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A. whole blood

B. serum
C. plasma
PREPARED BY: LEXUS P. DELFIN, RMT D. red blood cells

A. graduated cylinder – “graduate”, with calibrated A. Dupont ACA

marking. Used when high degree of accuracy is
not essential. It is not calibrated as accurate as B. Kodak Echtachem
volumetric flask. C. Hitachi
B.erlenmeyer flask – has a flat bottom. For D. Abbott VP
titration procedures.
C. volumetric flask
D. automated pipette or dispenser and diluter

A. potassium – major intracellular cation A. Accuracy

B. chloride – major extracellular anion B. Sensitivity
C. sodium C. Reliability
D. Specificity – ability of an analytical method
D. carbonic acid – weak electrolyte,
to measure only the analyte of
specifically, weak acid electrolyte
concern/interest

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 A. estrogen A. chloride – argentometric titration using

 B. growth hormone silver nitrate
 C. parathyroid hormone B. inorganic phosphorous – measured
 D. thyroid hormone
coloremetrically based on “ insoluble
rhodamine B phosphomolybdate”
C. calcium
D. magnesium

A. VMA – vanilylmandelic acid – metabolic byproduct of

norepinephrine and epinephrine. Detects
neuroblastoma. A. continuous flow analyzers
B. PSA – prostate specific antigen detects presence of
prostate cancer B. discrete analyzers
C. Ca 125 – detects ovarian cancer
C. dry chemistry
D. CEA – carginoembryonic antigen and detects
presence of colon and rectal cancer, prostate cancer D. slide chemistry
(but not that specific), ovarian cancer, lung, thyroid, or
liver cancer.

A. sequential A. sequential

B. parallel B. parallel
C. batch C. batch
D. random
D. random

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A. sequential A. sequential

B. parallel B. parallel
C. batch C. batch
D. random D. random

A. The reaction vessel is the plastic  A. DuPont aca

B. Sample and specimen transport is accomplished with a  B. Olympus demand
peristaltic pump  C. Kodak Ektachem
C. Air bubbles separate aliquots of same sample and isolate  D. centrifugal analyzers
one specimen from the other
D. mixing is done with the use of a glass coil inserted into
the flow path.

A. Accuracy – extent to which the mean A. True positives

measurement is close to the real/true value B. True negatives
B. Calibration C. False positives
C. Reference D. False negatives – subjects who have negative test
B. Precision – refers to the results but have the disease
repeatability/reproducibility of the method
(SD/CV)

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A. True positives A. True positives

B. True negatives B. True negatives
C. False positives – subjects who have a positive test C. False positives
result but do not have the disease D. False negatives
D. False negatives

A. True positives A. Mn++  lipase, pyruvate carboxylase, superoxide

dismutase
B. True negatives B. Fe++  peroxidase, nitrate reductase, catalase,
C. False positives
nitrogenase
C. Zn++  carboxypeptidase A (if atomic number is 1),
D. False negatives carbonic anhydrase (if atomic number is 1), glutamate
dehydrogenase
D. Cl-
- Magnesium  enolase, pyruvate kinase,
pyrophosphatase

 A. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase can metabolize ethanol to
glycol-aldehyde, glycolic acid and glyoxylic acid.
 Ethanol can lead to malnutrition and can exert direct toxicological
effects due to its interference with hepatic metabolism and
immunological functions.
 B. It is not easily excreted end can bring dilution with its
prolonged accumulation in the body.
 C. A small fraction is excreted unchanged into the lungs which
can lead to organ damage.
 D. Liver alcohol dehydrogenase can metabolize alcohol into
acetaldehyde and acetic acid.
 A. Arsenic – “arsenicosis” – carcinogen that is gray/silver/white in appearance.
(does not have any odor or taste)
 Signs and symptoms: red/swollen skin, lesions, nausea, muscle cramps,
most common: tingling of fingers and toes
 C. Carbon dioxide – physiologically important gas produced by the body as a
result of cellular metabolism. Main mode of action: asphyxiant
 B. Cyanide – low concentrations of cyanide is toxic. It can refer to any chemical
that contains carbon-nitrogen bond. It is found on food (almonds, spinatch),
medications (celexa, tagamet/cimetidine – for heartburn, benign gastric ulcer,
duodenal ulcer, reflux disease/GERD)
 D. Carbon monoxide

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A. phenytoin  anti-epileptic drug and used in

cardiac arrythmia A. digoxin
B. digitoxin  cardioactive drug B. quinidine
C. theophylline  bronchodilator C. lidocaine
D. acetaminophen  anti-inflammatory D. procainamide  cardioactive drug. Used to
decrease heart rate and blood pressure, half-
life: 3-4 hrs

A. digoxin  half-life of 1-2 days A. dilantin – phenytoin “anticonvulsant”

B. quinidine B. tegretol – carbamazepine “anticonvulsant”
C. lidocaine C. mysoline – primidone “anticonvulsant”
D. procainamide D. ventolin – salbutamol “bronchodilator”

Premidone, valproic acid, carbamazepine

A. Ethanol -- acetaldehyde A. Ethanol

B. Methanol – formic acid/ formate
B. Methanol
C. Isopropyl
D. Cyanide -- thiocyante C. Isopropyl

D. Cyanide
Formic acid- metabolized to toxic form

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A. Ethanol A. Ethanol

B. Methanol B. Methanol
C. Isopropyl C. Isopropyl
D. Cyanide
D. Cyanide

A. Ethanol A. Carbon Monoxide

B. Methanol B. Arsenic
C. Isopropyl C. Mercury
D. None of these
D. Iron
Should be cyanide

A. Carbon Monoxide A. Carbon Monoxide

B. Arsenic B. Arsenic
C. Mercury C. Mercury
D. None of these D. Iron

Should be organophosphates

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A. Carbon Monoxide

A. Carbon Monoxide
B. Arsenic
B. Arsenic
C. Mercury
C. Mercury
D. Iron
D. Iron

A. Lead
B. Organophosphates A. Lead
C. Ethanol glycol B. Organophosphates
D. Ethanol C. Ethanol glycol
D. Ethanol

A. Lead A. Lead

B. Organophosphates B. Organophosphates
C. Ethanol glycol
C. Ethanol glycol
D. Ethanol
D. None of these

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A. Lead
B. Organophosphates A. Digoxin
C. Ethanol glycol B. Phenytoin
D. Ethanol C. Theophylline
D. Tylenol

A. Digoxin
A. Digoxin – cardioactive drug
B. Phenytoin –anticonvulsant B. Phenytoin
C. Theophylline -- bronchodilator C. Theophylline
D. None of these D. None of these

A. Digoxin A. Digoxin

B. Phenytoin B. Phenytoin
C. Theophylline C. Theophylline
D. None of these D. Tylenol

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A. Lithium A. Lithium

B. Methotrexate B. Methotrexate
C. Aspirin C. Aspirin
D. Cyclosporin D. Cyclosporin

A. Lithium
A. Lithium
B. Methotrexate
B. Methotrexate
C. Aspirin
C. Aspirin
D. Cyclosporin
D. Cyclosporin

A. Lidocaine – anesthetic effect  cardiac A. Lidocaine

arryhtmias B. Dilantin
B. Dilantin C. Steroids
C. Steroids D. Thioridazine
D. Thioridazine

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A. Lidocaine A. Lidocaine

B. Dilantin B. Dilantin
C. Steroids C. Steroids
D. Thioridazine D. Thioridazine

A. phencyclidine
B. amphetamine --stimulant  A. analgesic
C. methaqualone  B. antitussive
D. Iysergic acid diethyamide  C. increase mental alertness
 D. anesthetic and stimulatory

 A. inflammation
 A. add more pounds
 B. loss of taste
 B. loss some weight
 C. no effect at all
 C. ulceration
 D. it is not mentioned in the literature  D. loss of sensation

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 A. iron A. bone

 B. lead B. blood
 C. mercury C. liver
 D. organophosphate
D. kidney

A. RA 1695 A. lysergine

B. RA 5169 B. amphetamine
C. RA 6915 C. phencyclidine
D. RA 9165 D. methaqualone

 Major components of automated analyzers

 patient identification
 sampling
 sample and reagent transport
 Dilution
 is a mechanization of chemical analysis to minimize manual manipulation;  mixing
 Incubation
 These analyzers process large volume of tests with great speed and precision.
 Reaction vessels
 Analysis of measurement
 Data analysis

Automation cannot correct for deficiencies inherent in

methodology

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A. BATCH
B. PARALLEL
C. RANDOM ACCESS
D. SEQUENTIAL
 Continuous flow analyzers
 use liquid reagents that flow through a
common reaction vessel or pathway.
 Sample and specimen transport is
accomplished with a peristaltic pump.
 Air bubbles at regular intervals separate
aliquots of same sample and isolate one
specimen from the other.
 bubbles also serve as cleaning media
 mixing is done with the use of a glass
coil inserted into the flow path. As
sample mixture passes through the coil,
it is inverted and mixed via gravity
 The reaction vessel is the tubing.
Advantages
 Resolves the major consideration of uniformity in
the performance of tests because each sample
follows the same reaction path
Disadvantages
 Carryover problem
 Wasteful use of continuously flowing reagents
 Sophisticated continuous flow analyzers use
parallel single channels to run multiple tests on
each sample
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A. BATCH
B. PARALLEL
C. RANDOM ACCESS
D. SEQUENTIAL
 All 3 basic approaches use batch analysis
66. WHICH AMONG THE THREE APPROACHES
OFFER RANDOM –ACCESSOR STAT
CAPABILITIES?
A. Continuous flow
B. Centrifugal analysis
C. Discrete analysis
 Centrifugal analysis
 Uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at
the perimeter of spinning rotor
 Batch analysis is the major advantage because reactions in all cuvettes are read simultaneously
 Discrete analyzers
 house samples and reagents in separate containers.
 Solutions travel through the instrument in its own reaction vessel.
 Discrete analyzers are the most versatile analyzers, replacing continuous flow and centrifugal analyzer
 Disadvantage
 Need to maintain uniformity of quality in each cuvette so that a particular sample’s quality is not affected by the particular space that it
occupies.
 transport their samples in many ways, such as:
 chain-driven pulley system e.g. DuPont aca
 motorized carousel e.g. Olympus demand
 proboscis and slide e.g. Kodak Ektachem
 Dilution of sample and reagents is accomplished with syringe pipets and pumps ( maybe peristaltic or pneumatic in design). They aspirate
and deliver precise volumes of fluid
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Analyzer Operations

 are biologic substances synthesized and released by cancer cells or

substances produced by the host in response to cancerous tissue.

 Factors Associated with the Pathogenesis of tumor

 Chemical carcinogens
 Radiation
 Viruses
 Heredity

1. high sensitivity for disease

1. high analytical sensitivity and specificity 2. Levels should reflect tumor burden
3. Levels should remain relatively constant and not fluctuate in patients with unstable
2. Accuracy and precision disease
3. rapid turn-around time 4. Should be undetectable or low in patients in complete remission
* Should predict outcome in patients with stable disease
4. easy to measure at a low cost
A. 1, 2, 3, and 4
a. 1, 2, 3, and 4
b. 1, 2, and 3
B. 1, 2, and 3
c. 1 and 2 C. 1, 2, and 4
d. 1 only D. 2 and 4

1. screening for disease in asymptomatic population  Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric
charge.
2. diagnosis of disease in symptomatic patients
3. therapeutic monitoring and selection  An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water.
Electrolytes are essential for a number of functions in the body.
4. prognostic indicator
 Many automatic processes in the body rely on a small electric current to function, and
- aid in clinical staging electrolytes provide this charge.
- measurement of tumor burden  Electrolytes interact with each other and the cells in the tissues, nerves, and muscles.
- detection of recurrence of disease (relapse) A balance of different electrolytes is crucial for the body to function.
A. 1, 2, 3, and 4
B. 1, 2, and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 2 only

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1. Volume & osmotic regulation

2. Myocardial rhythm & contractility
3. Regulation of ATPase ion pumps
4. Maintenance of acid-base balance
A. 1, 2, 3, and 4
B. 1, 2, and 4
C. 1, 3, and 4
D. 2 and 4 only

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