INTRODUCTION TO

GLOBALIZATION
We see globalization as the growth of the sizes of social systems and the
increase in the complexity of inter-societal links. Thus, in certain respects,
globalization may be regarded as a process connecting the past, the present,
and the future—as a sort of bridge between the past and the future. The
articles in this book embrace the need to cover a variety of aspects and
dimensions of globalization, and to see both its local and its global
manifestations. From our perspective, globalization studies imply research
that is not just limited to the most popular spheres of economic and political
globalization, but also includes the study of global problems such as climatic
change, cultural globalization, and so on.
In this Chapter, different definitions of globalization will be discussed. It will
be revealed that the task of conceptualizing it involves a variety of perspectives. For
further understanding of the concept, different ideas will be used. These ideas will also
allow an appreciation or earlier epochs before globalization and the present globalized
world. The final lesson in this chapter will be devoted to a general discussion of
globalization theories. It will give information about the theories, origin and the history of
globalization. This section gives a glimpse of the important theories of globalization. This
section will highlight further differences among scholars in explaining globalization.
TOPIC 1
Defining Globalization
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Construct a definition of globalization;
 Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of
globalizations; and
 Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.
(quipper-based learning activities)

INTRODUCTION

We see globalization as the growth of the sizes of social systems and the increase in the
complexity of inter-societal links. Thus, in certain respects, globalization may be regarded as a
process connecting the past, the present, and the future—as a sort of bridge between the past and
the future. The title and the composition of the present volume reflect this idea.

―Globalization: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow‖ is distinguished by its focus on the systemic
aspects of globalization processes. Political, economic, geographic, ecological, social, cultural, ethnic,
religious and historical processes are analyzed and their single and joint impacts on globalization are
discussed. The purpose is to complement more objective or ‗technical‘ globalization narratives with
more direct accounts of social and emotional issues.

There are a number of publications dealing with particular aspects of globalization.

However, the growing complexity has increased the interrelatedness among all countries. Recurrent
economic and political crises that have global repercussions demand new approaches. This book
provides a wider range of views on globalization than some other globalization journals and books.
In particular, we believe that seeking perspectives that cross organizational, geographic and cultural
boundaries may aid in reducing misunderstandings and diminish the negative aspects of globalization.
The global financial crisis has only emphasized the need to develop local solutions in a global
environment and at the same time to search for global solutions to common problems. New
approaches are required that demonstrate an appreciation of the ‗local‘ in particular political,
economic, social, cultural and geographic contexts, while simultaneously promoting effective change
in response to pressing global issues

This learning resource provides a multi-faceted analysis of globalization that is based on the
understandings of authors working in both Western and non-Western traditions. We believe that
current events such as the global financial crisis illustrate that discussion should not be limited to
particular geographic regions or narrowly-defined methods of analysis. The perspectives in the book
are the result of cooperation with scholars from different countries. They provide visions of global
processes from both the developed and developing countries, including those in Africa, Asia,
America, Australia and Oceania, West, East, Central and South Europe, Russia etc. Globalization is a
very broad concept not only with respect to the diversity of regions, cultures, and

actors, but also with respect to the diversity of analytical approaches that can be employed to study it.
The articles in this book embrace the need to cover a variety of aspects and dimensions of
globalization, and to see both its local and its global manifestations. From our perspective,
globalization studies imply research that is not just limited to the most popular spheres of economic
and political globalization, but also includes the study of global problems such as climatic change,
cultural globalization, and so on.

Defining Globalization
The concept of globalization has
numerous definitions, depending on the subject
matter being explained. To international
economists it has a simple definition, albeit one
with powerful implications. Specifically,
globalization occurs when the markets of
different countries become more integrated and
interconnected through economic transactions
thatcross-national borders. These transactions
can be in real merchandise, various forms of
services, financial instruments, investments in
local production facilities by multinational firms
(a process called foreign direct investment, or
FDI), temporary and permanent labor migration,
and technological information. They can involve
individuals, trade between unrelated firms,
transactions within international enterprises, and governments. What drives these transactions and
how they are organized is endlessly fascinating, and the subject of this book.

The term globalization comes from English, as base of the word ―globalization‖ which
refers to the emerging of an international network, belonging to an economic and social system. One
of the earliest uses of the term "globalization", as known, was in 1930 - in a publication entitled
Towards New Education - to designate an overview of the human experience in education.
A near-term "giant corporations" was used in 18973 by Charles Russell Tazel to describe the
big national trusts and other large enterprises of the time. Since 1960 both terms began to be used
interchangeably by economists and researchers in social sciences and were used until about mid-1980.
Since the invention of the concept, globalization has inspired numerous interpretations definitions
and has had a history going back in time to the great commercial and imperialist movements
throughout Asia and the Indian Ocean since the fifteenth century.
Vladislav Inosemtsev defines globalization as one of the most popular social studies of
today, but is at the same time an empty term. It was first mentioned in literature in the mid-1940s,
but up until the mid-1980s it was mentioned only occasionally. After the Cold War the term began to
be used to describe the world becoming more interdependent in its economical and informational
dimension. Because of the complexity of the concept, research projects, articles and debates have
remained mostly

focused on one aspect of globalization. Roland Robertson, a professor of sociology at the University
of Aberden, was the first person who defined globalization as "the understanding of the world and
the increased perception of the world as a whole.". Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King, sociologists,
define globalization as "all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a
single world society. In his paper ―Global Transformations‖ David Held studies the definition of
globalization and says, "Although in a simplistic sense globalization refers to a rapid global
interconnection, deep and on large scale, such definition but requires now a more complex research".

Globalization can be linked to the local, the national and the regional. On the one hand, a
connection is made between social and economic relationships and networks, organized on a local
and/or national, on the other hand, it connects social and economic relationships and networks
crystallized on wider scale the regional and global interactions. Globalization can refer to those
spatial-temporal processes of change, which constitutes the fundament of the transformation of
human concerns in an organization, linking together and expanding human activity across regions
and continents. Without referring to the expansion in space of the connections, there can be no clear
and coherent formulation of the term globalization. A satisfactory definition of globalization must
address each of these items: extension, intensity, celerity and impact.

The Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book ―The Race to the Top: The Real Story
of Globalization‖, says that globalization "is the process of the shrinking of the world, the shortening
of distances, and the closeness of things. It allows the increased interaction of any person on one part
of the world to someone found on the other side of the world, in order to benefit". In 2000 the
International Monetary Fund has identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions,
capital movements and investment, migration and movement of people and the spreading of
knowledge. Pro and cons analysis of processes and concepts. The reactions to the processes that
contribute to the globalization processes have seen a wide variety, with a history as long as it is extra-
territorial in terms of contact, interaction and commerce. The philosophical differences regarding the
costs and benefits of such processes have given rise to ideological and social movements. Proponents
of economic growth, expansion and development in general, see the globalization processes as
desirable and necessary for the good of human society.
Critics see one or more processes of globalization as detrimental to social welfare on a global or local
scale. This includes all those who question the social and natural sustainability on long term, the
continuous economic expansion, the social structural inequality caused by these processes, and the
colonial, imperialist or hegemonic ethnocentrism, the cultural assimilation and the cultural
appropriation, emerging, influencing and linking such processes.

Key aspects of globalization

Globalization is the favorite trap-concept of central economies, such as U.S., where capital
and technical expertise tend to be blocked. There was also a shift of power, far away from nation
states and, as some argue, from multinational corporations. We have seen the growth and
globalization of the "brand". It is not just large corporations operating in several different countries -
they also have developed and brought on the market products that can be sold packing as well as in
Washington. Brands like Coca-Cola, Nike and many others have become part of the life of a very
large number of people. The globalization involves spreading of ideas, practices and technologies,

and it is little more than internationalization and universalization. It is not simply the modernization
or westernization. Certainly, it is much more than market liberalization.

The globalization has 5 vectors that act on human society, vectors that influence the
development of human society. The vectors through which globalization interacts with society both
locally, regionally, and internationally are: the economic vector, the military vector, the political
vector, the religious vector and the cultural vector.

The discussions and analysis of globalization have distinct economic, political,

cultural and social dimensions. Next, we turn our attention to a total of 4 themes that
regularly appear in the literature:

a) Relocation and over-territoriality;

b) speed and power of technological innovation and the increase of the respective
risks;
c) Growth of multinational corporations; and
d) how the forming movements of global free markets lead to instability and division.

A particular aspect of globalization is that of the impulse and the power of change involved.
Will Hutton and Anthony Giddens say that globalization is the interaction of extraordinary
technological innovation combined with global influence, which gives today's changing its
complexity. For the countries in the vanguard of the economic world the balance between science /
knowledge and resources has changed in such way that science / knowledge has become perhaps the
most important factor determining the standard of living, much more than land, tools, work. Today
the most advanced economies in terms of technology are really based on science / knowledge.

The increase of the so-called "economic science" meant that economists were challenged to
look beyond labor and capital as key factors of production. Paul Romer and others have said that
technology (and the science on which it is based) must be seen as the third factor in driving the
economy. Technology, science and global finance form together a force leading the economies.

As Charles Leadbeater said, capitalism science consisting in "generating new ideas

and then turn them into commercial products and services that consumers want" is now convincing
and powerful. Inevitably, this leads to questions about the generation and exploitation of knowledge.
There is already a division between rich and poor nations which seems to be accelerated by "the
science of capitalism ". Commentators and analysts like Charles Leadbeater said and argued for the
need to innovate but also to recognize that the successful economic knowledge must be addressed in
democratically in terms of spread "we should create an open society, questioning, challenging and
ambitious."

There are powerful forces contrary to this ideal, and I refer in particular to the significant
increase in the demands of the large corporations to be recognized intellectual property rights on
new discoveries, for example regarding genetic research, from which huge profits will result, by
licensing this knowledge to others. There are also serious doubts that modern economies are also and

knowledge-based economy. The risk can be seen as the harmful possibility coming from
technological and economic changes. In other words, the risks also become globalized. The risks of
modernization have an inherent tendency to globalize. The universalization of the dangers
accompanying the industrial production occurs regardless of where the production takes place.
Supply chains practically connect everyone on earth with everyone else.

Ulrich Beck said that there is digging under the borders and showed that there is a
boomerang effect of globalization. Risks can trap all those who profit from or produce using local
raw materials for regional markets. The principle and logic of this argument of Ulrich Beck are quite
simple and possible: what endangers life on Earth threatens also the properties and commercial
interests of those living by the goods and products as a result of this life. Thus, arises a systematic
and intense contradiction between profit and property interests, that carry forth the process of
industrialization on one hand, and their often-threatening consequences, that possibly endanger and
destroy possessions and profits on the other hand, not to mention the possession and profits of life
itself.

We arrive thus at one of the central paradoxes that Beck called "the society risk". As
knowledge increased, such increased the risk. Indeed, it can be said that the social relationships, the
institutions and the dynamic of generating knowledge emphasized the risk they involve. Risk has
been globalized.

Metaphors of Globalization
In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization,
we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us
better understand another term. In our case, the states of matter-solid and
liquid-will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are included in
the definition such as structures and flows will be elaborated.

SOLID AND LIQUID

The epochs that preceded today‘s globalization paved way for people, things, information,
and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer 2015). The social
relationships and objects remained where they were created. Solidity also refers to barriers that
prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-
made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water. Man-made barriers include the
Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall. Imaginary lines such as the Nine-Dash Line being used by
the People‘s Republic of China in their claim to the West Philippine Sea is an example of modern
mad-made solid. This created limited access in Filipino fishermen to the West Philippine Sea.
Obviously, these examples still exist. However, they have the tendency to melt. This should not be
taken literally being an iceberg melting. Instead, this process involves how we can describe what is
happening to today‘s global world. It is becoming increasingly liquid.
 Liquid, as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed.
Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease if movement of people, things information, and

places in the contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman‘s (2000) ideas were the ones that have very
much to say about the characteristics of liquidity. First, today‘s liquid phenomena change quickly and
its aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. In global finance, for instance,
changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid phenomena is
that their movement is difficult to stop. For example, the videos being uploaded on YouTube or
Facebook are hard to halt once they become viral. The so-called internet sensations become famous
not just in their homeland but to the entire world as well. Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made
political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things (Cartier 2001). This brings us
to what Ritzer (2015) regarded as the most important characteristics of liquid: it ―tends to melt
whatever stands in its path (especially solids)‖. The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of
the nation state.

Liquidity and solidity is constant interaction. Liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating
today. Therefore, the metaphor which could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids to flow
and this idea of flow (Appadurai 1996; Rey and Ritzer 2010) will be the focus of the next discussion.
Also, it should be expected that this concept will appear in the succeeding lessons. The literature on
globalization makes use of the concept of flows.

FLOWS

The discussion above described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the
increase in liquidity. It is logical, that flows of liquid phenomena be discussed. Next. Flows are the
movement of people, things, places and information brought by the growing ―porosity‖ of global
limitations (Ritzar 2015). Think of the different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by
the Filipinos. Aside from local dishes, many of us are found eating sushi, ramen hamburger, and
French Fries –foods introduced to us by foreign culture. Clearly, foods are being globalized. Another
example of flows are global financial crises. As landler (2008:C1) put it: ―In global financial system,
national borders are porous.‖ This means that a financial crisis in a given country can bring
ramifications to other regions of the world. An example of which is the spread of the effects of
American financial crisis to Europe in 2008. The following are other kinds of flows that can be
observed today: poor illegal migrants flooding many parts of the world (Moses 2006), the virtual flow
of legal and illegal such as blogs and child pornography, respectively, and immigrants recreating
ethnic enclaves in host countries. Concrete examples are the Filipino communities‘ abroad Chinese
communities in the Philippines.
 SYNTHESIS

The concept of globalization has numerous definitions, depending on the

subject matter being explained. The term globalization comes from English, as base of
the word ―globalization‖ which refers to the emerging of an international network,
belonging to an economic and social system. Globalization can be linked to the local,
the national and the regional. On the one hand, a connection is made between social
and economic relationships and networks, organized on a local and / or national, on
the other hand, it connects social and economic relationships and networks crystallized
on wider scale the regional and global interactions. Globalization can refer to those
spatial-temporal processes of change, which constitutes the fundament of the
transformation of human concerns in an organization, linking together and expanding
human activity across regions and continents. Without referring to the expansion in
space of the connections, there can be no clear and coherent formulation of the term
globalization. A satisfactory definition of globalization must address each of these
items: extension, intensity, celerity and impact. The globalization involves spreading of
ideas, practices and technologies, and it is little more than internationalization and
universalization. It is not simply the modernization or westernization. Certainly, it is
much more than market liberalization. The globalization has 5 vectors that act on
human society, vectors that influence the development of human society. The vectors
through which globalization interacts with society both locally, regionally, and
internationally are: the economic vector, the military vector, the political vector, the
religious vector and the cultural vector. The discussions and analysis of globalization
have distinct economic, political, cultural and social dimensions. Next, we turn our
attention to a total of 4 themes that regularly appear in the literature: a) relocation and
over-territoriality; b) speed and power of technological innovation and the increase of
the respective risks; c) growth of multinational corporations; and d) how the forming
movements of global free markets lead to instability and division. ". As knowledge
increased, such increased the risk. Indeed it can be said that the social relationships, the
institutions and the dynamic of generating knowledge emphasized the risk they involve.
Risk has been globalized.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:

 If the world produces enough food to feed itself, why

does hunger still exist?
 Do we need to take action of these?

QUIZ TIME!

Directions. Identify the following questions below:

_______1. It refers to the emerging of an international network belonging to an economic and social
system.

_______2. This transaction can be real merchandise, various forms of services, financial instruments,
investments in local production facilities by multinational firms.

_______3. It practically connects everyone on earth with everyone else.

_______4. It is a constant interaction where it is the one increasing and proliferating today

_______5. They identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital movements and
investment, migration and movement of people and the spreading of knowledge.

ANSWERS KEY!

1. Globalization 4. Liquidity

2. Foreign Direct Investment 5. International Monetary Fund

3. Supply Chains
TOPIC 2
Globalization Theories
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization;
 Identify the origin and history of Globalization;
 Explain the positive and the negative aspects of globalization
according to the various perspectives of experts and communities
affected by it.

Globalization Theories

We have established the many definitions of and issues

in defining globalization that we can use to easily understand
the concept. We also looked its origin and history. This section
gives a glimpse of the important theories on globalization. We
will analyze globalization culturally, economically and politically
in the book as reflected in the succeeding chapters. In the
meantime, it would be helpful to say that the theories see
globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or
heterogeneity.
Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the
world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political
orientations of societies expand to create common practices,
some economies, and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture is often linked to
cultural imperialism. This means, a given culture influences other cultures. For examples, the
dominant religion in example is Americanization which was defined by Richard Kuisel (1993:96) as
―the import by non-Americans of products, images, technologies, practices and behavior that are
closely associated with America/Americans.‖ In terms of the market economy in the world (Antonio
2007). Global economic crises are also products homogeneity in economic globalization. Joseph
Stiglitz (2002), for instance, blamed the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for its ―one-size-fits all‖
approach which threats every country in the world economy at the expense of poor countries;
leading to increased inequality among nations. The political realm also suffers homogenizations if
one takes into account the emerging similar models of governance in the world. Benjamin (1995) said
that ―Mcworld‖ is existing. It means only one political orientation is growing in today‘s societies.
 On the other hand is the process of
heterogeneity. This pertains to the creation of various
cultural practices, new economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of elements from different
societies in the world. Heterogeneity refers to the
differences because of their lasting differences of the
hybrids or combinations of cultures which can be
produced through the different transplanetary processes.
Contrary to the cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in
culture is associated with cultural hybridization. A more
specific concept is ―glocalization‖ coined by Roland
Robertson (1992). To him, as global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area,
the ―glocal‖ is being produced. The commodification of cultures and ―glocal‖ markets are examples
of differentiation happening in many economies around the World. The same goes with political
institutions. Barber (1995) also provided the alternate of ―McWorld‖- the ―Jihad‖. As Ritzer
(2008:576) mentioned, it refers to the political groups that are engaged in an ―intensifications of
nationalism and that lead to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world.
Although homogeneity and heterogeneity gave us idea about the effects of globalization, the
picture is not yet complete. The theories about globalization will be clarified as we look closer at each
of them in the succeeding chapters.

ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

The previous discussions answered the question, ―WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?‖. The
next question, ―Where did it start?‖ is not easy to answer as well because there are different views
about this. This book generally adheres to the perspective that the major points of the beginnings of
globalization started after the Second World War. Nevertheless, it would mean no harm to look at
the different perspective regarding the origins of globalization.

HARDWIRED
According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is our basic human need to make our lives
better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace the beginning of
globalization from our Ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said
continents in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally led them to all-known
continents today, roughly after 50,000 years.
Chanda mentioned that commerce, region, politics, and warfare are the ―urges‖
of people toward a better life. These are respectively connected to four aspects of
globalization and they can be traced all throughout history: trade, missionary
work, adventures, and concepts.

CYCLES
For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin
will be a daunting task. What is important, are the cycles globalization has gone
through (Scholte 2005). Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the
idea that other global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that
this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
 EPOCH
Ritzer(2005) Cited Therborn‘s (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are
also called ―waves‖ and each has its own origin. Today‘s globalization is not
unique if this is the case. The difference of this view from the second view
(cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning. The following are the
sequential occurrence of the epochs:
1. Globalization of religion (4th-7th Centuries)
2. European colonial conquest (late 15th century)
3. Intra-European wars (late 18th – early 19th centuries)
4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918)
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post- Cold War period

EVENTS
Specific events are also considered
as part of the fourth view in explaining the
origin of globalization. If this case, then
several points can be treated as the start of
globalization. Gibbon (1998), for example,
argued that Roman conquest centuries
before Christ are its origin. In an issue of
the magazine the Economist (2006, January
12), it considered the rampage of the armies
of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in
the thirteen century. Rosenthal (2007) gave
premium to voyages of discovery
Christopher Columbus‘s discovery of America in 1942, Vasco Da Gama in Cape of Good Hope in
1498 and Ferdinand Magellan‘s completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.
The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to
specific technological advances in transportation and communication. Some examples, include the
first transatlantic telephone cable (1962), the founding of the modern interest in 1988, and the
terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York (2001). Certainly, with this view, more and more
specific events will characterize not just the origins of globalization but more of its history.

BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES

 Recent changes comprised the fifth view. These broad changes happened in the last half of
the twentieth century. Scholars today point to these three notable changes as the origin of
globalization that we know today. They are as follows:
1. The emergence of the United States as the global power (Post-World War II)

2. The emergence of the multinational corporations (MNCs)

3. The demise of the Soviest Union and the end of the Cold War

Through its dominant military and economic

power after WWII, the US was able to outrun
Germany and Japan in terms of industry. Both Axis
powers and Allies falls behind economically as
compared to the new global power. Because of this,
the US soon began to progress in different aspects like
in diplomacy, media, film (as in the Hollywood), and
many more.
Before MNCs came into being, their roots are
from their countries of origin during the eighteen to
early nineteenth centuries. The US, Germany, and
Great Britain had their homeland great corporations
which the world knows today. However, they did not
remain there as far as their production and market are concerned. For example, Ford and General
Motors originated in the US but in the twentieth century they exported more automobiles and
opened factories to other countries.
More recent than the first two would be the fall of the Soviest Union in 1991. This event led
to the opening of the major parts of the world for the first time since the early twentieth century.
Many global processes-immigrations, tourism, media, diplomacy and MNCs-spread throughout the
planet. This paved way for the so-called ―free‖ world. China, even though the government remains
communist, is on its way to becoming a major force in global government remains communist, is on
its way to becoming a major force in global capitalism (Fishman 2006). Moreover, China is also
globalizing terms of other aspects such as their Hosting of the Olympics in 2008.

SYNTHESIS

Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs,

economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, some economies, and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture
is often linked to cultural imperialism. This means, a given culture influences other
cultures. On the other hand is the process of heterogeneity. This pertains to the
creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of
the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. Heterogeneity refers
to the differences because of their lasting differences of the hybrids or combinations
of cultures which can be produced through the different trans planetary processes.
Contrary to the cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural
hybridization. There are six great epochs of globalization. These are also called
―waves‖ and each has its own origin. Today‘s globalization is not unique if this is the
case. These are the: 1) Globalization of religion; 2) European colonial conquest; 3)
Intra-European wars; 4) Heyday of European imperialism; 5) Post-World War II
period; and 6) Cold War period.
 PROCESS QUESTIONS:

 What are the similarities and differences of homogeneity

and heterogeneity?
 Are there advantages of disadvantages of homogeneity and
heterogeneity? What are those?
 Which of the aforementioned views on the history of
globalization you find most appealing? Why?

QUIZ TIME!

MATCHING TYPE. Directions: Match column A with the correct answer on column B, write only
the letter of answer on the blank provided at the right side of the paper.

Column A Column B

____1. It refers to the increasing sameness in the world A. Global economic crises
as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political
B. Globalization
orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, some economies, and similar forms of C. Homogeneity
government.
D. Epoch
____2. It is also products of homogeneity in economic
globalization. E. Heterogeneity

____3. It is a long-term cyclical process F. Trans-planetary process

____4. These are also called as ―waves‖ G. Hardwired
____5. It refers to the differences because of their lasting
differences of the hybrids or combinations of cultures
which can be produced through the different trans-
planetary processes
 ANSWERS KEY!
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. E

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Frank, T. (2002) One Market Under God. Extreme capitalism, market populism, and
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Gray, J. (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta.
Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transform ations -
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