Contents

 Introduction

 Need for acidizing

 Common Type of acids

 Acid Additives

 Carbonate Acidizing

 Sandstone Acidizing

 Laboratory Testing

 Acid Treatment Design

 Possible Formation Damage Caused

by Acidization

 Reference
Introduction

Matrix stimulation is a technique that has been used extensively since

the 1930s to improve production from oil and gas wells and to
improve injection into injection wells.

When a well is not producing as expected, the formation may be

.""damaged
If the evaluation indicates of reservoir can deliver more fluid,
.stimulation may be needed

If the reservoir permeability is low, the well is a candidate for

stimulation by hydraulic fracturing. However if the damage has
reduced the well's productivity matrix acidizing is the appropriate
treatment. Typically, damage is associated with a partial plugging of
.the formation around the wellbore
This reduces of the original permeability in the damaged area. Either
this damage must be removed or new bypassing channels, such as
."wormholes" must be created

To remove damage, fluids are injected into the natural porosity of the
reservoir at '' matrix''/subfracturing/ rates and pressures. This relatively
low rates and pressures are necessary to remove the damage located
just around the well bore. The flow rate is also limited to prevent
fracturing of the formation, which would result in uncontrollable
.stimulation of only part of the reservoir

When using acid for removal of suspected damage, scale, clays, or

some formation rock may be dissolved from the existing flow channels.
Only small increases in productivity will result unless damage actually
.exists

2
Need for acidizing

 To improve well productivity by

removing or mitigating formation
.damage

 Acid is used to remove drilling, completion, workover or production

.damage

 Washes remove other dispersible

soluble material from
.formations, perforations and casing

 Acid increase permeability in and

around the wellbore by dissolving corrosion products, scale, mud,
.and/or a portion of the formation

3
Acidizing Method

 Acid Washing
This operation is designed to remove the acid soluble scales present in the well
bore or to open perforations. In this method, small quantity of acid is spotted at

position in the bore, allowed it to react and circulated back to surface. Pumping
is stopped to allow acid to soak the perf.’s under hydrostatic pressure.Then the
.well is immediately produced

 Matrix Acidizing
In this method, the acid is injected into the formation at a pressure (lower than
the fracture pressure) of the formation. The goal is to achieve radial acid
penetration into the formation. It often increases production without increasing
.the GOR or water cut

 Acid- fracturing
In this method, the acid is injected into the formation at a pressure high enough
(above the fracture pressure) to fracture the formation or open existing fracture.
Stimulation is achieved when a highly conductive flow channel remains open

4
 after the treatment. This channel is formed by acid reaction on the acid-soluble
.wall of the fracture

Common Type of Acids

 Mineral Acids

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Hydrochloric acid is the basic acid solution used in well stimulation.
Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water and is sold in
various concentrations. Concentration is described as the percent by weight of
.the HCL gas dissolved in water

 Organic acids
Other acids used alone or in conjunction with HCL are acetic acid and formic
acid. These are organic acids and are considered to be much weaker acids than
.hydrochloric acid
They may be used alone as retarded acids. Acetic acid is slower to react than
.formic acid. They are also used where low corrosivity is important

Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)

Formic Acid (HCOOH)
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF)
HF is the only acid which will react with sand and
.other siliceous minerals such as clays
Hydrofluoric acid is used mixed with HCl or organic acids to dissolve
clay minerals, feldspar, and sand. Because of the higher surface are of
the clay minerals and feldspars most of the HF acid will be spent on
.these materials rather than quartz or sand
HF acid will react with calcareous minerals such as limestone but will
.result in an insoluble precipitate of calcium fluoride

Ca++ + 2F-  CaF2 (insoluble)

5
 Specialty Acids
Some special acids such as sulfamic, citric, lactic and others are used on
.occasions for particular applications

Acid Additives
 Surfactants
Surfactants are chemicals composed on an oil
soluble group /lipophilic group /and a water
soluble group /hydrophilic group. These chemicals
lower the surface tension of a liquid by adsorbing
at the interface between the liquid and gas.
Surfactants are also capable of lowering the
interfacial tension by adsorbing at interfaces between two immiscible liquids
and of changing contact angles by adsorbing at interfaces between a liquid and
.solids

Classes of Surfactants
Surfactants can be classified into four major groups, depending upon the
:nature of the water soluble group. These divisions of surfactants are

Anionic
Cationic
Nonionic
Amphoteric

Uses of surfactant in acidizing

Successful interstitial (matrix ) acidizing in limestone and dolomite formations
depends on the ability of acid to improve the permeability of the formation by
crevice and vug enlargement and by interconnection the crevices and vugs to
.provide a productive drainage pattern
Not all materials present in formation are acid soluble, and it is important that
these acid insolubles be removed from the flow channels in the formation.
Compatibility of treating well fluids must be maintained, so the treating acid is

6
modified to prevent corrosion of pipe, formation of emulsions, plugging of
.formation with insoluble fines, and precipitation of sludge

 Suspending Agents
As hydrochloric acid reacts on limestone or dolomite formation, the
carbonates are dissolved by the acid. However, because most formations are
.not 100% carbonate, many acid insoluble fines may be released
When the spent acid is removed from the formation upon completion of a job,
these insoluble fines may be left in the formation and can reduce the formation
permeability. It is, therefore, desirable to remove these fines with the spent
.acid

 Anti-sluding Agents
When acid is pumped into a well and contacts
crude oil, sludge may be formed at the acid-oil
interface, usually those containing a high
.percentage of asphaltenes
Once it forms it cannot be easily redissolved
into oil again. Hence, this material can
accumulate in the formation and result in a
.decrease in permeability

 Penetrating Agents
These surfactants are most commonly used in acidizing tight gas well
formations and in scale removal treatment. Their main function is to lower the
.surface tension of the acid

 Corrosion inhibitors
When inhibited acid is pumped into a well, the acid
will react with the tubing and cause severe corrosion
.and possibly complete disintegration of the tubing
To prevent this, corrosion inhibitors have been
developed that will effectively retard the rate of the
rate of reaction of acid on steel. Some factors that
:influence the rate of reaction of acid on steel are

7
 1. Temperature
2. Time of contact
3. Type of acid
4. Pressure
5. Type of steel
6. Concentration of acid
7. Ratio of volume of acid to exposed steel surface
Corrosion inhibitors do not stop corrosion, but they will decrease the rate
.of the reaction of acid of steel
Non-Emulsifiers
Because crude oils contain natural surfactants, one of the major problems
encountered in acid treatment is emulsions of crude oil and acid or
.emulsions of crude oil and spent acid
By adding specific surfactant to the acid before pumping, emulsion can be
.prevented from forming during acid treatment

 Non-Emulsifier
Because crude oils contain natural surfactants, one of the major problems
encountered in acid treatment is emulsions of crude oil and acid or emulsions of
.crude oil and spent acid
Emulsion can be classified into groups depending on nature of the external
:phase

Water in oil emulsion

Oil in water emulsion

By adding specific surfactants to the acid before pumping, emulsion can be

prevented from forming during acid treatment. These surfactants should also be
soluble or readily dispersible and compatible with corrosion inhibitors and other
.additives

 Iron Retention Additive

Iron dioxides that precipitate from spent acid
following an acidizing treatment tend to deposit
in both existing and newly created
.permeabilities, with resulting flow restrictions

8
Iron retention acid may contain an iron sequestering additive and PH control
agent that together help prevent the precipitation of iron and other metallic
.salts or bases as the hydrochloric acid spend

 Fluid Loss Control Additives

A few materials have been found that are stable in acid and compatible with
other additives that provide friction reduction in the 65 to 85 percent range,
.depending on the pump rate and pipe size

 Alcohol
They have been used to aid in cleaning up water
blocked gas wells. Straight alcohol has been found to
provide quick return of permeability to the undamaged
.state

 Mutual Solvent

The use of a mutual solvent in acid stimulation of

sandstone reservoirs to aid in maintaining the
formation and fines released during acidizing in a
water wet condition and improving the
.effectiveness of emulsion breakers

 Scale Inhibitors
The acid containing the inhibitor will deposit some of the inhibitor and feed the
.rest

 Clay Stabilizers
This process depends on the deposition of a hydroxy
aluminum film over the clay minerals to minimize their
swelling and / or stabilize them so that they can not
.move

9
 Aromatic Solvent
The aromatic solvent-surfactant dispersions can be
utilized in acid to remove paraffin and asphaltenes at
the same time the acidizing treatment is being
.conducted

 Foaming Agents
Foaming agents, liquid or solid, are used to remove water and oil from
.producing gas wells

 Wettability Agents
Certain surfactants are used to alter the wetting properties of a producing
.formation

10
Carbonate Acidizing
Carbonate rocks, by definition, contain more than 50% carbonate minerals.
The most common carbonate minerals are calcite (calcium carbonate, CaCO3)
and dolomite.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is usually selected for carbonate acidizing. It reacts

readily with carbonate minerals and is available in large quantities at a
relatively low price.

Acid is used in carbonate formations to dissolve the matrix and bypass the
damage. For this reason, both damage and rock characteristics must be taken
into account when designing the treatment.

L
i
m
e
s
t
ne o
Dolomite

11
Sandstone Acidizing

The descriptor “sandstone” is derived from the geologic

classification of rocks with high quartz silica content.
Besides the obvious quartz component,
They contain other minerals such as aluminosilicates,
metallic oxides, sulfates, chlorides, carbonates and
noncrystalline (amorphous) siliceous material.

This type of treatment is primarily used to stimulate the true permeability of a

sand stone formation. Therefore, these treatments are limited to treating
shallow damage, at most 1 to 3 feet from the wellbore.

12
Laboratory Testing
The amount of acid required to dissolve a given Amount of mineral is
determined by the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction, which describes the
:number of moles of each species involved in the reaction. For example

 Mineral Acids

2 HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2+ H2O+ CO2

4HCl + CaMg(CO3)2 CaCl2+MgCl2 +2H2O+2CO2

4HF+ SiO2 SiF4 + 2H2O

SiF4 + 2HF H2SiF4 (Fluosilicic Acid)

 Organic Acids
HCH3CO2 + CaCO3 Ca (CH3CO2)2 + H2O + CO2 2

HCO2H + CaCO3 Ca(HCO2)2 + H2O + CO2 2

13
 Consideration of Reaction Rate

 Kinetics of surface reaction (chemistry, temperature, acid and

rock composition).

 Rate of acid transfer

 Diffusion.

 Flow induced mixing e.g. pumping, (forced

convection)

 Density gradients (free convection)

14
Acid treatment Design
 Design Problem
The following data was obtained from a naturally flowing oil well completed in
a homogeneous dolomite formation having a reservoir pressure above the
bubble point pressure and it is underlined by strong water drive aquifer. In order
to increase the productivity of the well, the completion engineer was asked to
-:Prepare an acid design program. Given the following data

Depth (Selected perforation interval) (5880-5970), Mid 5925 ft

Net Pay Thickness ( ft ) 90
Oil Viscosity (cp) 0.405
Oil Density (API), (sp. gr.) 36.7 0.841
Reservoir Average Permeability (md) 150
Wellbore radius ( in ) 4.2
Drainage radius ( ft ) 660
Separator pressure ( psi ) 50
Well flowing pressure ( psi ) 200
Gas liquid ratio ( scf/bbl ) 670
Bubble point pressure ( psi ) 1840
Formation volume factor (rbbl/stb) 1.538
Reservoir initial pressure ( psi ) 2017
Flow line length (meter) 4600
Flowline diameter ( in ) 4
Tubing diameter ( in ) 3
Reservoir temperature ( F ) 190
Water cut 2%
Average reservoir porosity 8%

15
 Separator temperature ( F ) 90
Wellhead temperature ( F ) 100
Acid specific gravity 1.08
Acid concentration 15%
Acid spending time (minutes) 60
Desired injection rate( ft3/ft.min ) 0.2
Xacid 0.082
Sor 25%
Specific gravity of dolomite 2.83

Given also the flowing production test from the well:

Qo (bbl/D) Pressure (psi)

2983 1387
2410 1488
1342 1622

Given also the following laboratory acid performance data (15 %) HCl
injected:

Qo (cc/min) Vs (cc) ks/ke Wt (gm)

0 0 1 15
0.15 7.6 1.2 14.877
0.16 8 1.4 14.769
0.16 8 1.6 14.661
0.16 8 1.8 14.553
0.15 7.68 2 14.445
0.16 8 2.2 14.337
0.16 8 2.4 14.229
0.16 8 2.3 14.121
0.16 7.92 1.8 14.013
0.15 7.84 1.4 13.905

16
Calculate:-
1. Construct the inflow performance curve and the tubing intake curve for
the well.
2. The maximum possible oil flow rate from the well and the
corresponding bottom hole flowing pressure and the required wellhead
pressure before acidizing
3. Construct the acid performance curve for field conditions
4. The maximum acid injection volume to produce the maximum
stimulation permeability.
5. The optimum oil flow rate and the corresponding bottom hole flowing
pressure and the wellhead pressure corresponding to the maximum
stimulation permeability.
6. The productivity ratio for the stimulated well at the maximum acid
injection volume.
7. The radius and the permeability of the stimulated zone after acidzing.
8. The weight of dolomite dissolved and the resulting porosity of the
stimulated zone.
9. The wellhead surface acid injection pressure.

Solution:
 TPC calculation using vertical multiphase flow correlations and THP
calculation using horizontal multiphase flow correlations:

Qo assumed
THP (psi) Pwf (psi)
(bbl/D)
1000 170 960
2000 265 1140
3000 370 1480
4000 500 1870

17
 Qo (bbL/D) 2830
Pwf (psi) 1400
Pe (psi) 1820

TPC THP IPR curve before acidizing

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
P
(p
si)

1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Qo (bbl/D)

Make a relationship between the percent core dissolved minerals by acid

as a function of time core exposed to acid (Ts-Ti).

18
 Ti Ts-Ti cum.(Ts-Ti) cum. wt
Qi (cc/min) Vs (cc) PVI ks/ke Wd (gm) Xmin
(min) (min) (min) PVI (gm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0
0.15 7.6 51 9 9 0.95 0.95 1.2 14.877 0.123 0.008
0.16 8 51 9 18 1 1.95 1.4 14.769 0.231 0.015
0.16 8 51 9 27 1 2.95 1.6 14.661 0.339 0.023
0.16 8 51 9 36 1 3.95 1.8 14.553 0.447 0.030
0.15 7.68 51 9 45 0.96 4.91 2 14.445 0.555 0.037
0.16 8 51 9 54 1 5.91 2.2 14.337 0.663 0.044
0.16 8 51 9 63 1 6.91 2.4 14.229 0.771 0.051
0.16 8 51 9 72 1 7.91 2.3 14.121 0.879 0.059
0.16 7.92 51 9 81 0.99 8.9 1.8 14.013 0.987 0.066
0.15 7.84 51 9 90 0.98 9.88 1.4 13.905 1.095 0.073
Table 1:
 0.080
0.070
0.060
0.050
Xmin

0.040
0.030 Xmin = 0.0008(Ts-Ti) + 0.001
0.020
0.010
0.000
0 20 40 60 80 100
.min )Ts-Ti(

Figure.1

 The following equation is induced from the above curve which will be used
for calculation of percent mineral dissolved by acid in the reservoir as function
of rock exposure time.

Xmin = 0.0008(Ts-Ti) + 0.001

Table 2:

Assumed Ti (min) Ts-Ti (min) Xmin %

5 55 4.5
10 50 4.1
20 40 3.3
30 30 2.5
40 20 1.7
50 10 0.9
60 0 0.1
 Converting acid response curve in the laboratory to field conditions.

The reservoir pore volume per foot invaded by acid is calculated form the
following equation:

Vp = π (rs2 –rw2). Ø. (1- Sor)

The total volume of required acid to dissolve certain amount of rock in the
reservoir is calculated from the following equation:

Vs = π. (rs2 – rw2). (1- Ø).Xmineral + π. (rs2-rw2). Ø. (1-Sor) + π. (rs2-rw2). (1-Ø).Xmin

Xacid

The Pore volume injected is calculated from the following equation:

PVI = Vs
Vp

21
 Ti (min) 5 10 20 30
X' 4.50% 4.10% 3.30% 2.50%
Assumed Vs Vs Qi Vs Qi Vs Qi
Vp (ft³/ft) PVI Qi (ft³/ft.min) PVI PVI PVI
rs (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
1 0.17 1.67 10.10 0.33 1.54 9.30 0.15 1.27 7.68 0.06 1.00 6.06 0.03
1.5 0.40 4.05 10.10 0.81 3.73 9.30 0.37 3.08 7.68 0.15 2.43 6.06 0.08
2 0.73 7.39 10.10 1.48 6.79 9.30 0.68 5.61 7.68 0.28 4.43 6.06 0.15
2.5 1.16 11.67 10.10 2.33 10.74 9.30 1.07 8.87 7.68 0.44 7.00 6.06 0.23
3 1.67 16.91 10.10 3.38 15.55 9.30 1.56 12.85 7.68 0.64 10.14 6.06 0.34
3.5 2.29 23.10 10.10 4.62 21.25 9.30 2.12 17.55 7.68 0.88 13.85 6.06 0.46
4 2.99 30.24 10.10 6.05 27.82 9.30 2.78 22.98 7.68 1.15 18.13 6.06 0.60

Table 3:

Ti (min) 40 50 60
X' 1.70% 0.90% 0.10%
Assume Qi Vs Qi Qi
Vp (ft³/ft) Vs (ft³/ft) PVI PVI Vs (ft³/ft) PVI
d rs (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft.min)
1 0.17 0.73 4.44 0.02 0.47 2.82 0.01 0.20 1.20 0.00
1.5 0.40 1.78 4.44 0.04 1.13 2.82 0.02 0.48 1.20 0.01
2 0.73 3.24 4.44 0.08 2.06 2.82 0.04 0.88 1.20 0.01
2.5 1.16 5.13 4.44 0.13 3.26 2.82 0.07 1.39 1.20 0.02
3 1.67 7.43 4.44 0.19 4.72 2.82 0.09 2.01 1.20 0.03
3.5 2.29 10.15 4.44 0.25 6.45 2.82 0.13 2.75 1.20 0.05
4 2.99 13.29 4.44 0.33 8.44 2.82 0.17 3.60 1.20 0.06

The following table presents the related results of the table no. 3
Table 4:
Assumed rs 1 1.5 2 2.5
Ti Qi
Qi Vs Qi Vs Qi
(min PVI Vs (ft³/ft) Vs (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
(ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
)
5 10.10 1.67 0.33 4.05 0.81 7.39 1.48 11.67 2.33
10 9.30 1.54 0.15 3.73 0.37 6.79 0.68 10.74 1.07
20 7.68 1.27 0.06 3.08 0.15 5.61 0.28 8.87 0.44
30 6.06 1.00 0.03 2.43 0.08 4.43 0.15 7.00 0.23
40 4.44 0.73 0.02 1.78 0.04 3.24 0.08 5.13 0.13
50 2.82 0.47 0.01 1.13 0.02 2.06 0.04 3.26 0.07
60 1.20 0.20 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.88 0.01 1.39 0.02

Assumed rs 3 3.5 4
Ti Qi Vs Qi Vs Qi
PVI Vs (ft³/ft)
(min) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min) (ft³/ft) (ft³/ft.min)
5 10.10 16.91 3.38 23.10 4.62 30.24 6.05
10 9.30 15.55 1.56 21.25 2.12 27.82 2.78
20 7.68 12.85 0.64 17.55 0.88 22.98 1.15
30 6.06 10.14 0.34 13.85 0.46 18.13 0.60
40 4.44 7.43 0.19 10.15 0.25 13.29 0.33
50 2.82 4.72 0.09 6.45 0.13 8.44 0.17
60 1.20 2.01 0.03 2.75 0.05 3.60 0.06

23
The stimulation ratios for different acid penetration radius are presented in
table no. 5.

Table 5:
Assumed
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
rs
Assumed
ks'
ks/ke
1 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
1.4 156.21 158.75 160.60 162.07 163.29 164.33 165.25
1.8 159.89 164.07 167.17 169.66 171.74 173.55 175.14
2.1 161.80 166.87 170.66 173.72 176.31 178.55 180.55
2.5 163.67 169.64 174.15 177.81 180.92 183.64 186.06
2.9 165.05 171.71 176.76 180.90 184.42 187.51 190.26
3 165.34 172.14 177.32 181.55 185.16 188.33 191.16

Construct the chart of design as shown in fig. no. 2

2 Laboratory acid performance curve for layer (C) 1

11 11.00 1.50
10 10.00 rs=1.5ft
Cum. Pore Volume Injected

9 9.00
PV
8 8.00 I .v
s. T
i in 1.00
7 7.00

qi (ft³/ft.min)
f ie
ld
6 6.00
PVI

rs=1ft
5 5.00
4 4.00
0.50
3 3.00
2 2.00
1 1.00
0 0.00 0.00
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Stimulation Ratio (ks/ke) Ti (min)

3 Stimulation Ratio (ks/ke) 4

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Ti (min)
150 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.00
155 rs=1 ft
Average Reservoir Permeability After Acidizing

rs=1.5ft 5.00
160
rs=2ft
10.00
165 rs=2.5ft
rs=1ft
Acid volume (ft³/ft)

15.00
170
rs=3ft
Ks' (md)

20.00
rs=1.5ft 175
rs=2ft rs=3.5ft 25.00
180
rs=2.5ft
rs=4ft 30.00
rs=3ft 185
35.00
rs=3.5ft
190
rs=4ft
40.00
195

Figure. 2

From the chart of design we find that:

Injecting 9.8 ft3/ft of HCl acid for 31.9 minutes with 0.2 ft3/ft.min of injection
rate, will lead the acid to penetrate 2.5 ft of the formation and stimulation ratio
of 2.17 to get maximum average reservoir permeability of 175 md after
acidizing.

Vs Qi
rs (ft) Ks/Ke k's Ti (min)
(gal/ft) (gal/ft.min)
73.3089 2.5 2.17 174.5 1.4961 31.9

 Construct IPR curve after acidizing , THP ,and TPC then find (P'wf ,Qs).

Qs = Ks . (Pe - P'wf)
Qe Ke (Pe – Pwf)

Assumed Qs
Pwf'(psi) (bbl/D)
1000 11989.8
1200 9065.4
1500 4678.9
1800 292.4
1820 0.0

TPC THP IPR after acidizing IPR curve befor acidizing

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Figure.3
From figure 3 we find that:

25
Qs (bbl/D) P'wf (psi)
3300 1600
 PR= 2.23
 The concentration of dissolved rock in the acid solution is calculated from
the following equation:

Cdissolved= ρrock.π.(rs2-rw2).(1-Ø). Xmin

π. (rs -rw ).(1-Ø).Xmin + π.(rs2-rw2).Ø.(1-Sor)+π.(rs2-rw2).(1-Ø).Xmin
2 2

Xacid

C dissolved rock (lbs/gal) =13.096

 The increase in porosity due to dissolving rock by the acid is calculated

from the following equations :

ΔØ = 2.16 %
Øs = 10.16 %
 Design parameters:

26
 Optimum volume of acid (gal/ft) 73.31
Optimum injection time (min.) 31.90
Desired injection rate (gal/ft.min) 1.50
Radial distance of acid penetration inside the formation (ft) 2.50
Stimulation ratio after acidizing 2.17
Maximum average reservoir permeability after acidizing (md) 174.53
Oil flow rate after acidizing (bbl/D) 3300
Bottom hole flowing pressure after acidizing (psi) 1600
Productivity ratio after acidizing 2.23
The concentration of dissolved rock in the acid solution (lbs/gal) 13.10
Increase in porosity after acidizing 2.2%
Porosity after acidizing 10.2%

Possible Damage caused by acidizatoin

27
 Corrosion

 Iron precipitation

 Fluid incompatibilities

 Fines mobilization

 Liquid block in gas wells

28
Reference
1. Petroleum Engineering .Hand book

2. Halliburton Presentation

3. Notes of well completion course

29