Federal Hall

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Federal Hall National Memorial

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Memorial

U.S. Historic district

Contributing property

New York City Landmark No. 0047, 0887

View of Federal Hall in 2019

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Location of Federal Hall in New York City

26 Wall Street, Financial District, Manhattan, New York

Location
City

40°42′26″N 74°0′37″WCoordinates: 40°42′26″N

Coordinates
74°0′37″W

Area 0.45 acres (0.18 ha)

Built May 26, 1842

Architect Town and Davis; John Frazee (Interior Rotunda)

Architectural style Greek Revival

Visitation 156,707 (2004)

Website Federal Hall National Memorial

Part of Wall Street Historic District (ID07000063)

NRHP reference No. 66000095[1]

NYCL No. 0047, 0887

Significant dates

Added to NRHP October 15, 1966[4]

Designated NMEM August 11, 1955

December 21, 1965 (exterior) [2]

Designated NYCL
May 27, 1975 (interior)[3]

Federal Hall is a historic building at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in
New York City. The current Greek Revival–style building, completed in 1842 as the Custom
House, is operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial called the Federal
Hall National Memorial. The memorial is named after a Federal style building on the same
site, completed in 1703 as City Hall.

The original building served as New York's first City Hall and hosted the Stamp Act
Congress before the American Revolution. After the United States became an independent
nation, the building served as meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation, the
nation's first central government under the Articles of Confederation, from 1785 to 1789.
With the establishment of the United States federal government in 1789, it was renamed
Federal Hall, as it hosted the 1st Congress and was the place where George Washington was
sworn in as the nation’s first president. It was demolished in 1812.

The current structure, designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, was built as the
U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York before serving as a Subtreasury building from
1862 to 1925. The current national memorial commemorates the historic events that occurred
at the previous structure. The current building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Its
architectural features include a colonnade of Doric columns, as well as a domed rotunda
designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The facade and part of the interior are New York City
designated landmarks, and the building is also a contributing property to the Wall Street
Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Contents
 1 First structure

o 1.1 City Hall

o 1.2 Federal Hall

 1.2.1 Design and construction

 1.2.2 Usage

 2 Second structure

o 2.1 Custom House

o 2.2 Subtreasury
o 2.3 Use by other government offices
o 2.4 Federal Hall National Memorial

 2.4.1 1930s to 1950s

 2.4.2 1960s to 1990s
 2.4.3 2000s to present

 3 Architecture

o 3.1 Facade
o 3.2 Rotunda

 4 Activities
 5 Access
 6 On U.S. postage
 7 Gallery
 8 See also
 9 References
 10 External links

First structure
Federal Hall, Seat of Congress, 1790 hand-colored engraving by Amos Doolittle, depicting
Washington's April 30, 1789, inauguration

In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm.
Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's
administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, and Dongan resold it in 1689 to Abraham
de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.
[5]

City Hall

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to
1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[6][7] This
structure had been designed by James Evetts to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first
administrative center.[8] It measured two stories high, with wings extending west and east.[9]
The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall.[7] Also housed at City
Hall was a public library (which had 1,642 volumes by the year 1730), as well as a firehouse
with two fire engines imported from London.[10] The upper stories were used as a debtors'
prison.[9]

In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing
libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there.[7][8] His acquittal
on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it
was later defined in the Bill of Rights.[7][11]

City Hall was first remodeled in 1765, when a third story was added.[9] That October,
delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the
levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. Drawn together for the first time
in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III,
the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as
the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation".[7][8] The
Sons of Liberty took over the building from the British during the American Revolutionary
War in 1775. Afterward, City Hall served as the meeting place for the Continental Congress.
[8]

Federal Hall

After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of
the United States under the Articles of Confederation.[10][12] The first meeting of the
Confederation Congress took place at City Hall on April 13, 1784.[10]

Design and construction

Archibald Robertson's View up Wall Street with City Hall (Federal Hall) and Trinity Church, New York
City, from around 1798

The Congress of the Confederation still needed a permanent structure, and the New York
City Council and mayor James Duane wished for the city to be the United States capital.
Private citizens and the government of New York City contributed $65,000 toward the
renovation of the old City Hall.[13] The Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a
distinctively American architectural style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure.[8]
Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the
Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.[8][13]

L'Enfant's expansion was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger

proportions, and added American motifs.[14] An arched promenade was built through the
street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony
level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an
American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).[13][14][15]
L'Enfant also created a recessed gallery behind the columns, and he placed decorative swags
above the second-story windows.[14] The ground-story room for the United States House of
Representatives measured 60 by 60 feet (18 by 18 m) across and about two stories high. A
smaller room for the United States Senate was on the second floor.[13] L'Enfant's design
influenced the development of what later became the Federal style.[16]

Usage

The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the New York
Society Library's 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being. Work
progressed quickly between September 1788 and March 1789.[13] The building was renamed
Federal Hall in 1789 when New York was chosen as the nation’s first seat of government
under the Constitution. The 1st Congress met there beginning on March 4, 1789.[17] The first
inauguration of George Washington, the first-ever inauguration of a President of the United
States, occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.[18][19][20] Many of the most
important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal
Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in
Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the 1765 Stamp Act Congress.[19][21] The
Judiciary Act of 1789 was also enacted in the building, setting up the United States federal
court system.[19]

In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia.[22][23] What had been Federal Hall
was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts.[24] The Federal Hall building was
one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage
(equivalent to $41 million in 2020).[10]

In 1812, the building was razed with the opening of the current New York City Hall.[23][25][26]
Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on
display in the memorial[27] and was at one point held by the New-York Historical Society.[28]
Nassau Street had originally curved around the second City Hall to the west, while Broad
Street had run to the east.[10][29] Nassau Street was straightened after the building was
demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.[5]

Second structure
The current Greek Revival structure was built as the first purpose-built U.S. Custom House
for the Port of New York.[30] The Custom House previously had been located in Government
House on Bowling Green.[31][32] The old building was described as "ordinary and
inconvenient", and it had become overcrowded, prompting the federal government to lease
additional space in 1831.[32] Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New
York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations.[32] Land for the new
building had been purchased incrementally in 1816, 1824, and 1832.[33]

Custom House

The firm of Town and Davis, composed of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, won an
architectural design competition for the new Custom House building and was awarded the
contract for the building's design in August 1833.[3][32] Town estimated that the plans would
cost $250,000 if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 if
it was of masonry, brick, and marble.[32] The original design called for a colonnade of eight
columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square pilasters on Nassau Street, a massive coffered
dome protruding above the roof, and a cruciform floor plan.[34][35] The building would have
also been decorated with details such as acroteria, metopes, and triangular pediments.[35]
Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at Sailors'
Snug Harbor, be named the construction superintendent.[36][37][38]

Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested
that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the
dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a
single colonnade.[38] Thomson resigned in April 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor
John Frazee was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead; he worked to piece together
Town and Davis's original plans.[36][37][38] Frazee influenced the design of the interior and
decorative details, and he modified plans for the attic to a full-height third story.[38] Frazee got
into a dispute with building commissioner Walter Bowne and was dismissed in 1840,
although he was rehired in 1841.[37]

The Custom House building opened in 1842[37][38][39] at a cost of $928,312 (equivalent to $20
million in 2020).[37] Importers would perform their business at a counter in the building's
central rotunda.[40] The building came to be associated with political patronage. "The Seven
Stages of the Office Seeker", an 1852 print by Edward Williams Clay, satirized how
Democratic Party patronage under New York governor Martin Van Buren was centered
around the Custom House.[40][41] By 1861, the structure had become too small to accommodate
all of the customs duties of the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[42] The U.S.
government decided to move the customs offices one block to 55 Wall Street, then occupied
by the Merchants' Exchange.[43] The federal government of the United States signed a lease
with the Merchants' Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that
May.[44] The customs offices were moved to 55 Wall Street starting in August 1862.[45]

Subtreasury

After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for
the United States Subtreasury.[39][45][46] The Subtreasury desks were arranged around the
rotunda of the building.[47] Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the
north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins
were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division
was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver
was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on
the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect
the money.[48] Adjoining the Subtreasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a
branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the
coinage.[49] At its peak, the Subtreasury building held seventy percent of the federal
government's money.[26]

In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, the Subtreasury received no damage.

In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward‘s bronze statue of George Washington was put up on the
Subtreasury’s ceremonial front steps.[50][37] The statue "mark[ed] the exact height Washington
stood when taking the oath of office on the balcony” of the eighteenth-century edifice,
overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street.[51] By 1917, the Subtreasury
building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins.[52] In the
Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from the Subtreasury at 23 Wall
Street, in what became known as The Corner.[53] Thirty-eight people were killed and 400
injured,[54][55] though the Subtreasury was undamaged.[53]

The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Subtreasury system in 1920, and the Subtreasury
office closed on December 7 of that year.[56] The Assay Office leased the Subtreasury
building to the Fed, which was constructing a building of its own, the Federal Reserve Bank
of New York Building, two blocks north.[57] The Fed started moving its monetary holdings
from the Subtreasury to the new Fed building in May 1924.[58] This prompted concern among
local financiers that the federal government was planning to sell the building to a private
entity.[33] That July, nationalist group American Defense Society started advocating against a
possible sale of the building.[59][60]

Use by other government offices

Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as

storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies.[61] The government
also considered moving the Bureau of Internal Revenue to the Subtreasury.[62] In October
1924, federal officials announced they would move Prohibition enforcement agents' offices to
the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages.
[63][64]
These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and
historical societies.[65][66] In early 1925, the City Club of New York appealed to Treasury
Secretary Andrew Mellon to preserve the Subtreasury building.[67] U.S. representative Anning
Smith Prall proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the
Subtreasury building.[68][69]

A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.[70] The
Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the
Bowling Green Community House,[71] as well as Constitution Day celebrations.[72] The
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) built its Nassau Street Line under the
building in the late 1920s,[73] and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's
construction.[74][75] The original foundation was only 8 feet (2.4 m) deep, so additional
supports were installed underneath, descending 30 feet (9.1 m) to the bedrock.[74] Both houses
of Congress passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the
building.[76] A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging
some of the records that were stored in the basement.[77][78]

A writer for The New York Times in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big
little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange
Building, and Trinity Church.[79] In the early 1930s, the United States Post Office Department
proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of
Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower
Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office
buildings.[9][80] The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because
historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building.[80] The
Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.[81]

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s
In 1939, after the government announced plans to demolish the Subtreasury building, a group
called Federal Hall Memorial Associates raised money to prevent the building's demolition.
[26]
On April 29, 1939, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes announced that the
Subtreasury would become a historic site.[82] The building was designated as Federal Hall
Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939,[83] and an information bureau opened on
the rotunda floor, with exhibits related to finance and the 1939 New York World's Fair.[84][85]
The next month, the National Park Service took over the Subtreasury building.[86] The
memorial commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Subtreasury
building.[40] Due to the building's status as a "national shrine", it did not accommodate
governmental offices.[87] After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial
Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum in January 1940.[88][89] The
memorial opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1940.[90][91] The New York Herald
Tribune said that, within the United States, Federal Hall Memorial was only matched by
Mount Vernon and Independence Hall "in historical interest".[92]

The building celebrated its 100th anniversary on Washington's Birthday in 1942.[93] Among
the other events that took place at Federal Hall Memorial in the early 1940s were sales of
World War II war bonds,[94] Constitution Day celebrations,[95] rallies in support of the United
Service Organizations,[96] and stamp sales.[97] Federal Hall Memorial continued to be used for
events in the 1950s, including a blood donation drive[98] and a Salvation Army donation drive.
[99]
In 1952, the United States House of Representatives' Subcommittee of the Interior voted
to permit the rehabilitation of Federal Hall.[100] The John Peter Zenger Room, a journalism
exhibit, was dedicated at Federal Hall in April 1953.[101][102] The next year, the U.S.
government relocated the building's original wrought-iron fence into the basement because
the Tennessee marble under it had started to buckle.[103]

Federal Hall was re-designated as a national memorial on August 11, 1955.[104] The
government created the New York City National Shrines Advisory Board to provide
suggestions for restoring Federal Hall, Castle Clinton National Monument, and Statue of
Liberty National Monument.[104][105] The board first convened in February 1956.[106][107] The
government tentatively allocated $1.621 million for the restoration of Federal Hall, whose
interior had become dilapidated.[108] In February 1957, the board recommended allocating $3
million for the restoration of the three sites.[109] By 1960, Interior Secretary Fred A. Seaton
announced plans to restore Federal Hall within the next two years. He proposed that local
civic groups raise $2.9 million, half of the projected cost, and that the government raise
matching funds.[110] The next year, Interior Secretary Stewart Udall announced that the federal
government would start redeveloping the three historic sites in advance of the 1964 New
York World's Fair.[111][112] Federal government officials also installed a plaque in front of the
building, dedicating it as a "national shrine".[111][113]

1960s to 1990s

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the building's
exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965.[114][115][2] The building was also added to the
National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966, the day the National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was signed.[116] The building's location on Wall Street, and
near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as The New
York Times described it. As a result, its front steps were used for demonstrations, political
rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives. After the building closed for
restoration in 1968, the National Park Service (which operated Federal Hall) said that
loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem".[117] Among these events were
an anti-narcotics rally[118] and a protest against the Vietnam War in 1970.[119]

The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum.[26] That year, the New York City
Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall,
as well as New York City during the American Revolution.[120] The LPC held hearings in
1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the Morris–Jumel Mansion,
and the Bartow–Pell Mansion should be designated as landmarks.[121] The LPC designated all
three buildings' interiors as landmarks on May 26, 1975,[122] and the New York City Board of
Estimate ratified these designations that July.[123] The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore
the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.[124]

The Whitney Museum opened a temporary branch at Federal Hall in 1982.[125][126] This was
actually the third location of the Whitney's first satellite branch, which had previously been
housed at 55 Water Street and the First Police Precinct Station House.[125] The satellite branch
occupied four galleries on the mezzanine of Federal Hall (around the central rotunda), while
the NPS hosted history exhibits in other parts of the building.[127] The Whitney closed the
Federal Hall branch in 1984,[128] eventually reopening at 33 Maiden Lane in 1988.[128][129]
During this decade, Richard Jenrette—the chairman of banking house Donaldson, Lufkin &
Jenrette, which was headquartered nearby—started soliciting $500,000 in private donations to
renovate Federal Hall, in conjunction with Federal Hall Memorial Associates.[130] Although
the group planned to renovate the rotunda into a reception area with contemporary
furnishings, by 1985, only $73.000 had been raised and no contemporary furnishings had
been acquired.[131]

Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would
be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced.[132] The memorial's
second floor would contain two galleries about the Constitution of the United States, and an
exhibit about the original building would be installed as well.[133] Federal Hall hosted a
reenactment of Washington's inauguration on April 30, 1989, the event's 200th anniversary.
[134][135]
The reenactment, attended by U.S. president George Bush, was intended to raise
$700,000 for the museum,[135] which opened to the public after this event.[136][137] In addition to
Constitution-related exhibits, the museum hosted temporary exhibits such as a display of
Hudson Valley artwork,[138] a showcase of New York City designated landmarks,[139] and an
exhibit about the abolition of slavery in the United States.[140]

2000s to present

Congress convenes for a special session at Federal Hall National Memorial on September 6, 2002.
By the beginning of the 21st century, Federal Hall contained numerous large cracks.[141]
During the September 11, 2001, attacks, which caused the nearby collapse of the World
Trade Center's Twin Towers, 300 people sheltered at the memorial.[142] Due to concerns over
the building's structural integrity, Federal Hall was closed for one month following the
attacks.[143][144] When the building reopened, metal detectors similar to those at airports were
placed at the entrances.[142] Meanwhile, the cracks in the building were exacerbated following
the collapse of the World Trade Center.[145] As a result, in early 2002, the National Park
Service received $16.5 million for repairs to the building.[143][145] On September 6, 2002,
approximately 300 members of the United States Congress traveled from Washington, D.C.
to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support
for the city; this was the first meeting of Congress in New York since 1790.[25][146] Four steel
pilings were installed under one of the building's corners in 2003 after investigators found a
24-inch air gap beneath that corner.[141]

The site closed on December 3, 2004, for a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation.
[147]
Federal Hall National Memorial reopened in late 2006.[148][149] The renovated memorial
included a visitor center, showcasing other historical sites operated by the National Park
Service operated.[149] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the
Wall Street Historic District,[150] a NRHP district.[151] The same year, the metal detectors were
removed and replaced with magnetometers because the security screening process took too
long, driving away many visitors. This measure increased attendance fourfold.[142] New York
City mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited the 2008 United States presidential
candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama, to a town hall forum at Federal Hall,[152] though
both candidates declined the offer.[153] McCain did host his own town hall forum at Federal
Hall in June 2008.[154]

In 2015, the National Trust for Historic Preservation said Federal Hall's grand staircase
would be renovated, following a $300,000 grant disbursed by the American Express
Foundation.[155][156] At the time, the steps had begun to fall into disrepair and showed signs of
spalling and cracking.[142] The work was to begin in late 2016.[156] The cooling system was
also replaced in 2020.[157] The National Park Service temporarily closed the memorial in July
2021 after finding cracked stone.[158] As part of a permanent repair project, the building was to
be covered in scaffolding for five to ten years.[158][159]

Architecture

George Washington, 1882, by John Quincy Adams Ward, in front of Federal Hall National Memorial
Federal Hall National Memorial was designed by architects Ithiel Town and Alexander
Jackson Davis of Town and Davis, with a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John
Frazee. The building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Two prominent American ideals are
reflected in the current building's Greek Revival architecture. Town and Davis's Doric
columns on the facade resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the
democracy of the Greeks. Frazee's domed rotunda echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of
the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.[40][4]

The building contains two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic.[116]
The Subtreasury had been constructed with 22[10] or 25 rooms.[33]

Facade

The facade of the building is made of marble blocks measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) thick.[10] A set
of 18 granite steps lead from ground level up to the rotunda.[47] John Quincy Adams Ward‘s
bronze statue of George Washington is placed on the building’s ceremonial front steps.[50][160]
At the top of the stairs, a colonnade supports a plain triangular pediment. The lack of
sculpture on the pediment may have been influenced by aesthetic considerations, as there
were few "qualified sculptors" at the time of the building's construction, according to
Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis.[37]

Next to the building's western elevation, there was originally a wrought-iron fence about 38
inches (970 mm) tall and 190 feet (58 m) long; it rested on a parapet of Tennessee marble
measuring 22 inches (560 mm) tall. The fence, which was placed about 5 feet (1.5 m) in front
of the building, was removed in 1954.[103] When the building was used by the Subtreasury,
guards were stationed in three turrets on the roof. These turrets contained grilles through
which the guards could fire at invaders.[10] There are also flat pilasters on the western facade,
along Nassau Street.[2]

Rotunda
Main hall of the memorial

The main rotunda of Federal Hall is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter.[37][47] The rotunda is designed
as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but it lacks columns between each
balcony.[39] The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four
columns.[36][37][47] The columns each measure 32 feet (9.8 m) high and 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m)
across.[39] The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade
leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western
colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each
colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat
pilasters.[36] The pilasters measure 25 feet (7.6 m) high.[37] Above the balconies are barrel
vaulted ceilings.[161] The rotunda had contained four Carrara-marble counters when it was
used as the Custom House.[84]

The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry saucer dome with a skylight at its center.
The dome contains narrow panels with curved bottoms, as well as anthemion motifs at their
top and bottom ends. The skylight is surrounded by raised rosettes.[162][163] The decorations
were originally in a gold, blue, and white color scheme.[163] The floor of the rotunda contains
gray and cream marble blocks in concentric circles. At the center of the floor is a stone slab,
where George Washington once stood.[161]

Activities
The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. The memorial has
tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a
New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American
items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national
holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.[164]

The memorial has several exhibits.[23] These include George Washington’s Inauguration
Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the
imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview
exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.[165] Among the items
displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration.[23]
[166]
Various temporary exhibitions have also been shown at Federal Hall.[167]

Access
Federal Hall is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Mondays through Fridays and is closed on
weekends. The memorial is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 via a
ramp at its rear, on Pine Street. The M55 bus stops nearby on Broadway, while the M15 and
M15 SBS stop nearby on Water Street. In addition, the Broad Street station of the New York
City Subway, serving the J and Z trains, is directly under Federal Hall.[168]

In 2015, the museum had an estimated 200,000 annual visitors. This was about one percent of
the 15 million people who visited the intersection of Wall, Nassau, and Broad Streets every
year.[142][169]
On U.S. postage

Issue of 1957

Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp
showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President
Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the
oath of office.[170][171] The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of
Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal
Hall.[172][173]

In addition, in 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp
in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York ratified the United States Constitution. The
stamp depicted the original Federal Hall, Wall Street, and Trinity Church's steeple.[174]

Gallery

View from north

The George Washington Inaugural Bible, on which Washington took his inaugural
oath in 1789
 

Brass relief of Washington kneeling in prayer

Plaque commemorating the Northwest Ordinance and the establishment of the state of
Ohio

See also

 Architecture portal
 New York City portal
 NRHP portal

 List of national monuments of the United States

 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street

References
Notes

1.

 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
March 13, 2009.
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  Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 1.

  "Federal Hall National Memorial". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August
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  "New Bankers' Trust Company Tower Sets Building and Realty Records" (PDF). The New York
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  "History & Culture". Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). May 30, 2015.
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  Kobbe 1891, p. 100.

  Reynolds 1994, p. 48.

  "Sub-Treasury Site Is Sought For Postoffice: J.J. Kiely, Postmaster Here, Suggests Building
Copying Design of Federal Hall". New York Herald Tribune. August 28, 1932. p.  A1.
ProQuest  1114744928.

  Bent, Silas (July 20, 1924). "Landmark of Wall Street History May Be Razed; Subtreasury
Building's End as Home of Money -- Exciting Scenes of Which It Was a Centre Are Recalled". The New
York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.

  "The Trial of John Peter Zenger". nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved
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  The Encyclopedia of New York. Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster. 2020. p.  48. ISBN  978-1-
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  History in the House. Office for the Bicentennial. 1985. pp.  19–20. Archived from the original on
May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.

  Reynolds 1994, p. 51.

  Kobbe 1891, p. 101.

  Reynolds 1994, p. 52.

  Smith, T.E.V. (1889). The City of New York in the Year of Washington's Inauguration, 1789. A. D.
F. Randolph. p.  48. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.

  George Washington the President: 1789-1797. George Washington the President, 1789-1797.
United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. 1931. p.  9. Archived from the original
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  United States. Congress (1964). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ...
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  Kobbe 1891, pp. 101, 103.

  Schwartz, Bernard (1980). Roots of the Bill of Rights. Roots of the Bill of Rights. Chelsea House.
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  Seymour, Whitney North, Jr. (May 1964). "Dedication of the Bill of Rights Memorial". ABA
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2, 2022.

  Reynolds 1994, p. 53.

  Kobbe 1891, pp. 103–104.

  "Inside Politics: Symbolic Site for Congress to Meet". cnn.com. September 5, 2002. Archived from
the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2019.

  Carmody, Deirdre (October 21, 1972). "Federal Hall Memorial Is Reopened as Museum". The
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2021.

  "Inaugural Balcony". nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved June 7,
2012.

  "Relic of 1789 Used in Honoring Skill; Federal Hall Railing From the First Inaugural Is Background
for Building Awards". The New York Times. April 20, 1938. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the
original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.

  "New York Real Estate in the Financial District: History of the "Streete That Runs by the Pye-
woman's" and of the Jog Around Federal Hall". Wall Street Journal. September 28, 1914. p.  8.
ISSN  0099-9660. ProQuest  129487975.

  "Federal Hall -- U.S. Custom House". FEDERAL HALL. Archived from the original on June 28,
2017. Retrieved October 25, 2016.

  Macaulay-Lewis 2021, p. 39.

  Lee 2000, p. 18.

  "Move Made to Save Old Sub-treasury; Financiers in Wall St. District Do Not Want Building to
Pass to Private Concern". The New York Times. July 11, 1924. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the
original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.

  Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, pp. 1–2.

  Macaulay-Lewis 2021, p. 40.

  Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 2.

  Lee 2000, p. 19.

  Macaulay-Lewis 2021, p. 41.

  Reynolds 1994, p. 80.

  Gray, Christopher (September 24, 2006). "A Landmark Will Reveal Its Treasures Once More". The
New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved
February 10, 2021.
  "The seven stages of the office seeker". Library of Congress. 1852. Archived from the original on
November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

  "The New Custom-house; Delay in the Preparations for Removal from the present Custom-
house". The New York Times. April 27, 1862. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21,
2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.

  "United States Custom House Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation
Commission. January 9, 1979. p.  2. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved
February 6, 2021.

  "The New Custom-house Building". The New York Times. February 8, 1862. ISSN  0362-4331.
Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2020.

  Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 (PDF).
Vol.  5. p.  1901. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2021
– via columbia.edu.

  "The Removal of the Custom-house; The Merchants' Exchange Occupied as the Custom-house
Removal of the Warehouse Department". The New York Times. August 20, 1862. ISSN  0362-4331.
Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2020.

  Kobbe 1891, p. 104.

  Kobbe 1891, pp. 105–106.

  Kobbe 1891, p. 107.

  Kobbe 1891, p. 103.

  "History Timeline". Federal Hall. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved February
6, 2021.

  "U.S. Vaults Here Filled with Gold". The New York Times. January 21, 1917. ISSN  0362-4331.
Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2021.

  "New York Bomb Tragedy Unsolved After 25 Years: Blast in Front of Subtreasury at Broad and
Wall Streets Left 39 Dead and 200 Injured". Los Angeles Times. September 16, 1945. p.  9.
ProQuest  165595897.

  Baily, Thomas A; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th  ed.). D.C. Heath and
Company. ISBN  0-669-33892-3.

  Barron, James (September 17, 2003). "After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of 'Never Forget'; No
Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed 30". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived
from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2020.

  "N. Y. Sub-Treasury Closed as Reserve Bank Takes Duties: Martin Vogel Complimented by
Bankers on Last Day in Office: Huge Sum Handled in Last Seven Years". New-York Tribune. December
7, 1920. p.  15. ProQuest  576286045.

  "In and Out of the Banks". Wall Street Journal. July 19, 1924. p.  8. ISSN  0099-9660.
ProQuest  130280688.
  "Richest Bank In the World Begins Moving: Operation That Calls for Transfer of $500,000,000 to
New Home of New York Reserve Put Under Way". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. May 30,
1924. p.  17. ProQuest  1113087502.

  "Seek to Save Old Treasury". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. July 27, 1924. p.  16.
ProQuest  1113018094.

  "In and Out of the Banks". Wall Street Journal. July 29, 1924. p.  8. ISSN  0099-9660.
ProQuest  130257203.

  "Sub-treasury Building Will Be Retained: Will Be Used by the Government for Assay Office
Storage and for Other Agencies Now Scattered". Wall Street Journal. July 22, 1924. p.  11. ISSN  0099-
9660. ProQuest  130276433.

  "Sub-Treasury May Be Used By Tax Bureau: Question of Its Future Is Brought to Fore by
Impending Withdrawal of Reserve Bank as Tenant". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. July 11,
1924. p.  17. ProQuest  1113123192.

  "Deranged Man Attacks Policeman on Duty". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. October
9, 1924. p.  10. ProQuest  1113041571.

  "Subtreasury to Be Prohibition Office: Government Makes Clear Its Intention Not to Sell Historic
Building". The New York Times. October 9, 1924. p.  40. ISSN  0362-4331. ProQuest  103259146.

  ""Bulletin" Arranges For $500,000 Loan". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. November
19, 1924. p.  17. ProQuest  1113064902.

  "Subtreasury Saved as Historic Shrine; Will Not Be Used as Offices for Prohibition and Narcotic
Forces". The New York Times. November 19, 1924. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on
May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.

  "Mellon's Aid Asked In Preservation of Old Sub-Treasury: City Club Seeks to Save the Historic
Building in Wall Street for Museum of National Activities". The New York Herald, New York Tribune.
March 20, 1925. p.  6. ProQuest  1112788307.

  "Prall Draws Bill To Reconstruct Sub-Treasury: Would Enlarge and Repair 85-Year-Okl Building to
Provide Extra Space for U. S. Offices Here Keeps Washington Statue Fish Offers Measure for Four
More Federal Judges in New York District". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. December 13,
1925. p.  10. ProQuest  1112950044.

  "Would Spend $5,000,000 on the Subtreasury; Representative Prall's Bill Contemplates

Extension to Old Wall Street Building". The New York Times. December 14, 1925. ISSN  0362-4331.
Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.

  "To Open New Branch of Passport Bureau". The Brooklyn Citizen. March 29, 1925. p.  5. Archived
from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.

  "Dedicate a New Community House; Mayor Walker Is Chief Speaker as New Home of Bowling
Green Association Opens". The New York Times. May 6, 1926. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the
original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.

  "Observe Constitution Day; Sons of Revolution Hold Exercises on Steps of Sub-Treasury". The
New York Times. September 18, 1928. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022.
Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  Linder, Bernard (February 2016). "Contract 4 Subway Controversy". The Bulletin. Vol.  59, no.  2.
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2016.

  "Stored Millions Guarded as Subway Builders Dig Close to Sunken Vaults: Police and Private
Inspectors and Watchmen Keen Constant Vigil on Broad and Nassau Streets as Excavations Expose
Walls Hiding Treasure; Sensitive Electric Alarms Strengthen Precautions Digging Subway Under
Center of Financial District". New York Herald Tribune. October 7, 1928. p.  B3.
ProQuest  1113636502.

  "Nassau St. Subway To Open On May 30; Its Construction an Engineering Feat Because Many
Buildings Had to Be Underpinned". The New York Times. May 10, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived
from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2016.

  "House Passes N.Y. Subway Bill". Wall Street Journal. January 23, 1929. p.  21. ISSN  0099-9660.
ProQuest  130686496.

  "Nassau St. Main Bursts, Flooding Tube and Cellars: Ton of Silt Washed Into Subway Passage as
the Wall Breaks; Pavements Bulge Excavations Are Inundated Old Records Damaged in Basement of
Treasury Building". New York Herald Tribune. October 5, 1931. p.  3. ProQuest  1114223422.

  "Wall Street Water Main Bursts Doing $100,000 Damage". The Hartford Courant. October 5,
1931. p.  1. ProQuest  558069416.

  Puckette, Charles Mcd (August 24, 1930). "Wall Street's "Big Little Buildings"; Overtopped on All
Sides by Towers of Steel and Stone, They Retain an Impressiveness Beyond Their Height" (PDF). The
New York Times. p.  SM3. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved
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  "Plans to Replace Subtreasury Here; Postoffice Department May Erect Copy of Federal Hall on
Historic Site". The New York Times. May 28, 1931. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on
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  "Passports Issued Up 10% During Year; Report for 1935-36 Shows a Continued Rise in New
Permits and Renewals". The New York Times. July 31, 1936. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the
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  "U. S. Will Make National Shrine Of Subtreasury: Ceremony Planned at Site Where Washington
Took Oath as First President". New York Herald Tribune. April 30, 1939. p.  33. ProQuest  1244884660.

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Banking and Old City Waterfront Historical Display to Open Wednesday in Building That Was a Sub-
Treasury Old Sub-Treasury Building Becomes Museum". New York Herald Tribune. May 21, 1939.
p.  A1. ProQuest  1243121758.

  "Museum Opened in Sub-treasury; Basement Rotunda of Historic Center Downtown Becomes

New American Shrine". The New York Times. May 25, 1939. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the
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  "Government Will Quit The Street, Make Way For a Seamen's Bank: Long Vacant U.S. Assay
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  "Wall Street Scene". Wall Street Journal. January 24, 1940. p.  4. ISSN  0099-9660.
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  "Museum to Show Historic Scenes; Paintings of House and Senate Chambers in Old Federal Hall
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Washington's Birthday A Solute for Washington's Birthday at Unveiling Here". New York Herald
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  World, Times Wide (February 22, 1940). "Our First Capitol Made a Memorial; Subtreasury
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  "Sub-Treasury Building, Century Old, To Be a Major Shrine". New York Herald Tribune. February
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External links

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