ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL

(Nov 9, 1877-April 21, 1938)

 ABOUT
o Born in Sialkot, Punjab in British India.
o A poet, philosopher, theorist, barrister, inspired Pakistan movement
in sub-continent.
o In 1922-joined London branch of All India Muslim league.
o He was regarded as poet of East, Muffakkir-i-Pakistan, Hakeem-ul-
Ummat.
 BACKGROUND
o After British rule in subcontinent, Muslim’s persecution started.
o There started freedom Movement because of threat to Muslim’s
National identity.
o In Nov 1926, Iqbal contested election for seat in Punjab legislative
assembly from Muslim district Lahore – won by 3,177 votes.
o He travelled Egypt, Afghanistan, Iran, turkey to promote idea of
greater Islamic political cooperation & unity by shedding of
nationalist differences. (Pan-Islamism)
HIS POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
o Idea of separate Muslim federation:
 In presidential address, Dec 20, 1930 vision of Independent state for
Muslim majority provinces in North-Western India.
 “I would like to see Punjab, North-Western Frontier province, Sindh
and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state Self-government
within British Empire or without British Empire”.
 Iqbal emphasized need of political unity of Muslim community on basis of
Islamic principles.
o Concept of Two Nations Theory
 He was 1st to articulate idea that Muslims, a distinct nation, deserve
political independence.
 Iqbal was 1st patron of Tolu-e-Islam: “a historical, political, religious and
cultural journal of Muslims of British India”. Tulu-e- Islam journal was
important in Pakistan movement.
 HIS POLITICAL CONTRIBUTION
o Concept of Nation
 Iqbal defined that Muslims are a separate nation within India.
 Muslim as a nation are under identity threat: political, social, cultural,
intellect, economic, religion, because of democracy – 1892, 1919 diarchy and
Hindu Majority.

o Concept of state
 In Muslim state, sovereignty rests with Allah.
 Religion and politics are part and parcel.
 Federation form of govt, he favored along with absolute provincial autonomy.
 WORKS
o Persian
 Asrar-i-Khudi (1st poetry book, 1915, Secret of self)
 Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (1917, hints of selflessness)
 Payam-e-Mashriq (1924, The message of East)
 Zabur-e-Ajam (1927, Persian palms)
 Javed Nama (1932, book of Javed)

o Urdu
 Bang-e-Dara (1924, call of marching bell)
 Bal-e-Jibril (1935, wings of Gibriel)
 Armughan-e-Hijaz (1938, Gift of Hijaz)

o English
 The reconstruction of Religious Through is Islam.
 The development of Metaphysics.
 WORKS

o Punjabi
 Pyaara Jedi.

 Baba Baki wala in 1929 on his son’s birthday

o Revival of Islamic Polity

 “The reconstruction of Religious thought in Islam”
 Iqbal’s 6 lectures published in Lahore 1930, then by oxford university press
1934.
 Elaborated: role of Islam as a religion, political & legal philosophy in modern
age.
 Iqbal’s fear that secularism would weaken spiritual foundations of Islam &
Muslim Society.
 Hindu majority would destroy Muslim heritage, culture & political influence.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
 Muslim Nationalism
 Pakistan was made on basis of Muslim Identity
 Iqbal articulated concept of Muslim as a separate
nation.
 He was a socialist.