitter
power. This is waste because the carrier contains no
information.
• The information is contained in the sidebands although
most power is wasted in carrier.
• Conventional AM systems utilize twice as much bandwidth
as needed with single-sideband systems.
• With double sideband (AM) transmission, the information
contained in the USB is identical to the information
contained in the LSB. Therefore transmitting both
sidebands is redundant.

66
Common Application Of A M
1. Medium and H.F bands for long distance radio broadcast application.
2. VSB is used for video transmission in TV broadcast appl.
3. Two way radio mobile radio communication such as Citizen's Band
Radio.
a. Aircraft
b. Amature radio (SSB)
c. Military
4. Digital data transmission
5. Computer modems

67
AM Vs FM
AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths (lower
frequencies) are utilized-remember property of HF waves?)
However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other forms of
electrical noise.
The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise. Most
forms of static and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM receiver will
not respond to AM signals.
The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation increases
(deviation from the center frequency), which is why FM broadcast stations use
such large deviation.
The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires

68