‫ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / 102‬ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪1392‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‪ 1PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻧﻌﻴﻤﺎﻭﻱ*‬

‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﻛﺮﻳﻞﺁﻣﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪ PHPA‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺁﺑﻜﺎﻓﺖ‪ 2‬ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ‪ ،PHPA‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﮕﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺭﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺷﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‪ ،PHPA ،‬ﺷﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪ ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺮﻳﻞ ﺁﻣﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷــﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ‪ ،PHPA‬ﻣﺸـﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺼــﺎﺭﻯ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻚﭘﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ‪ 3‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺁﺏﺩﻭﺳــﺖ ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪.[4] (1 -‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﭼﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻔﺲ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸــﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻤﺰﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻳﻜــﺮﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻛــﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞﺳﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑــﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﻢﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﻭﻏﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪PHPA‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴــﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺯﻯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴــﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻬﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺠــﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺳــﻌﻲ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎﺕ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬

‫‪ -3-2‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 0/75 - 3‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺠﻤﻊﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻭﻯ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﻢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ )ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ(‬ ‫)‪ 2/1 - 8 /5‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔــﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌــﺐ ( ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺁﺏﭘﻮﺷــﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻳﺞﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ]‪.[2‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ‪ PHPA‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪PHPA‬‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺨﺶﻛﻨﻨــﺪﻩ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪) .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷــﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳــﻪ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﮔﺮﺍﻧــﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺗﺒــﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪ PHPA .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ PHPA‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ( ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺍﻛﺮﻳﻞﺁﻣﻴﺪ ﺁﺑﻜﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪ -2-2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪(2-‬‬
‫ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘــﺎﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﺴــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻀــﻮﺭ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴــﺮﻱ ﺍﺯﮔﺮﺍﻧــﺮﻭﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ -4-2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺎﻻﺗﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺒﺐ ﻣﺴــﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷــﻜﺎﻑﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ )ﮔﻞ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ(‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺰﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺷــﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﭼــﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤــﻞ ﻭ ﺩﻓــﻊ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪.[1] (3-‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱﻧﻘﺶﻣﺆﺛــﺮﻯﺍﻳﻔــﺎﻛﻨــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺘﻲ‪ PHPA ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬
‫ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﻔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓــﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻐﺰﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣــﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳــﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨــﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱﺯﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ "ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺒــﻮﺩ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻴﻚ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ" ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻛــﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ PHPA‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴــﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻧﻴﻮﻧﻲ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ(‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭼــﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻴــﻦ ‪ 0/ 5 - 1/75‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱﺯﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺻﻄــﻜﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴــﻦ ﺑﻪﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺸــﻜﻪ )‪ 1/ 4 - 5‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ(‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﻼﻝ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫]‪.[5‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟــﺪﻭﻝ‪ 1 -‬ﻭ‪ 2‬ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ ﻭ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻰ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷــﺘﻰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ ﭘﻠﻴﻤــﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟــﺖ ﺟﺎﻣــﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶﻣﻠﻜﻮﻝﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ‪PHPA‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟــﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ 3 -‬ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ‪ 30‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫‪ -1-2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺷــﺪﻩ )ﺩﻳــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼــﺎﻩ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﺏ( ﺗﻚﭘﺎﺭﻩ )ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ( ‪PHPA‬‬ ‫ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / 102‬ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪1392‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳــﺰﺵ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫‪ -5-2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸــﻮﻱ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺯﻯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺭﻳﺰﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ‪ Sweep‬ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭼﺎﻩ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‪ 4 -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻦ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﻒﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟــﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟــﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻓــﻊ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺁﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸــﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩ‪) .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪ |1‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀــﻲ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺳــﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫــﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺮﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ(‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻲﺍﻛﺮﻳﻞﺁﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼــﻮﺹ ‪ PHPA‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫)‪n(CH2=CHCONH2‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ )ﭘﻮﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﻡﺭﻧﮓ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻯ‬
‫)ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﻡﺭﻧﮓ ﻏﻴﺮﺷﻔﺎﻑ(‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻫﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺳــﺘﻴﻚ ﺳــﻮﺩﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ًﺎ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ‪ PHPA‬ﺗﻤﻴﺰﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪1/07-1/10‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫‪8-9‬‬ ‫‪) PH‬ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪200 F‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﮔﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫‪184oF‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺫﻭﺏ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻢﺯﻥﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﺨــﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﻪﻫﻢﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺯﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﭽﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫‪) 216%‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻯ ‪(86oF‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﻼﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣــﻮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴــﺮﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 500‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﭘﻮﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ )ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ(‬
‫ﻳــﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﺣﻔــﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻛــﺮﺩﻥ ﮔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻠــﻮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻙ ﻣﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺮﺩ ]‪.[4‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎﻱ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻟﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﺨﺶ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳــﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻤــﻞ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺎﻟــﺺ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻞﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ‪PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ ]‪[2‬‬

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‫ﮔﺎﺯﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺩﺭﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒــﺎً ﺗــﺎ ﺩﻣــﺎﻱ ‪350°F‬‬
‫)‪ (176 / 7 °C‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻲﺍﻛﺮﻳﻼﺕ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻰﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻣﺪﺕ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗــﺮ ﺍﺯ‪ (135 °C) 275 °F‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯﻫﻢ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻦ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ]‪.[6‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻳــﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫)‪ (M+, M2+, M3+‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈﺘﻰ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺍﺯ‪ 300‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑــﺮ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤــﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯﺳــﻮﺩﺍﺍﺵ‬
‫)ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻳﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﻠﺴــﻴﻢ ﻭ ‪ PH‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺯﻳــﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻀﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺒــﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳــﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻰ ﺑﻲﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺕﺳــﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫)ﺟﻮﺵﺷــﻴﺮﻳﻦ( ﭘﻴﺶﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧــﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽــﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺳــﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑــﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑــﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ‪PH‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻴﮕﻨﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺳﻮﺯﺵ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ )ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ( ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﺏ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻫﻴــﺪﺭﻭژﻥ ﺳــﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪ )‪(H2S‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﺯﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺷــﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸــﮕﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺭﻭﻱ)‪ (ZnO‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﻱ )‪(ZnCo3‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ]‪.[6‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﻭ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤــﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﻠﻴﭻ‬
‫)ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﻲ؛ ﺳــﺪﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ ‪ 5‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ( ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻜﺴــﺘﻦ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ‪100‬‬
‫ﮔﺎﻟــﻦ ﺍﺯ ‪ PHPA‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 5‬ﮔﺎﻟــﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﻠﻴﭻ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻫﻴــﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﻠﻴﭻ ﻣﻌﻄــﺮ )ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪-‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺟﺎﻣــﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺳــﻴﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺮﺩﺳﻴﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﻴــﺶ ﺍﺯﺣﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻣــﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺁﺭﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧــﺮﻭﻱﺯﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺳــﺒﻚ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﭼﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﻥﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﺒﻚ‪-‬ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫــﺎﻱ ﺁﻛﺮﻳﻞﺁﻣﻴﺪ‪-‬ﺍﻛﺮﻳــﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﺻــﺎﺩﻕ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﭘﻲﺷــﺪﻥ ﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻥﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷــﺶﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑــﻪ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻓــﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓــﻲ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻓﺖ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ‪PHPA‬‬ ‫ﺣﻔــﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭼــﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻤــﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛــﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺴــﺒﻴﺪﻩ ﺑــﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﻣﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭼﺎﻩ ]‪[6‬‬
‫ﺑﻲﺭﻭﻳﻪ ‪ PHPA‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮﺩ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑــﻪ ‪ PH‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴــﺘﮕﻲ‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﻣﺤــﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨــﻪ ‪ PH‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﺳــﻬﻞﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ 8 /5 - 10 /5‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ‪ PH‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻥ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻳــﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺣﺎﻭﻯ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﭘﻠﻲﺍﻛﺮﻳﻼﺕ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺷــﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺭﺥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﭙﺴــﻮﻟﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫‪ |2‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ‪[4] PHPA‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺳﻮﺯﺵ ﭼﺸﻢ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻭﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ( ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻴﻨﻚ ﺷﺴﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﭼﺸﻢﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﮔﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺣﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺩﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺈﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳﻚ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ |3‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ‪ PHPA‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ )ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻪ(‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ )ﮔﺎﻟﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻪ(‬
‫)ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ(‬ ‫)ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ(‬
‫)‪0/50 (1/4‬‬ ‫)‪0/056 (1/3‬‬
‫)‪0/75 (2/1‬‬ ‫)‪0/084 (2/0‬‬
‫)‪1/00 (3/0‬‬ ‫)‪0/110 (2/6‬‬
‫)‪1/50 (4/3‬‬ ‫)‪0/170 (4/0‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ / 102‬ﺗﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻩ ‪1392‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺒــﺎﺭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻧﻲﻫــﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺷــﺒﻮﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ( ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﺴــﻴﻢ ‪ -8‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪PHPA‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤــﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳــﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎﻱ ‪25‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 5‬ﮔﺎﻟﻨﻲ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ]‪.[6‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ |4‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﻪ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻏﻠﻈــﺖ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪5/2‬‬ ‫ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ؛ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﭘﻴﭽﺸﻲ ﻭﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﭼﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬
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‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﻟﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ]‪[4‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻌﻴﻴــﻦ ﺩﺭﺻــﺪ ﺣﺠﻤــﻲ ﻣﻘــﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪25/1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﭼﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ‪ 3‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﻳﺪ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ"ﻗﻠﻊ–ﺍﻛﺮﻳﻞﺁﻣﻴﺪ" ]‪[4‬‬
‫‪5/2-25/1‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻘﻲ ﺩﺭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻫﻮﺍ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ PHPA‬ﻳﻜــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻪ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷــﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱﺯﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫)ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺯﻳــﺎﺩ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔــﻲ ﺷــﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﻧﻴــﺰ ﻫﺴــﺖ ﻭ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺁﺑﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮ ‪ PHPA‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻗﺒﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺳــﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺑــﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 4‬ﺍﻟﻒ(‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ‪ 5‬ﮔﺎﻟﻨﻲ ﺏ(‪ PHPA‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﺴﻪﻫﺎﻯ‪ 25‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻣﻰ‬

‫ﭘﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪Partially Hydrolyzed PolyAcryl Amid‬‬ ‫‪monomers‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪hydrolyze‬‬ ‫‪Bleach‬‬

‫ﻣﻨــــﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫‪[1] Amoco , 1994, "Drilling fluids manual",Amoco Pro-‬‬
‫‪duction Company.‬‬
‫‪[2] Clark R.K., Scheurman R.F., Rath H., Van Larr H.G.,‬‬
‫‪1976 “Polyacrylamide/Potassium-Chloride Mud for‬‬
‫‪Drilling Water-Sensitive Shale's”, SPE 5514, Journal‬‬
‫‪of Petroleum Technology, June 7-9,1976‬‬
‫‪[3] Ewy R.T. and Morton E.K. , 2008: “Wellbore Sta-‬‬
‫‪bility Performance of Water Based Mud Additives”,‬‬
‫‪SPE 116139 was prepared for presentation at the‬‬
‫‪2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibi-‬‬
‫‪tion held in Denver, Colorado, USA, September 21-‬‬
‫‪24,2008.‬‬
‫‪[4] MI-Swaco, 1998," Drilling Fluids Engineering‬‬
‫‪Manual Version 2.1.‬‬
‫‪[5] Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary. http://www.glos-‬‬
‫‪sary.oilfield.slb.com‬‬
‫‪[6] O’Brien D.E., and Chenevert M.E., 1973 “Stabi-‬‬
‫‪lizing Sensitive Shale's with Inhibited, Potassium-‬‬
‫‪Based Drilling Fluids”, JPT. Vol. 25, pp 1089-1100.‬‬

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