Curve Tracing using Derivatives :

Type of Function :

interval is
I .

Increasing Function : A function fins on an I

called increasing if
Nic Nz fth ) E fuk ) i NUKE I

2 .

Strictly Increasing function :

interval is called
A function fins on an I
strictly
increasing if
Nic Nz FIN . ) L f- IN )2
j MIIKE I

interval is
3. Decreasing Function : A function fins on an I

called decreasing if

N , Luz fth ) 3 fuk ) i NUKE I

function
4 .

strictly Decreasing :

interval is called
A function fins on an I
strictly
decreasing if
Nic Nz FIN . ) 7 f- H2 ) j MIIKE I

Notation Increasing ( t )
Decreasing ( k)
 And afln )
fin )
n

flag - - - - - - - -
- -

I
fth )
t
: "
final

!i
-

ffa i
- - -
- -

flatting - - - - - -
.

"
, )

! !
I
1

: i am
÷
. . . . . .

;
am .
÷
- -

i ! '

Nz Fk
< <
& >
"
<
Ni Nz Nz Hi Nz N Nl Nz
v v v

Increasing strictly Increasing Decreasing

fema attn )
fin ,
a

ten ) ,
- - -

I
, Hmp - - -

i
ffni ) . . .

i i

HML)
t
fly ),
-
-1
' il l
'

fine)
i '

ti
-
'
- - - -
-
s

am
-

i :
- - -

i
-

:
.

'
i .
i '
'
L
7N s .
ga L i
s
w
Ml MZ Mt Mz Mz u
N' 22 U
u

strictly decreasing Neither increasing Increasing as well

nor
decreasing .

as
decreasing
( constant)

5 .
Monotonic ( strictly ) : A function is said to monotonic ( strictly )

interval it is all
on an I
if increasing (strictly ) on of I or

all
decreasing (strictly ) on of I .

6 .
Constant function : A function fin ) is said to be constant

on an interval I if
fink c t att ( c is constant )

Notz : The monotonic behaviour is

closely related to the
slope of
the tangent at points of the curve and slope is related to

sign of the derivative -

 Increasing
-
.
^

-
-

IT slope
-
- the
- ÷ . . .

slope
-

¥9
the
. -

'

i' eve slope slope of tangent off

. -
-

,
at NFC = f' cc )
( If f- is differentiable)

Dying :
i

i⇐
<
- ve slope

T.ve slope
ope
.

>

Test for Increasing and

Decreasing function :

ht f be differentiable on an
open interval (ab) - I.
Then

④ If flat t Carol f
> o n E
,
then is
strictly increasing on Cais) .

Li 'll Sf flat >o f n E Carol ,

then f is increasing on laid .

Ciii, Sf fla ) so t Carol f

strictly decreasing
NE then is laid
, on .

④ If flat so t n E Laib ) ,
then f is
decreasing on Caio)

critical point
-
:

A number n -
-
c is called critical point of the function
' '

f- In ) if f- (c) = O or f is undefined at n=c .

'
Note A critical point for which f- known
'

is also
'
:
C C =o
=

as
stationary point
'
 Procedure for
finding Intervals on which a
geien function f is

decreasing interval laid

increasing or on .

Step# : find all critical points off in Caio ) .

EkpC2 Divide the interval laid into smaller sub intervals -

using critical points .

'

step check the sign of f on each sub -

intervals .

Exempted) : find the intervals on which the function

'
f- HI = N 3kt I is
increasing / decreasing
-
.

-
:
f CN ) = NZ -
3kt I ,
I =
for d) = IR

'
f- CN ) = 3h23

'
: .

critically : -
f Cato

3N 2-3=0

3 (at 7=0

NZ-
1=0

NL =L

x= I 1

Therefor ,
we have two critical points a= -
l and a = I

Now , we will deride C- old ) l into C- so ,

-
I ) GI i 2) ,
Ctia)
,
 sign of fin ) = 31ns D=
-
3 ( at ) ( Ntl )

Interval sign of fin )

C- D , -
I ) tve

f- Ii -
l ) -

ve

t
( lid ) + ve
-
t
ti I
'

sign of f

: . we can see that function is

increasing on to , -

D and

and
Clio )
decreasing on C- lil ) .

T S
l l
-
I 1

Behaviour of f .

Exact Graph

ESKI .

Find the intervals on which the function

£9
f- HI = is
increasing / decreasing domain IR fed
-
. =

NZ -
4

Steps : critical Points fcm= 2

-
2-
@ 4)
-

=
2N ( 5) =
101
¥42 @2-412

'

f- Cn ) -

-
O N=0

but since it is not in

Also , if n=I2 ; then flag does not exist .

the domain , so
only critical point is
 '
101
Step @ : sign of f f' ca ) =

2-
-

@ 4)

-
1-
< i 7
N
O

'

sign of f
I function f t-
The rear , the is
decreasing Cstrictty) on so)

and Colo )
increasing richly )
on .

→ -
C i 7
o n

Behaviour of f

'

j
' '

-
z o z
j

Exact graph function's fan RI

of the -
-

2-
a 4
 maximum

fxtremaclocalandGlob.at# : ( Extrema f
minimum
)
Absolute or Global Extrema :

ht t be a function defined on an internal I and let CEE .

Then

① f has absolute maximum / Global maximum at c if

f- fu ) E fl C ) t N E I .

Ci is f has absolute minimum / Global minimum at c if

f- HI Z fl C ) t N E I.

Relative or Local Extrema :

④ The function f has a relative maximum local / maximum

at a- c if
f- fu) t in
Ca ) s n some open interval containing a

Cii, The function f has a relative minimum / local minimum

at a- c if
f- fcc) t in
Ca ) > n some open interval containing a

Mex
Absolute
.

Hnl
^
g-

:b
u
:
local Max
←
•
:

'

i. ÷÷ ;
i :
i
÷
.
. wa min some min
! '

'
< '

a b
w

La b)
Graph of fin ) on , .
 Note : H A function may not have extrema on an interval
consider full = a j NE ( 012 )

Then f has no extrema on the interval Lois) .

take interval Coit ]

But if we the ,

Absolute maxima is obtained at a = ,

Absolute minima is obtained at a- o

dis function may extrema

A have only one of the .

2
N RIO

{
consider fin ) = on E- 2123
1 RIO

Ab .
Max is obtained at N -

- 2 and 2=-2

No absolute minimum is obtained .

^
ten
④ is A function may have both of the extrema .

f-IN ) = NZ NE [
-
l l l ] I
.

.
i
'
i
,
1

at II
,

n
maxima
-

Absolute
-

I
{

' '

L 7
. '

Absolute minima at a = O - -

z o z a

④Imp
Result : If a
point is relative maximum or relative minimum
=

then
at a point c
,
c
has to be critical point .

Converse is not true t is not that if is a

necessary
: c

critical point , then f will attain its extrema at c '

"3
43
① consider flat fix ) ztk
-

'

CI se
= =
,

y=n" 3
^

'

f- la ) does not exist at n=o

f-
• 7

I
O
-
i

. a- o critical lot
is

But extrema is not obtained at n=o

 (2) f- INK n3 flak 3x2 a

x=o is critical point but

L 7
extrema is not obtained at a - o ←
critical lot

First Order Derivative Test for Local Extrema :( open interval )

step : find all critical points off on interval Laib )

step @ :
St '
c
'

is a critical point then

( is Sf film Calc )
}→
70 local
on x=c is point of
maximum
& f' CN ) co on ( Ceb ) .

Iiis Sf f'lmao Calc )

}→ point of local
on x=c is

& f' CN ) 70 on ( Ceb ) minimum .

'

Sf f- Cn ) has same sign f KE @i and fat cab) ,

then n=c is neither point of local maximum nor

local minima .

l
l
l ,

' I f'LO
,
'
l

o I
f)
,

f>
,

fino
,
f'co f'so
'
'
o
f>O
' '
i i

l l , f7o l

1
l l ,

: i i :
c c
c c

local Maximum Local minimum

.

i i

,
f'70 FLO ,

l l

f'20
l l

,
'

l
flo
l l

l l
l l

C C

Neither local maximum nor local minimum

 Ques : find the point of local maxima and minima
of the fu
?
f- Cnt = N -
3M -
9N +15

2
'

f- em = 3N - Con -

' 2

Put f ca ) =o 3N -
Gx -9=0

3 ( NZ -
2K -
31=0

(x 3) (atl )
-
to

x =3 or x= -
I

'

Now f cat = 3 (n -

3) ( Ntl )

7
7

+ -
t s
l l l l
-

I 3 - I
3

of f
'

Sign off Behaviour

first Derivative Test point of local

By is maximum
: .
, a = -
s a

at a =3 is point of local minimum .

Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema :( open int )

ht f be a function such that f 'kl=o and second derivative

exist on an
open interval containing c .

local minimum at
"

① If f ( Cleo ,
then f has a a = a

"

④ If f- Celso , then f has a local maximum at a- a

"
If f- Col = o , then this test fails .

Note :
when the second derivative test fails ,
we can

use first order derivative test or we can use the

high order derivative test

following
 General Criteria for local extrema :

f' f%c , to
""

f' Then
'

ht f' cc ) = Cck - - . . = let -_ o but .

④ If n is odd , then f has neither a local minimum nor a

local maximum at n=c .

dis It is f has local at if f'"Cc , > o

y f-
n even min a -

- c

has local max at a=c if f%ck0

Quest find the point of local extrema of the function

(is f- CN ) = 2k3 -
15k£ -136N -118

Lij gin ) = RS -
5x4t5k3 -
I

④ FINI = 2Nd -
152ft 36kt 18

GCN 3) be -2)
6 (NZ 52+6)
-

=
'
2- 30kt 36
-

6N
=

f- Cn ) =

f' CNIIO 61N 3) (n -21=0

Put
-

i .

x =3 or set 2

.
: critical points are a =3 , x=2 .

Now ,
'

f'
'
IN ) = 6 (x -
3tx-21 = 6 ( 2x -
5)

A- 3 is point of local
(3) ( 2-3 5)
"
6 6 o
f = = >
i -

- .

minima

f' (2) 6( 5) 6<0 2=215 point of local

'
2.2
-

=
-
=

maxima .

5- 5a4+5u3
gfn ) = se l
-

5
4 20Mt 15N
2
5 NZ ( R2 4N -13)
gym ) a
- -
=
=

=
5ze2 (x -33cm -
l )

'
.
:
g Cn ) =O b-NZ ( N -

3) (N -

11=0

2=0 or X =3 or 2=1
 Hence , critical points are

u = 0, I 13

NOW ,
'
"
g CN ) =
20N
3- 60K¥ 30N = 10K ( 22h - lose -13 )

to (2-6+3) local maxima

"

g ( 1) = =
-
loco 2=1 is point of .

'

g' (3) = 10.3 ( ID -

lot 3) = 9070 A- 3 is point of local minima

second order derivative test

"

g ( 01=0 fails .

first order derivative General derivative test

using
" 3- 60M£
g INI = 20N -130k
l

l 60kt
, g (a) = 120N t 30

-1 ! "
-1
( 01=8 107=0
'
'
'
So , g
.
0 I
'
but 8 ( 07=30 to
sign of g

odd
Kenai 2=0 is neither a
Since 3 is . So
by general
maxima nor a minima uetuia , a- o is neither a maxima

nor a minima

Ques : Consider foetal

' 2
493
'

flu , = ,
f- HI = 12N , f (N) = 24N , f fake 24

Charly ,
a
-
- o is critical point .

"
f' lol I
f lol
"
=
f- 401=0 but f Cotto
Now ;

since f ( 01=2470 ,
so
By general criteria for local extrema ,

n=o is point of local minima .

 Concavity
-
:

Concavity related to
bending of the
→
is curve as
they
increase I decrease

→ In the
following diagram ,
all three curves are increasing
linerease
but they differ iis the
way they
.

a n n

÷
'
•
-
r
-
.

i
:

-
-

< E
-
- -
-
-

s s s s s s
v v v

line below Tangent line below

Tangent Tangent line above
curve curve taboo curve

11 c1

Concave up : If the graph of a function flies above all of its

tangent on an interval I
,
then the curve is said to be

L }
' '

concave up on I .
U shaped curve

function 't
' "

Concave down : If the graph of a lies below all of its

tangent on an interval I
,
then the curve is said to be

{
' '

concave down on I .
n shaped curve }

^ a a

¥
/
I
a -

x x
r
i
of i
i. T
< a s a s
,
u v

concave Down
v
Neither concave up
Concave Up
nor

concave down
 Note :
we can also measure concavity by increasing 1 decreasing
open inter
slopes of tangent lines
of the curve on an .

I .

→ f is concave
up on the interval I if its
tangent lines

have and down if they have

increasing slopes on I concave

Since determined
decreasing slopes .
slope of tangent to fat se is

"
'

by f la ) ,
so we have the following def :

Iet ? If f is differentiable on an open interval I ,

then f

is said to be
'
④ concave up if f is increasing on interval I .

'

Ci is concave down if f is
decreasing on interval I .

Second order Derivative Test for concavity :

ht f be twice differentiable on an open interval I

, then

' '

④ f is concave up on I if f All 70 t n C- I

f is t
' '
concave down on I if f Cn ko n C- I .

^
Clif
'
) a
Increasing slope
I * ! e ⇐
I
c-
-
-

¥
⇐
¥ of
*

}
'

of c i

Hoof
. -

Is
¥/ Decreasing slop Gif
'

'

<
i

y L 7
v

concave Down
u

concave Up
QUI check the
concavity of the function flat as 3241
-

3- 3N 2+1
f- In ) = N

f- IN )
'
= 3Rd - 6K = 3N ( N -

2)

f-
' '
INI = 6N -

b = 6 be -
l )

concavity
' '

f- la ) 6h 1) Concave down
of na = so
-

concave up
''

St N > I f- lat 70

nlv 1

Interval of concavity

Inflection Point : A point 4. flu ) on the curve y= tea )

is called an inflection point if f changes concavity from

down to up
upto down or .

We
say f has an inflection point at re .

c. U c. V C' D
. '
.

C D
-
.

tnftection
Point
tnftection Point
I Inflection Point
← Inflection Point ←

C D c. U
.
-

c. D
.
.

C -
U .

c C c c

In the above example we can

clearly see that flak n' 3h41 -

has intuition point at a -1 .

 Necessary condition for a Point of Inflection : -

If ⇐ feed is a point of inflection on the

graph of y=fpx ,

'' "

then either f Coto or f- CC ) does not exist .

Quest flu ) = N' -

3kt l
'
f (a) = 3k£62
''

f- la ) = 6N -6

' '
f- Cato a =L

.
:
f may have inflection point at a=1 . We need to further

verify using second derivative test .

If NC I f'
'
la ) = 6in -17 so f- is concave down .

"

If a> I f- Ink 6k¥13 70 f- is concave up .

Hence , f has inflection point at a =L .

"

Note This condition is not sufficient A curve have f- Gto

.

may
"
or f lol does not exist but still Gifted is not a point of
inflection .

't
consider flat = N

#
423
"
122k f
'

f ca ) =
, f HII , f (al = 24N , Cui =
24

Since
'
f- IN
'
1=0 12k¥ o 2=0

f may have inflection point

'

at
i

- .
a- 0

'
Now; if no , f 'm > o f- is concave up .

"

if no , f HI 70 f- is concave up .

we can see that f- does not change its concavity at

.

.
.
a -
. o

i. f does not have inflection point at o_0 .

 Curve first and second Derivative :
sketching using
step 1 . Check the domain of the function f .

f' Cn ) and f 'M )

'

Stef 2 : find

steps : find critical points .

step 4 : find intervals of increase and decrease of f

steps
:
Identify point of inflections .

find intervals for

steps concavity off
:
¥
'

when interval Habs

step 7: find extreme values ( extrema) .

closed then
, use

steps : find intercept with the coordinate axes .

@iflaDdb.fCbD in

Fox x -

intercept , solve foe ) -0 .

tracing the curve

For y -

intercept i put a- o in fin .

Step 9 : Use the results obtained above to sketch the

graph .

't 4ns -110

Ques : Sketch the graph of function feat = n .

Interval I =
too , a ) .

"
f- fat = x
-

423-110
'
42lb 12 NZ 4N ( a -3 )
f- CN ) =
-
=

f- ( N1
"
= 12k£ 24N = 12N IN -2 )

Criticalpoint : film to 4a2 ( a-33=0

N=0 Or N =3

t¥ingl÷' ng .
: flak data -3 )
Interval Test Value Sign of f
'

)! !!/
q
f- 00,0 ) ft -

D= -
16 -

tick 8
⑨ i3)
-
-

( 3, a ) flat 64 +
Beiiaviouroffunctoisf
 f'
'
Put Catto
Inflection Point :

12N (N -23=0

2=0 or N=2

'

Concavity : f' lat 12am -2 )

Interval Test Value Sign off

"

, ,

f' G)
'

Caio ) = 36 t
! !
t
' /

( 012 ) f 'll 7=-12

-

i !
I 1
''

f- (3) 36 t O 2
)
=
( 2, a
I

concavity off

Extrema we can use first derivative test or second derivative .

critical points are no and n=3

'

* f' (3) = 12.3.13 -

2) = 3670

f hab local minima at n =3 .

f- 13 ) = 34-4.33+10 =
-27+10=-17

f' 107=0
'

* second order derivative test fails; so we will

use first derivative test .

'
Since f- Cal =
424N -37

Sf film )
}
neo ;
.

extrema at
. .

No o_0

Sf OLN i fix ) co

Intercept : for y -

intercept put x=o

flat 0-0+10=10

-
: Grove intercepts y-axis at Colo) .

Addition.at/ooints--ff2--2E4-23tlo---l6tlo= -6
 Graz :

Interval ← 0010) ( 012 ) ( 213 ) ( 3,0)

←

Behaviour Decreasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing

ottbnuvedobnarupG.am
.

#
( ) ( )
Points on curve :
Colo) ,
( 3 -171,12
, -67
,

•
to

5
-

I >
I 4
' '

0 2 3 s I

15 -

-
Zo -

Note Here we have not found a -

intercept to trace the curve .

sketch the function fine Sindt cask

Ques : graph of the

On [ 0121T ]

f- CM ) = Sink -1 Cosa [ 0121T]

'

f- Ink Cosa -
sink

''
f- IM = -
Sinn -
cosh
buticalpointi firm -0 Cosa -

sinner

sink = Cosa

I N=
IT ,
512 ( at these

Sinn
values
!
-_cosn=y
Interval for
increasing ( decreasing : ftnhcosn -
sink

Interval Test Value sign off

' I '

\ !/
l l
9

/
'

[ 01¥ ) f =
o -
366 t :
f' CEI i
¥ II)
-
-
-

151174
,

b 11174
.

LIT
( II)
'
t
21T ]
(II f- = I
Behaviour off
,

Inflection Point : f' YUKO

-

- Sina -
cosa -_ o

Sinn = -
Cosa

f- Smu
Iz coen
)
-

If
= -

x= II ,
a-

lsinntcosa )
K¥y f' la
'

: ) = -

sign off
"

Interval Test Value

f' (Ia )=
'

[o , i i
II ) L
- -

Mi ✓ in
1 ,

f' CITI
'
t
HI t
=

,
'
\ !

f' (
' " 0366 - O
Stk iq 2¥
( II
-

,
hit ] =

concavity off
Extrema :
-

CED ( sin ( Iz -1¥ )

'

At a -_
II f' = -
+ Costa )= - = -

Eco
,

local and
at
Iq
i
-
.

max .
a-

f- ( Ia) =
sin It cos #) =
fztJz=T2

( Iz E)
'
' Eso
Qin
'
II f' ( EI )=
' - '

+ cos
-

At A-
- -
=
;

.
.

-
local min at a-
If and

f- ( II) = -

iz
 f- lol Sin
Endpoints = otcoso = I

f- 121T ) = Sin 21T -1 COS 25=1

Intercept
-
:

N -

intercept : flat -0 sinnt cost - O

Sinn = -
Cosa

a- II. IF
Y -

intercept : Hol = Snot Loso = I

seminary
Interval Cafe ) ( ¥ II) , ( II. II ) (II. II) ( 7¥27]

Behaviour Increasing Decreasing Decreasing Increasing Increasing

off lone down
-
concave down concave up concave up lone down
-

Graph
( T L ) (
Pointsman @ it >
( II. ) ( II. ) ( ¥
o
.
o
.
,
E ) , ( II ,
-

R)
, @ HT 't

^
2 -

±±¥±¥si
f ← .

"
.

-
I -

-
Z -

✓
Clues : sketch the
graph of the function with the following
properties : :

* f' la) 70 when see -

I
I :\, '
.
:/
'

i
i
' -
I 3
f- ca ) 70 When n>3
Behaviour of functions
'
f- IMCO when -
ICN

"

⑦ f- lmao when nor

f)
.

f- IM
''
> 0 when u> 2
;
I
U
i

f
^
Concavity of function

< '
F
'

t o 's s

✓
 - * Limits * -

definition : let f- be a function defined on an

open interval
We that L is the limit
containing a .

say of foe , as

u approaches a and write

him flat = L
N -7 a

if the ) com be made

arbitrary dose to L for all values

of a close to a but not

equal to a .

Note lis f- may or

may not be defined at a =
a .

we can approach to from and limit

Li is a left or
right
must be same in both cases .

④is we can use the

following notation also :

him feel = L €7 flat → L as a→ a .

As a

consider the limit of function flak FIT at a -1 .

Here , we can see that as we

approach the value of a

towards 1
,
the value
of the function fin ) approaches towards
2 .

.
'

.
bin flu ) = 2
N -3 I
ESE consider the function
2Mt 4 NEI

f- IN =

{ u2 N 71

we will discuss about the limit at a =

I

N O -

99 o -

999 O -
9999 O -

99999 1.00001 In 0001 Ii 001 l ol

-

f- In ) 5 -

98 5.998 5-9998 5.99990 1.00002 1.0002 1.002 I -

0201

> e
left side right side
Here , we can see that as we consider n towards 1
from

side value fuel approaches towards 6 But as

left ,
the
of .

we consider x towards t from right side , the value of fin )

towards
approaches 1 .

in this case that limit function

so , we
say the of the

f- In ) at NH does not exist .

Definition ( onesidedle.mil#j :

Right Hand limit :

suppose fin ) is defined for all x near a with

We
weight hand limit
u> a .

say that of fin ) is Las se

approaches a from night ( write , 'm flat

le =L
) 't fin )
u com
x→ at
be made dose to L for
arbitrary all n
sufficiently close to a

with Ma .

Left Hand limit :

suppose fin ) is defined for all a near a with

We left hand limit

Nca .

say that of fin ) is Las se

approaches a from left ( write nlejma ,

-
flat =L
) u 't fin ) com

be made dose to L for

arbitrary all n
sufficiently close to a

with nsa .
ESE:3 ) consider the function
N EI
2Mt 4
f- IN =

{ m2 N 71

In this lens fins

example ,

n -22 t
= I

kiss fins = 6 .

u→ 2-

Necessary and sufficient condition for existence of limit :

zeugma folk L if and only if alisha +

folk
awiya -
flat =L

example ③ ; can see that

in we
Exampled, since

I = him fin i t 'm fin )

le = 6

set set us 2-

Hence ; him flat does not exist .

N -11

In
example ⑦ ;
nhjm.fm I =

life the ,
K2

Hence , that
say
we can .

win flak 2 .

U -1 I

Som_eBasi : let a and k be real numbers . Then

④ him k = k
n→ a

Lij him n = a
n→ a
 Theorem for lomputing Limits :

any real
let a' be and flat and gin ) functions
'

number be two

defined let
' '

near a .

him fin ) and ( Laf,dn Year)

raking
L
fin ,
=
= m
x → a

then

④ him finite gas) = LIM =

Nta
bin fin ) I bin gin )
N -
I a u→ a

Wm ( fifth ) = KL = k ( kiss fins)

Uta n sa -

ahjma Ctn glad

.
= LM =
( Ena fin) ( baize 8cm)

tis bin
f- IN )
=
In akka # " provided into
gin
= .

A la
, -

term gin)
-

n→ a

Had "= listening

"
in
""
akina Cassation
-

-
.

Note :
These statements are also true for one sided termite . .

# for polynomial Pla ) and for any real '

a'
any no we can
.

say ;

Kisha pink
nhjnas.hn hiya kn Ha )
- -
-
-

flat en
n
# For e- and
sine , cos u
any real no a :
-
, ,

knife nhjnasf aliyah

f- Hk HI =
flat -
Ha )
,
¥ If real
'

a' is a number such that a f NIT i n -

- o , It , I 2 . . -

then kiss cot n = lot a

x→ a

and win cosecn

cosecant
=

# If real
'
is
a' a number such that a t
hat ; n It I3 I 5.
=
. . . .

, .

( odd integer )
then him tame = torn a
x→ a

and bin seen = Seca

Nta

CHI If a >0 is real number than

any
kiss
NT a
log n =
log a

C# let
fg÷ ,
be a rational functions where fish and gia , are polyps .

any real
'
let be
'
a number .

flat
④ It goes to ,
then
Nta
him
fg'÷ ,
=

gla )

Of flat to and great 0

,
then
align toff,
does not exist .

Lili Sf flat and gear will Hopitales rule to

'

= O so ,
then we use L

proceed further .
 NH NEI
Examine his 2x -1
fin ,
{
,

22+3 N> 1

tim f- IN ) = him @ 42N -

I ) = 12+2 -
I -
I =
1+2-1=2
.

N -12 -

N -31

term flat him Cnn -13) = 2 -

I -13=5
N -31 ,
-

N→ at

since ,
bin flu ) t kiss fin ) .

N -12 N-12 t
-

so Wm fin ) does not exist .

RT I

22-1 3k ME 2

{
Lii fth =

su m2

43N
akin fink
nteizz @ 243.2=4+6--10
=

bin fin ) = him (5k) =

5-2=10
-1
U -12 z -22-1

Since , kiss flak tins flat

n -12T N-12
-

Hence ,
lenis fin ) = IO .

N -12

Ciii fin , =
22-5
221-3

fink akin @2-51

akin ,
-
L =

¥E ,
 Infinite
-
limits :

④
lent
,na+flm= a means that fin ) increases without bounds

as n
approaches a
from right .

lneijna ,
fin ) =
a means that fin ) increases without bounds

as n
approaches a
from left .

④is
;ma+fHI= athan
lay .
fish 's
riff uterine
flak a .

lneijna +
fins = -
o means that fin ) decreases without bounds

as n
approaches a
from right .

( V)
knife -
fins = -
• means that fin ) decreases without bounds

as n
approaches a
from left .

did
;ma+fHI= aliyah
lay fish = a
riff nlujma
flak A
-
-

Example
-1 I
① him him a -
o
a = a =

Nt Ot a -10
-

Cii, for real number

' '

any a ;

'Fa=
;ma+n÷a= and
align
a a

she
-

4113 him log N = -

Root
 Limits
-
at :
Infinity
④ Sf the value of fin ) approaches to L as a increases without

bounds then
, we
say
bin floe ) = L or fin ) → L as a → • .

N → A

dis Sf the value of fin ) approaches to L as a decreases without

bounds then
, we
say
bin floe ) = L or fin ) → L as a → -
• .

N → -

Example
-

④
akin I akin E
=
-

-
o

. .

n
him en
-

dis time = o =

N -1 N N -1 -
A

;z In akin In positive integer

where
hay
is
④ is = o= n

Theorem ( computing limits at infinity)

let us assume kiss fin ) and bin gin ) exist and
Nt D N -1 A

K be
any real number .

" "
①
align .
Hind =

( akin fins
)
gin )
cis
lenig .
Hint =
( align the ) ( him ' + 81M
)
Liii
lenin Has 81M ) =

(ahjnffinl) ( align gin)

 f- In ) kristin ,
him
ftp.8HHO
now
it
=

" as
¥gq ,

Similar result holds for him f- H ) :

x -
an
if it exist .

3n3_5at9-
Example :# him
NTN 5x3t2u2I

= him
3
-
-

II
nooo
5 + In -

73
=

EEE -
-

I
"
(2) time Cosa = him lose
↳ A A) o
en

( antos "eahY
)
between -

land ,

= o , * as a → oi so

cozen approaches towards too -

 Indeterminate forms :

# Io form : consider the function HI and seal number

gin,
'
a' .
Also ,
fin ) -70 and gin) -7 o as a → Q .
Then

hnisnatghfta ,
is called indeterminate form of the type .

e haig Sinan .
Liss

opine :
ht f and g are differentiable on an open interval
containing a
, except possibly at a -_a
,
and
ahjhasfmt-o-nk.in gin .

Sf laying tg!÷ ,
exists or it is to or -

Ni then

heathen ,
-

Ksa 's'÷ ,

NOI .
This statement is also true in case of seta; n→ at,

N -3N no -
N .

Example
-
:

en
fo) Sinn I

fo)
l
(8) bin bin
-

win sinn
-

Ato
k N -70 Nd n→
If
a

time
hairy loft him ion
¥)
=
=
=
N -10 22h
n→ If -2 sin 2n

=
cold = A
1
lim sink
-

"
I £2112 ) lol2K
I This limit does not
i

= -
.

=
Sin 4
exist .

¥
=
Ii =
It
¥3 I form
N
: consider the function HI and seal number
gin,
'
a' .
Also ,
fin ) -7N and gin) -7 as a → Q .
Then

hnisnatghfta ,
is called indeterminate form of the type# .

Nhl 5k - 6
Ex : bin -

=
a Rt 2
at

opine :
ht f and g are differentiable on an open interval
containing a
, except possibly at a -_ a
,
and
ahjhasfmt-o-ak.in gins .

Sf tennis tgi.nu ,
exists or it is to or -

Ni then

heats'T .
-

Kaa 's'÷ ,

NOI .
This statement is also true in case of a→ a-, n→ at,

N -3N no -
N .

Exampl win
N-1 A
nII÷ Ed

= Lim dat
I
x→ as

= 00 .

Wht5k - 6
Hence , kiss -
does not exist .

N T2
N-1 A
HI aiofom :

consider him fins gin ) -

where fin, → o and

goes → o as a → a .

Nta

In this case convert it into Oz form or F- form .

FIXED :c is lying ,
a
log n co ay
-

log n
win
fo)
a
=
-

N -10-1 Ya

= Lim YI
N -10-1 -

l/n2

= 'm
le f- n
)
Noot

= O

Lii, tim ( I -
toma) Sean ( ooo)
Rt
If

= him I-
tann
-

x→ If Yseczn

= him I -
toma
ME, F

tem -sec2n_
=

"→
It -2 sins n
=
¥E =. I

# a -
o : .

In this case convert this form into Io or Io by

simplifying the expression .

Exempted akjon.tn
-

sine) @ -9

wm-sinn-n-sotns.im
tem him cosset SIMI =

n -
lot sinntncosn
=

noot cos Rt Coen -

askin

= O
# 8,o9I limits form fluid"
alejos
of the

8h )
Werling Ryle :- let Y= fin ,

8""
logy =
log ( fin ,

logy
=
gin ) log fish

Now ; gin ) .

logffn ) is now in Nio

form . Now convert it

into Io or I form .

Theni
win logy win
=
GH ) log AN
Nsa nsa

log ( bin
Ha
4) =

;ma
ten gin log fin)

log find
gig
y= e¥z( 8M

fluid" ;ma&H3logfHD
elf
nhjnas =

't'
Exampled) :
unison ,
@ toes ex

'm
let Y= Ctn)

I log ( Ita ) toga )

logy
=
=
k

;z
he logy hiya 10847
-

, ,

=
tf
T
=
I
 ttsymptotes :
Asymptote of a curve is a brie such that the

distance between the line and the curve approaches zero

of coordinate tend to
as one or both n or
y infinity .

There are three kind of asymptotes : -

① Horizontal .

Vertical .

dig oblique .

Horizontal
Asymptote

Vertical
Asymptote

Note we will focus on vertical and horizontal asymptotes .

Horizontal
Asymptote The line y =L is a horizontal asymptote
.

of the
graph of f if
Lim fin ) = L or bin flak L
x S
-
D U s- -
a

Vertical Asymptote :
The line n -

-
c is called a vertical

asymptote of if either of limits

the graph of f the

fin ) fin fails

nhjm -
or
aliens ,
to exist .
 Cases in Vertical Asymptote :

him flat = a term feat = -

a

Ntc Ntc

J:L
n l n l
l l

l l

:
l l

l l

L l S C l S
ite ite

Tf
i
l l
l l

l l

l I
v v

nhjrchflnt-agzekycn.fm = -
a
tariff folk - N.

nlejhzfinta

n l n l

:L J
l l

l l

l l

:
I I

yin
< ' ' '
. '

l l
l l
l l

l l

l I
v v
 UNITED :

suppose f is continuous at a point ⇐ fled .

Then the

graph of f has

④ Vertical
tangent at Lc , fu ) if nlejmoftn ) and
absinthe)
are either both N or both -
a .

dis
cusp at
@ifkDieflyjmc.f 'm ) and
sheriff 'm are both

D with opposite signs ( one o and other -

o) .

Vertical Vertical cusp cusp

l
Tangent Tangent
l

win flat =n kiss flak - n 'm fine

b a lens flak -
a

NTC N Ict Ict

-
-

Nyc x
-
-

'm
le finna win f' Cala - a Lim fins = -
•
him Fink a

N -

Ict x -
Ict Nyc
-
N IC-
-

N
or T x
\ I 1 7

C c C C
Steps for curve
Tracing :

-1
Simplify function if
.

, possible and .
find domain of function .

2 .
Find critical points .

3 Determine intervals of increasing and decreasing first

by
.

derivative test .

Determine extrema
4
using first second order derivative test
.
.

5 .
Find interval of concavity and points of inflection .

6 find vertical
.

asymptotes , tangents , cusp .

7 .
Determine x -

intercept ,
y intercept
-

, points of extrema on the

graph .

D .
Sketch the curve with the above information .

Ede : sketch the graph of the function fish =

HI '

U2 ¢
HI **
Here domain of
fin , =

NICO
.

NZ 4
f- is 112-{21-2}
f-
'

fuk K£4)
-
-

2x -

X 's
9) ( 2K )
=
102g -_

2
@2- 4) 2
He
@ 2-45
2-
"
-
RIN 472N
f- Ink 10 -

4
@ 2-4,
= to
nhYI=-w:;
Critical point : f 'cm=o 2=0

at n= Iz ; f- Cn ) does not exist , but it is not in

'
our domain .

: n o is the
only critical point
-
.
. -
 I
Interval of
increasing / decreasing : f 'm =

@
2- cj2
'
,

l
M

/
l

l
'

- : + :
,
i
. i
.

i . I
O O

Behaviour
'

sign of f off

Extrema By first derivative test ,

we have local minima

at n=o .

Point on the cure =

@ ,
Hol) =
( , 914)
o .

Inflection Point / concavity :

fun , =
-1013*47
2- 3
@ 4)

they be ¥0 int of inflect

'
at a- I2 f' Cal does not exist ; so can 't
,

and for no real no -

n
, f 'm
'
-0

So , we need to find the intervals for concavity .

I l l l

hi U in
l l l

: :
- + -

i
'

i '

2 2
-
z I
"

sign of f concavity .

*
*
Efron above it looks like that f has inflection point at a .

But since a- I 2 not in the f-

are domain of f . So has no

point of inflection

k¥1 :

Horizontal ;z:II
align finishes ,
=
tennis ¥471 - I

similarly ; him f- In , = l
U -

s - as

i .
Line Y -

- I is the horizontal asymptote to the curve fly ) .

 verttcalasymptok.fm =
FEI ,

NZ 9 Mtg
him flat bin - =
bin -
= -
N
*
N -12T
K£4 U -12-1 X 2) Cath
-

n -12-1

him N←9_-
him flat = = A

N -12
-

N-12 -
CN 2) (NTH
-

NZ g
* him fink him - = -
no

U -1.2
X 2) IN -12 )
-

Nt I
-

x
2-
g
him tints him - -
=D

No - at n→ -
at @ -

y Cath

Hence ; x=±z are vertical asymptotes .

Vertical tangent ( cusps

'
. No such
thing ispossible here as f

exists for all points on the domain off .

Points on cure :

pkg
N-interce.pt#ffaI=o =o a- IS

- :
(3,0) and f- 310

!
y intercept : flo ) +914 il
)
- =

-f÷iis
(019/4)
'

. .

•
2 -
¥16 : sketch the
graph of the function flat 2%(224-5)
Numbers
Domain-IR.at
f- INK Rd "
( 2x -15) ceding
'
Ndb 2+24+53
f- fuk 2%
. .

6 at 4N -110 10 ( Ntl )
=
- = -

3. N
"3
32113

''
f- Ink FL ]
Ndb

MI
=
lo
-3 3×413
=
GI 2413

buticalpoinl f' lato a= -

s

at n=o flat does not exist .

Hence ,
A- o om a = -

I are the critical points .

wH
for Increasing ( decreasing
'

Interval : f- in, =

3h13

l l
l l

/
7

1-
'

I -
'

I 1- / :L ,

,
'
l

l l
;
l i
I
'

o I 0
-
-

Behaviour
'

Sign off of f

Extrema : By first derivative test .

local maxima at n= -
I

and local minima at n=o

f- f- 1) =
-443 (2 felt 5) =
3 ,
 Inflection Point and concavity :

(E) 2M£)
GI
''
since ' -0
f 'M
'

f INI = =
does
film ,
,
413
2413 9N

-1¥
not exist
÷
Possible inflection points ase se and a If

÷ :
:
-

: - . n
l l l l
"
O 112 O 2

tonality of f
''

Sign of f

By above discussion , we can see that f has inflection point

at a = 42 .
No inflection point at n=o .

Asymptotes fink R&B Canta

since
lying ate
,ig
: =

& bin fink bin R&B ( ants ) =

-
N
,

N I
-
-
o n s - -

So no hormonal asymptote .

flat x' b cants )

Also ,
nlejm =

nteicm exists for all real no .

c .

hence vertical
,
no
asymptote .

ver¥s :

f-
'

Cn ) =
lot
"3
3x

akin "Sh
'

akin "SI
&
akin.it
'

heart
'm
'm
-
-

= a =
-
o
.

Hence ,
we have a cusp at n=o
of the form V. .

In
0
No , vertical
tangent
.
Points on curve :

N-interce.pt : fin , -_o R&b ( 2x -151=0

213
N=0 or 22-15=0

U=o or ze= -512=-2.5

:
N -

intercept are : @ O) , C -

2.5.07

y -

intercept : flo ) = O

y intercept is cool
i. -

Fay :

Interval C- Ni -

l) C- 110 ) ( 0,42 ) ( 42 , a)

Behaviour Increasing Decreasing Increasing Increasing

concave down concave down concave down concave up

Graph
( \ ( )
cusp at o
of the form V
(I 3.8 )
Points on curve (0,0) ,
(-2-510) ,
C- 113 ) ,
,

r.tv
n
4-
•

• 3 -

-
'

s - L s, Boo : I 7

V
 # sketch the curve of flak FEEL
① Domain of the function is set of real numbers except o

ie
C- A , UCO , -07 -

Critical Point : fins 31=2154+322

-
zeb 26

=
322 -
a
4

76
= 3-12
ze4

'

Put f al -
- o 22=3 in =
Ifs

: .

I a- IT,
are the critical point

Liii, Increasing ( Decreasing Behaviour :

'
Interval Test value
sing off Behaviour of fin )
C- oo , -53 ) ft -21=47 =
Fo -

re decreasing
-4J ,
o) f- C- 17=3-1--2 the
increasing
( O B) 3-4=2
, f- Cl ) =
the
increasing
( B A) fC27=
3ft fo
'

, = -

ve decreasing

:
n : ; '

I-3 o t
Behaviour of flu)

Civ, Extrema By fist derivative test , we can observe that

* f- has local minima at a

-
-
-

B d ft -

531 -
.} '

Iff
H f has local maxima at a -

-
53 & TIBI -

3¥
 3-21
④ Inflection Point / concavity flak
- n 't

"
f Ln ) =
N4t2n443= -

2x5-l2R3t4a5= 225-1*3
NO xD NO

=
21nF )
75
'
Dust → Possible points for inflection
PH f' Into
''
Interval Test Value sign of f concavity
-31=295-4
'
too , -56) ft -

re concave down

C-56,0) f- f- 11 = 2×5 the concave up

(0,56) fuk 2×5 ve concave down
-
-

) f- (3)
dGg Concave up
=
cuz , o + ve

7
I ,

N U in
l
l l

:
'

, !
!
I
U
-56 0 56

Concavity

Luis Asymptote :

NII l4ps
* Horizontal
-

N
limp
soo
-
= him
N -1 A a-
=D

NII l 1122
bin him
-

O
N -3 -
a
y =
set -
A a-
=

i.
y=o is the horizontal asymptote .

* Vertical asymptote :

.in#=akom+Ee--onh.izanIzlItom7=nkiz2Fuz=nko
t.int :# ⇐ m
him
-
-

In =
-

A- o is the vertical
asymptote
 feel is continuous all all points of the domain to, 0700107 .

Hence no vertical tangent and cusp .

Lviii, points
-
on curve :

seintercept tint . o
au¥=o AZ , a = It

-
'

.
I ,
O) and C-I O)
,

y-interce.pt : Not possible .

€3 ,
-
Point corresponding to extrema f- 53 g )
,
= -
O -

391=(-17350-39)

€3 ¥3 )
,
= ( 53 , O -

39 ) =
(173,0-39)

poihtwnrespondingto.int/ectio#f56-E)--- C- 2.45 ,
-0347

48 Ff ) ( 245 o 34 )
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