FORMULATING THE SENTENCE

CHRISTIA MEIDIANA
1. TYPE OF SENTENCE
1. Affirmative Sentence → explain a statement
1. Negative Sentence → negative sentence
2. Positive Sentence → positive sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence → question
3. Imperative sentence → order
4. Exclamative Sentence → with strong expression
5. Passive/Active Voice
Affirmative Sentence
Affirmative Sentence
Positive
Two plus two makes four.
I like coffee.
Note: We watched TV last night.
 Can be in positive or negative form, People will go to Mars in the
next decade.
and in any tense. They have been married for
 Function: to make statements. over thirty years.
Ani wants to go to see her aunt
 The most common of all sentence
types You should go to the market
Negative
Two plus two doesn't make
five.
I do not like coffee.
We didn't watch TV last night.
People will never go to Mars.
They haven't lived together for
over thirty years.
Ani doesn’t want to go to see
her aunt
You shouldn’t go to the market
Interrogative Sentence

Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb

 Interrogative Sentence
 Function: to ask a direct question
 Interrogative sentences require an answer.
 interrogative sentences are used frequently in spoken and written
language.
 There are three basic question types:
 Yes/No: the answer is "yes or no"
 Question-word: the answer is "information"
 Choice: the answer is "in the question"
 Affirmative Sentence

 Affirmative: I drove a car.

Negative: I didn't drive a car → Question:Did you drive a car French?
 Affirmative: He cooked steak.
Negative: He didn't cook steak → Question:Did he cook steak?

Subject didn’t Verb The rest

I/You/We/They cereal for
didn’t like/have/buy
He/She/It breakfast

 Exercise:1.ShortAnswers with did/didn’t

2. Complete answer with information
 question auxiliary answer:
not subject main verb
word verb information
Where do you live? In Paris.
When will we have lunch? At 1pm.
Because
Why has n't Tara done it?
she can't.
She met
Who(m) did she meet?
Ram.
Ati has run
Who* has run out?
out.
Who** ran out? Ati ran out.

* When the question-word is who, it acts as the subject.

**In Present Simple and Past Simple tenses, there is no auxiliary verb with who.
main verb be subject
Is Anne French?
Was Ram at home?

auxiliary answer:
subject main verb or
verb in question
Coffee,
Do you want tea or coffee?
please.
Will we meet John or James? John.
 Imperative Sentence
 Imperative sentences give commands.
 Common formula : …………..verb…………
 Special case
 Imperative with subject → John, sit down! the rest of you go home...”
 Unreal commands → Have a good trip. (hope)
 Imperative with do → Do take a seat. (request)
 Imperative with always, never, ever → Never speak to me like that again.
 Imperative with and → the imperative + and …… instead of ….an if-clause
 Go now and I'll never speak to you again. (If you go now, I'll never speak...)
 Imperative with question tag → Help me with this, will you?
 Imperative Sentence

 Express strong feelings or opinion in one of two formsInterrogative

sentences require an answer.
 to help the speaker express a strong (often extreme) opinion about a
situation
Imperative Sentence
Exclamative sentence
What a mess you've made!
What a handsome man he is!
How disgusting it was!
How strange it was!
Wow! What a cool car you've got!
The speaker believes:
You've made one hell of a mess!
He is an extremely handsome man.
It was totally disgusting.
It is absolutely strange
You have a nice car.
STRUCTURE OF PASSIVE VERBS
Formula
ACTIVE ----------------------- PASSIVE
e.g. eats ----------------------- was/were eaten
i.e. verb ----------------------- be (past) + p.p.

Note: “be” is changed according to

 the tense of the sentence
 the number (singular/plural) of the subject of the sentence.
 STRUCTURE OF PASSIVE VERBS

 He hunter killed the lion → The lion was killed by the hunter.
 Someone has cleaned the windows → The windows have been cleaned.

Be Past participle
English is spoken all over the world.
The windows have been cleaned.
Lunch was being served.
The work will be finished soon.
They might have been invited to the party.
 NOUNS, ADJECTIVE, AND ADVERB
Noun: a word which refers to a thing, person, activity, place etc.

 Common nouns → ?  Street, car, tree, water

 Proper nouns → ?  dog/dogs, rice, hair(s)

 Plural-Only Nouns → ?  Atlantic Ocean, February, Hirley,Thailand

 Possessive → ?  committee, jury, senate, company,

audience, police, army
 Countable and uncountable → ?
 the girl’s umbrella/the girls’ umbrella
 Collective nouns → ?
 tennis shoe, six-pack, bedroom
 Compound nouns → ?
 trousers, boxers, headphones, belongings.
NOUNS, ADJECTIVE, AND ADVERB
Adjective: a word which describes a noun
adjectives noun

beautiful

friendly student
polite
 ADJECTIVE: COMPARATIVE FORM
Comparative form expresses the idea of ‘more’
Short adjectives: add -er examples fast-er
1-syllable adjectives old, fast
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y happy, easy
My car is fast.
RULE: add "-er" old → older
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r late → later
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel,
consonant, double the last consonant
big → bigger But his car is
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i happy → happier faster.
With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-er" OR quieter/more quiet
"more": cleverer/more clever
good → better
well (healthy) → better
With irregular forms:
bad → worse
far → farther/further
 ADJECTIVE: SUPERLATIVE FORM
Comparative form expresses the idea of ‘most’ fast-est
Short
1-syllable adjectives old, fast
My car is fast
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y happy, easy
Your car is faster
RULE: add "-est" old → the oldest
But his car is the
Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -st late → the latest
Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, fastest.
big → the biggest
consonant, double the last consonant
happy → the happi
Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i
est
 Comparative form expresses the idea of ‘most’
Long
2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y
all adjectives of 3 or more syllables
RULE: use "most"
With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-est"
OR "most":
With irregular forms:
modern, pleasant
expensive, intellectual
modern → the most modern
expensive → the most expensive
quiet → the quietest/most quiet
clever → the cleverest/most clever
narrow → the narrowest/most
narrow
simple → the simplest/most simple
•good → the best
•bad → the worst
•far → the farthest/furthest
 EXAMPLE: Adjective → comparative & superlative
Change the adjctives into comparative and superlative

hot big thin

nice pleasant young
short intelligent lovely
kind happy attractive
exciting pretty unhappy
good annoyed careless
bad tasty perfect
tired upset terrible
ugly
NOUNS, ADJECTIVE, AND ADVERB
Adverb: a word which describes the verb (adverbials of manner)

Adverb verbs Adverb

walk Fast, slowly,

abruptly

Certainly, possibly,
definitely
coming
 NOUNS, ADJECTIVE, AND ADVERB
Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb,
expressing manner, place, time or degree
 John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
 Afterwards she smoked a cigarette. (When did she smoke?)
 Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
 He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?)
 That was extremely kind of you.
 She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?)He drives
extremely fast.
 EXERCISE: ADVERB
Fill in the blanks with right adverb
1. Alice said goodnight to the children and shut ______ the bedroom door (quiet)
2. I've checked my homework _____, but I can't find any mistakes (careful).
3. The company built the new apartments as _____ as they could. (cheap)
4. We lost the football match 4–2 yesterday. I don't think we played (bad) _____
5. _____ but the other side played really (good).
6. You drive quite _____(dangerous). I won't be surprised if you have an accident one day!
7. 'You're late!' said Olga _____ (angry). 'Where have you been?’
8. The teacher spoke so _____ (quiet) that the class couldn't hear her.
9. This is a very important question. Please think _____(careful) before you answer.
10. In 1483, King Richard III of England _____(secret) killed his two young nephews.
11. The hungry cat looked _____(greedy) at the chicken on the dinner table.
12. When I broke my leg, my friend Pam _____(kind) offered to do the shopping for me.
13. Paulo Coelho is one of my favourite novelists. I think he writes _____(beautiful).
 EXERCISE: PASSIVE VOICE
1. Fill in the blanks with right phrase
Phrase/word Tenses
2. Mark each sentence with the proper tenses
• For too long • Present
• In Brazil continuous
1. 'Don Quixote' was written __________ • In Japan • Present perfect
2. A lot of coffee is grown _____________ • By Miquel Carventas • Past simple
3. The world's highest mountains are found _____________ • In 1869 • Past simple
4. The Mona Lisa was painted _____________ • In the Himalayas • Present simple
5. Many electronic goods are made _____________ • Between 7 and 10 • Future simple
6. The first modern Olympic Games were held _____________ am • Present simple
7. I don't have my car at the moment. It's being repaired _____ • By Leonardo da • Past simple
8. This chicken's really dry. It's been cooked _____________ Vinci
9. Breakfast will be served _________ in the hotel restaurant. • At the garage
1I. PREPOSITIONS
Function: link a word to another part of the sentence and tell us what the
relationship is, for example in space or time
 There are about 150 prepositions in English
 70 of them are common one-word prepositions.
 Rule → A preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb
subject + verb preposition "noun" note
The food is on the table. noun
She lives in Japan. proper noun
Tara is looking for you. pronoun
The letter is under your blue book.
noun group
Pascal is used to English people.
She isn't used to working.
gerund
I ate before coming.
III. CONJUNCTIONS
Function: Joining other words and phrases together.
1. Coordinating conjunctions → used to join two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal (always come between the words or clauses that they join.)
2. Subordinating conjunctions → used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a
main clause (usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause)

Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions

and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so although, because, since, unless
3 formats;
1. single word : and, but, because, although
2. compound (often ending with as or that): provided that, as long as, in order that
3. correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective): so...that