DEVELOPMENT OF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Dr.B.B.Gosai
Professor in Anatomy
Ojvensha e-learning
 Learning Objectives:
 Formation of Lung buds.
 Formation of larynx, trachea, bronchi and
lungs.
 Maturation of lungs.
 Development of diaphragm and
diaphragmatic hernia
 Clinical conditions like tracheooesophageal
fistulas, respiratory distress syndrome and
ectopic lung lobes .
 References:
 Langman’s Medical Embryology by
T.W.Sadler

 Other reference text book:

 Keith Moore’s Developing Human
 Formation of lung buds
 Respiratory diverticulum (lung bud) : outgrowth
from ventral wall of foregut at 4 weeks.
 Epithelium of internal lining of larynx, trachea,
bronchi and lungs is endodermal in origin.
 Cartilages, muscles and connective of respiratory
system is derived from splanchnic mesoderm.
 Lung bud grows caudally to form trachea and
lungs.
 Communication with foregut forms laryngeal
orifice.
 Development of larynx

 Internal lining is derived from endoderm

 Cartilages and muscles from mesenchyme of
fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches
 Initially longitudinal orifice after development
of cartilages forms T shape opening.
 Since nerve of fourth arch is superior laryngeal
nerve and nerve of sixth arch is recurrent
laryngeal nerve, they supply larynx. Both are
branches of tenth cranial nerve (Vagus nerve)
 Development of Trachea,
Bronchi and lungs
 Lung bud separated from foregut forms trachea.
 Two lateral outpocketing forms bronchial bud and
forms main bronchii.
 Further division of bronchial bud forms
subsequent secondary and tertiary bronchii and
brochoplumonary segments.
 This further divide to form alveolar sacs and
alveoli of lungs.
 Each lung bud invaginates the pericardioperitoneal
canals to form pleural cavity and layers of pleura.
Periods (Stages) of lung Development
 Maturation of the lungs
Psuedoglandular period 5-16 weeks Branching has continued
to form terminal
bronchioles. No
respiratory bronchioles or
alveoli are present
Canalicular period 16-26 weeks Each terminal bronchiole
divides into 2 or more
respiratory bronchiole,
which in turn divide into 3-6
alveolar ducts
Terminal sac period 26 weeks to birth Terminal sacs form and
capillaries establish close
contact
Alveolar period 8 months to Mature alveoli have well-
childhood developed epithelial-
endothelial contact
MATURATION OF LUNG -- STAGES
 Types of cells in lungs

 Type I alveolar cells line alveoli and form

blood-air barrier.
 Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant
which reduce surface tension on alveolar
surface and prevent collapse of alveoli. The
amount of surfactant increases during last 2
weeks before birth which is very important
for postnatal respiration.
Anomalies of larynx and trachea

 Laryngeal atresia: absence of larynx

 Laryngeal web: web formation in larynx
 Esophagyeal atresia: absence of oesophgus
 Tracheoesophageal fistula: Abnormal
communication between trachea and
oesophagus.
 Tracheal atresia: absence of trachea
 Anomalies of Lungs

 Retarded lung development in Olighyderamnios

 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline
Membrane Disease): In premature infant,
surfactant is less leads to collapse of lung and
breathing difficulty and may lead to death of
infant.
 Ectopic lung lobes: Lobe of Azygos vein
 Congenital Cysts of the lungs
Types of Tracheoosophageal
fistulas
 Development of diaphragm

 Septum transversum form the central tendon

of diaphragm
 Two pleuroperitoneal membranes form
muscular component
 Lateral and dorsal body wall form Muscular
component
 Mesentery of oesophagus form crura of
diaphragm
CONGENITAL
DIAPHRAGMATIC
HERNIA
…..Thanks…..