Twhfe soe Oil Well Stimulation ROBERT S. SCHECHTER WA. oat) Monee Centon Ended Cine la ototan Enger vole Engen The University of Teas a esa on. | WPL STIL eroy Scmrcrry Siva TTT PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Citts, New Jersey O7632Sie eae Eercon etm pees emmy 27609 saw 9-33-489934-2 rerum Contents Profece xii fax PART 1 PROPERTIES OF FORMATION MATERIALS AND TREATMENT FLUIDS. 1 141 Rock Compost ad Mire, Cestn Senet Rot, 12 dys. Sac of ly Mica 6 tence itera,15 Surface Chars of Cys and Other Minerals, 12 rain ei Cre, 2, Pratl import Sie Chae 16 ‘Chemstyof Formation Waters, 25 nan of a Contin, 1 Chemie Factors in Cra Os, 33 Reeences. 2 Physical Properties of Farmation Materis 37 2.1 Mecasca Properties of Formation Rocks, 37 212 Mechanic operies of Fis, ¢ fico 3 2.3 Thermal Properties of Pus Rock, 5 24 Thermal ropes of Foruton Waters, $8 Retro, 9 Ghai! and Mechanical Properties of Injected Puids 69 411 Aqutous Ply Slaions: Chemical Aapecs, $9 Meaifed Pome. 0 romani 8 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Polym Slain 6 3.3 Sunita, 74 ‘anon Sst 6 on Sram 20 owon fetus 2 Powe Satay, 8 54 Fos, 3.8 Emons, 4 ‘Biel Propet of Ems, 1 36 Aes 1 ‘Seo of Carat Reacts, 106 “gato et ConbnaeRacton Siler of etna Rn 112 Epi el Snatne Rs Reterecee, 5 Probie, 18 paRT 2. FORMATION OAMAGE 121 The Origins of Formation Damage 121 442 Capture of Suspend Paice, 122 Soe fet fo: ei tin 18 ‘Soange Raine Fay 13 ‘The pin Landa ret-Cbsh DLVO) They, 12 43 Phil Prceaes Tat Podice Formation Date 36 rig ot Conpion Fai 136 ewchmat of ares are Wall, 16 ‘ro ate Shc of Rr Cet The er of pi on Fh Wa Sock, 4s In Eaton 4.4 Chemical Processes Tht Proce Formation Dune, 152 ‘Prenton nthe Inert Ze 168 Partin beatin 1 ‘ptt Deon 168 Oe45 Bilal Popes Tht Produce Formation Damage 19 Problems, 175 Modeling Formation Damage 178 ‘1 The Pale Pathvay Mode, 179 Some Fan, 18 og rh Wa eae 15 2 Network Model 10 [Bethe Mati Tory 191 Perec of ameged Ferman, 196 Pretreatment Well Tests 202 61 Preresinent Presse Brandowa Test of Ol Wels, 293 (2 The Sailoace of the Skin Paco, 207 (63 resur Teaing of Ga Wels, 208 Referees, 28 Problems, 210 PART 3 PERFORATING METHODS 212 Perforating 212 1 The Jt Gan Porat, 28 112 Peformance of Jt Gas 218 (ov Fi fine 207 ‘ert io 2 1713 Factors Governing Pefoting Cea, 26 Contin Fa 238, Ff Predced a 227 Dieta Pe 1.4 Petron Dein, 29 Depth Pevertion 29 ‘Sioa 3 raphe Diameter, 21 ‘Genrad Bern Namograph 29 1.5 voting for Hy rating, 28 (ined en et, 237 Retereces, 242 PART 4 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING 246 Dynamic Fracture Geometry 248 1 Race Orientation, 247 cas Hail ace, 20 42 Verieal Face, 25, cate Hei ie rons [re Naan Maal, 271 43 Horo and Pony Shaped Fractures, 73 in ales ‘esol Pate, 275 184 Pid Los, 277 onion af Forman ais 7 Contig of Pha Le Cocilents,2 ‘tage Pd an for Vr Pri 285 Retrece, 28 Fracture Fluid Tempersture 252 921 Temprtire of Practice Phin ers! Fractes 29310 1 12 92 Fu Temperature in Horizontal or Psy Shapes cts 50) 93 Tempete BateragFeroains, 302 Retreces, 305 Final Fracture Ganductvty 307 Fron Posie Contact, 08 Soa 13 ne Wel Productivity of Fractured Systems 309 114 Phsk Prodetion, 39 113 Semistendy- State or Steady State Prodi, 34 ‘Stimaaton Rasa adonagd Well, 32 Deeg win 30 yn ‘Stiuttion Rats for Vasile race Conhities, 347 2 nal rst Rates, 3 Ine Prac onc Retreees 3 Design and Optimization of Fracture Processes 364 Se a at * Seton of Pras Fi on aie, 382 ‘Deng af At Faces 998 Problems, 594 PARTS. ACID REACTION RATES ANO MATRIX AGIOZING 386 Aciizing Methods 396 Sit Aa dt 37 152 Theoretical Praictvy Inpeovemeat fom Asin, 399 183 Masi Injection Rate, 0 Rates of Aci Reactions with Reservor Minerals 403 Faso Sua Rescton 6 Urine Sst Loerie Reet 7 Etacinofione ac Recon tt Dior of sit sre ay 8 ‘ome Dat Sem 20 Problems, 12315 16 Sandstone Matrix Acidizing Theory 425 15. Aid Hane Euton, 6 ‘trace fe Sw Raion Zane. 0 Sele Poesy Prom 807 152 Permetty ofthe Acid Zone 450 13 Reda Flow of Acs Thvough Porous Ml, 45 Siete ef he Resto rt 8 154 Aciiaig Though Perforation, 98 ‘Sw Renton he Ma Ground Peron, 7 NedegttPateoe Pt ina Perrin, #0 ‘una nh Pe Name! Calton 1 Retreces 463 Problems, 64 ‘Design Consiseratians in Matrix Acicizng of Sendstones 469, vo ne tis ma wa oa pent ee ts Ct Pe asa Het nape terest sor Ht mtn 0 feria ‘Sequential Hyreflorc Ald System, 6 Fundamentals and Design of Matrix Aciciing of Carbonates 807 174 Acid Chamsting in Carbonate: Wort. SO 172 Pd Lae fom Crear Pres, I? 173 Modeling of Mats Aciing Processes, 12 Moa Rent fr Calton of Pare! Pa, S12 174 Fractal Deeripion of Wormhole, SH 175 Design of Matis Acton of Ctbouts, 518 Problems, 525 Acid Adchtives 528 184 Divetiog Agents for Matis cig, 528 ‘Aveage of Dry ge 39 Naa or hus Do 98 1 Sil asa Ma of Pid Deon. 1 ‘ve Care Tes Mice? 37 182 Comoran inhibins, $37 ar of e387 ‘Seip ie ea, $02 183 Compleving Agen, 512 185 Mota Sens, 54 Problems,19 aa ‘ ———— parti SAND CONTROL METHODS: GRAVEL PACKING [AND CONSOLIDATION TECHNIQUES 549 Properties of Formation Materials and Treatment Fluids Sand Control 549 pa Appendi: Unite and Cawersions 593 Index 595 ‘terested ener ining more dete aforetion acd oben wih rong Uso Fermin, 59 Sond nan Wa ey 85) 4 So eRe. Chemical Properties of Smt tig 55 Gil-Bearing Formations Sr is Secon 586 and Resident Fluids ‘si of Goa Ihe Gt Pag Proce, 36 Gravel Packing Devt Wels 574 Sind Comat, 55 ‘oneiainy Prec 8 *Sphiniend a our undertundsg of he comple nate of the psa Phase Sprton Pcs SO on een (it and ps wall competion and atimulion practises have Become ncesigy rsp Ps SURES le wh icon Rete ce Sona Sat roe rai ne Wwe ae Sr ao Zeiramny tea au eed ey opemicls tae Sell Sn Winey pat pute peace eet ——- ‘Simin oi eae es ee esc ape roses 0 Scrtceetas a te eee aces ‘per e shl foes om the chemi properties of ie maul ecuiag tera, with subsequent caps bee devoted to hel tel propertes aod the properes a ine mses sede eaten, "Toate ur dacs ts convenient 0 vie noth wo categories of emily properties The meal pesentd ees mecesy . “te condense but hopfl rece. Refrence wl be provided tase Simeone out my be ic todas ths Gsecon wh ey degree of Scr) sne formations pt into oe of hese wo ees my Tc, have ‘may costes income wh ose organs lace inthe ee cater. Ingenerl its bert ae coal esograpie, stank ae ter eS“Ff of amas characterize te parila formation of interest athe ho use Simple asco schemes. The iferenarin composition betwen lee ‘ltbeaing formats arte hesane fdr inthe weaterig anspor thos, depotin, agence, and itheston proces. Ponieaton ‘Gangs can aio be atrat Wslltheretre, bog ite view 0 the composon and intl) of sedentary foc 44 ROCK COMPOSITION AND MINERALOGY Tei ofthe nny hea i ied nt ie Ime fur mor goape' Ci einer tn srvive weibeing an unpotaton (Gent mee, nw cre oredr weber a arporeaton (sconlay mineral, ©) mine ta ae Sew fum sloop ng te ‘omic ortoemcal easton (ec iera), and@ nerfomed Se tg rtm thn ci, or lia ae grt, bose, mrocie, tl tg Then real th Sof seonry mine rete ‘Sovran rhe eid ins. Allo tear eau heels ‘oto min forms on thie mera Sunstone cane comlsedto eres seaegton a quar nds ‘ty, stones repeat see of Cx Mos nines hve 2 es isa Sotent teria an secotary ste mineral Both sandstone ie Sov orons ay cnn sgt can rire ce a ~ rn ea) KAIBUOy Mc KAsi0. Pago NIASiD-CAALS0, Newevie KALS.OWOH, Powe Ki, FeisiPO¥ Nona nets) (Al Pedal, SOssOM oO tke KesAldAl S05/0H Swe (a Fe AIA, S104 Me,ADNOM ‘tne usco9y 2 Propet of ering Fermsons Cho. ee Son of auhigenc materials Table 1. shows the composion oar miner ‘ni seen wok Sendstones ‘Orthomatts se compone ost emey of qa sad cher nosy Sateen: qr) pment Te ad ris te sully comet y lea OF ‘Siem catonate Tse odie ae etn re than S08 SOs, Oe end ‘Snes contin bo etl quart and ett lar, Tse axe wostone> Comal sient smouts f 8:0, KO, NiO, an 20. Inada toque ‘Sd one or more fekipr, any of est sdstones conan ay nea Sarety of er lars dk Dapens. Terms that hve ber apie 0 Tie ooks nll ie sande each, and augoyacke, Many fhe thee ctl uch a 10s POs anf MnO may come oo clay miners, fom Frcigton af miners such i clote ura lagen, a om cry ‘cia micah chs ae, xeon, maz [Alliesone re composed primary of CxCO) inthe fo fee ad aa ‘seine e500 acct on 0) cst mens an partes fer ior rong: ein) micoxrline mtr formed fom carbonate mi nd (suet fly crystal comeing atrial foe y ins oBo ‘Geese recta wile aay of textes fst rom varios tthe trea he rete gents and pales. Litbographic nests ve, {ool been oe rom arora mud. Fosslifros limestone i composed rou agnetsceoented by corel rll ace, Conestoga, tr bichemia resol mar (oot) ake up oii neste, For al ee Tnesoncr aught dleret so etre, CACO, sheen sor com Donen, Besse ete aad age sre never congestion pre, al “huts spss, ion, mungatee, arian, and stom may be fund ite pcos, Mags the mos sundae of hese ad 1 MEO cats nth the man dlont at Tobe reset. AO preset ‘oe or dient quanies are siete muri, ‘Mang cron cts, purery Pleo Precnbin rocks, have sitet snout of dome Any ook onsnng es than SOE of te tinal swt he ok lm hates “The mae mineras fs ate the clay mines (hot, monnorloie, ‘te hoe) ae ont Tha, he most anda onde a 10s ALD ‘A pac hin core resus we sieateang sols or vole ‘tocar na rck slong with deta quarts. Ahigh KO content may be Oe to drat fier, agent esp, dia muscovite, or Pen ‘Ghar bythe ly mine. Shs may loco sone argon malt, ‘ee, 14 Rack Companion nd Morsay 5‘Composition of Sedimentary Rocks As dicined prev, tndstone an atone represent sepestos of he ‘ide $0, ad CaO especvely.-Vasaone inthe extent of seareson ae ‘etc ne le ovralcompionl venation rary oe toeences {nthe amos farts, crt la riers asses and carbs. ‘Shoe snes repens sees of 1, ad CaO drng weathering ‘cyan! sce the aly of sedetary rocks ae shales, th Meas fiona aetimesary sae ln ote average cmpostion fo ES it wil be portato acy hee chemical compositns in mind whe a tempting dss workover treatment or ania sialon prog. Che ‘atcmpontion wl very oem be of primary concern sa clays, “o design an leq wel este scat to conser the compatly Fe amen ald th mao mat el ot th, ay frets ht muy ciel) acne te mat performance of the We [SEI Al too often ee ary ass where the ey of he reine i “Scenes o scan ent a th projet abandoned cht tured wel ave ot rconered So te exes expeced o atte productivity of wel {Sot rity foowing sie: lof hse eases, posable a it erating wth he ys preset a the orton maybe respons 0 thr scion we examine he Geren tps clay micas we expect wl be reset ano-arn fron, yori tho inert with is ht each endl exlre the ec of thee traction othe srcaty of he kamaton, ie meshansos Ba tbe to pment 7: ‘Seon ae emedinPar “re ar may (pes ls od hy cach exhibit ere: espn Pile ued the coven ir een csr aes. Competensereatneat ae wee 2, 3 ns cto chemi ce Shy nr i rey dc becate neta oh sot meted to apreciate ce emec hel pectty ond wel sialon. ace having Constr he stuctue Fay hte teraston with ater and the clectolies contin i bth m= ‘rly ocuming welt ad the ined a silts ais wil be of pey | Sucre of Cay tinerals ‘Thre rts to rca wis vo the mi ats of of dhe day mira Ope vt ono ot sheet of cosy pack Ong of ‘cous ehh ots on, magnet toe embed ‘ ‘i Propet of Ob ening Formations Chapt ‘steal coordination so ht hey ar equiisun fom sin oxygens o hon ‘A'opial src sown in Fi 1 When lumina presen ony 0 thar ofthe pombe potions me filed ig Sanches ch hth formal Al(OH. Whee magnesium is resell the potions led fo bdance he etre rust, whit has he fala MavOMy 2 "he second peo set i amps of sla tettedr, Which can be eseribeda alos In ech traecronslicon str eget om ‘Siyaes (or hytong weeded to lane the sce. The sla eae rupee ranged to form a hetagoval vor, wh spec init {form set of compton S¢OyOW eat shown a Fig 12 The etahera te nrange so tht ahi en nthe ame Seton a al er stex tote srayed ins haga nctwork, Above etch sas fsa ony000 8 Shien ste ep ee ee moins) ead shoe, The svete each wil be deve Wl Keotinte, Clys can be cs according ose umber and the type of sete ha combine t forma ayer Thu, 2 1 ly’ formed when one ‘erhedlshest ombins with setae oe Kone ns Ist chy BE A ‘cede andthe oral sium sheets ae Uke By bared xe, ‘wheres ts ler she othe octet shat composed of yxy ios 1S 'hown a Fig LS. Thus, each alumi aos inke to tee oxen ms {nd hyo rou. These atoms ae inked to ongen nan, oe atone Inne cca soetslong th he ter the op he ns, ‘Sc the cumin ad aca sbcts are cavalry bode (ey share the same nage ston hydrodynamic splay, sete, or aha forces (© oncer @ aun © siutcou2 oxvcen shine te sist to separate the two sss forming single yer However ‘Shame arcs that acura are compo many aet stacked Oo op the eh a depced by Fi 4 The force nding the iets topebe ae ‘jdoeea ode sppamentaby van er Waals forces, The stent oth nd Inui scot to proven water pence enon te ayers when a Koi Dri nmered in water, ors enon Lake scsi a om Fang cay. wl become eve tha doesnt wal mena a ace ‘Sor gs eters wil ave be source of fomato damage. Swell cae ‘Seon thought tobe the oly source of parle that age pes a ve ‘omen QD wvoroKr @ umn Beat eaters . Prope of OF Seeing Formations Chap seo frat ag, be his sot he case. Indeed sandstones, which 3 tot sontan menue ques of selng clays, maybe pone ormaton ‘gee Pat HMontmorontes.Montmosontes snes) ae compost of ners nsitng fn stes erabedrl shes aroun cel naa othe ‘ect Al ro th teas pt he sane cto eva the ee {he ole Thelethoda sad xabedl shew ae combine 0 at the tip {hetero fhe hyo als oe oxtahedal shet or 3c Tie siaching of he sen amins-sica hes the onan ayers each unitate acento crcesposg ova ar of the neiborng ut resins ivory mea bos aan exalt cesage Between the, he sang fate the montmorlnte str tht itr and ote ple mlecses ‘hn ees betwoun te ut ayes a own oy FS aig the atic ‘aga [2 4 The pacing betncen ess heft Hed Bul vate os ‘oct 06 am" when a polar moles ae between te unt ayer fo sb {hy complete seperti of he na jes nse ese. i nt nein Sad dee Apes Hb sont ite ten ose a 012 Cap 1o warenassocuren wnncxnons © @ ® Ore Montmoriloite clase ere 3 2:1 lays the thes shes, whic together fr ue, re covey Sonded x depicted i Pig... Fach ayer [sSeprse y aio fm whick may comics, onake mst. nd water. The tcf he an crests ste ple mare oe ectng ‘it ceases apenas of watt aye been nese ‘Sse ayers is negra urbe of ales hat the water hier ‘oe vo, ten sles secon water lpers thick A mtr asinront tiny hve averaging themes of ter ayer, a ea faa mite fifa des Tetendenyefmostmorlontes expand Inthe pennce of vate nd eer ara as berated a8 oe son Fee tr sestvay of reservoir rocks or tls, Hower the sell of {tetas wobbly nt he pone cause of pemeaty age. A oe ‘vty the Slgsng of pore hots Gefen (persed cays ee uth he, The base sracre of iie miner sn to monimeritoa, cect Laer bean sompond of tu sl fetal sheets ith cel ote ‘elses The uprated nach se sec pint ower he cer ‘tthe un and ae conned hte ocak soc i sige ner th 3 Shitbl erases OF by OTe es the sae sth fr montmorone ‘eeprsneo eslcon re vaya repaced lun 2a the reso ‘he duecy i tance by poses tans ostone Detween te ie nso tu ie, there may ess ube of sau fo on the pts ls betwee aes maybe gaily eeplace by oer ct ‘Soe oun cae, mages, cr ven oes. Depeoting on he eae iS wich sami fn teen tite for tcon and eer eats peas Sodham he replaced pss les may. soe tke mentorontes, [Sn some seling pon contact with water Ths pean etree yer pretreat yer ayer. Ths, a some cses ites ay te 0 ‘Rance formation pemesbity by neling Conorter. Choris seer omit of aterate atin brae ‘ijecs,atougy these woul conieabe ssbtitaton la the Th bonding bets ayers pry slecwonte 9 charctet 058 ‘Masgtcacetf/the subst apy dt he traction Beech ‘tyes ad ens Tha ter byropen Soong tan sar oa {ound asintes. The cute souctore depicted in a 16 ‘currence of ays in Reservoirs ‘the lays of primi inporaice to our acusion are those formed within the {ovkyorssysemandgecalyataced a rock ier ses. Dispersed Ys invowts ne mugen norm faving Sseope subset i eimentdp- ‘htlon by pesaton ny esis om pre Ds Parca ly mines Spescs dtl in omponn to changes Inthe me chemist brought sou! by {Se tempratue, pec, and poondvaer conan during Br and sen12 cane .or riding type, Sos with sian ques of ath ore ing and is ‘Te pre hia nd pore tad sstes general Have ger connate ater sation, bal five eave peebiis fo of boat uy ing ht th ge guts of wate ae leh tery ie pes whe ‘Sotconibte matey be Maw On the ote and te eave pemeabty {Dots sl fal systems and evens she spe Noes Irom dist pore ig 0 pre ising. 419 SURFACE CHARGE OF CLAYS AND OTHER MINERALS. Most mies when ced ia contact with aqueas etre salatons exit ire care nich sane detected singly oposngaa ete eld aos aqueous soseonon. Hv be buervd thatthe suspended pres wi ‘Bue toward ove ofthe seveades and when the panty f he eletode ‘eves, fe destin of ation wl ho Beevers. This movement wer {he mene of neat Rel of patter spend ian agieos slain own es sccrophorcst an he foto ote pice sigs the pesece of ‘nod sutace cng onthe pare mac. Size the chemi woed it well Treatment fen Beat nt care (hey are asthe sla Bat soto ‘tte psy enanced when he ons aqua curt as has nos {ato he sre, Thue, nrc care a portant Pst. ‘origin of Surtace “There area eet thre eres mechan sponse fv he exes of fined vara charge, Th ie one relates par toca mers bathe tbe ‘mechanams wil al gle pene. ict cy pe formed dite gee be “eran on may from inet tine, be inorporsed 0 the atic es I this Ges 09 osc ten then he ey sractre ofthe particularly ner ay ot be change. ‘Hence, subitaton a an si nate etree tie otis ee Fert can tnke place waoutaering the fundamental Iyer seat, THs Ippo of subetaton i termed tmerphic since the roles om) of the ‘inet raed (6) However, he sutton ofan AI" on fr Si “estes ‘heen cute charge win be iste nace Siar sabion, sc Sie land Ma’ ior Als eave he tice sacri et egg ‘hg. Tit chorge i fier foenin the tie Sacred ml nat be ered ‘Sy dang inte sation sompostion 1 Aether mera conbton ous charge a est of boken bonds she edges ofthe cay eta of destiny log the etal es 6 ‘ins neal nes cles fond tobe nsronnte in water. ‘This fenton wn water taker plage an the exposed sbrace of he miner and ‘Sve ward a Follows Ho +N" + MO- == MOH on m9 f eda yrs re where M* represents 2 eta i incorporated iat the cyst aie, at nee ‘Gbvace ant espana wae and MO dente an onde om. Ts proces ‘Sipmtedio fig Ls Note thatthe beaking fone mel ox)gentond produces Spon resto tro sures yrs Tee honed es, whishare denoted ‘ie se MOM, a asphotrs and they an in tar eave be donate poten "HE depen the pl fhe wer income sah the mane. Thos Sewn enlonment x sice bys! (MOH) ca ssocate wih a proton fo ‘Sim MOM; or ean donate a proto leva te eae on (0). fo Di elon here there are many los tis ore Hel to acep& rotan fer than donate ne Ths, he presence of als een si ly Toinrese the dere of pron assocsion thy reader the wre posite ‘Saya ag i a he presence fs enue, nc might for example be preset et ling uid, he inverse recon fs mor peooble ia ‘lfc srtace NOH group my it proton eae uo NO” roy. Thay ‘coping or doting proton, arcs yasy raps cet ase chase ‘tic unite the ned charge smote with ls Wl Spend onthe solutes ‘Sx. 13 sua Cage of lay ant ier Mas 2Davita (10) represent hee te restos a flows MOH? <== MOH + H* an and MoH 2 MO™ 4H a9 where MOH, singly represents the sure hyoxt se upon which proton Ts arb and MO" the up eaaigwhe poton Ide 30. ‘ton Tes eatoms make suntv the concept ht sre hydroxy ch ‘cep or donate prot. t woud be pode fo purse ths conc farther iy comidering the roses fo bea chemical one wih atin eam ith ‘he fons sluton (0, however, to proved woud take ws beyond the Scope tian ten : "The adsorption or desorption af protons ca be measured by sly ang sn amovnt ofa or ase oon contain spent ca} )t ‘testo. The pt esuling fm the aon f+ Knows cay can be ‘mesure and compared wth the pH that wou be expected poe of he nid {Groton ads. Thin arene ofcourse, amas othe prson asaption or deerpton Figure 19 shows the surice shape o sine determine By {hs rate procedure sanction ofthe pH. Noe thet race hae Spend ‘om both psn elec concentration At fe ll nee, the neat Iegte tage per uit of srtace rea icrenses The ember MO” ros 3 (Been by Ba (1. ress, This ie expected teed. eee ae “ Proper of Oi'Saring Fomations Chao. ‘he sutace charge ats veo pli leary funtion o he sumer of sarace hvoxss stl present onthe mineral vars. The dtr the ste dens 8 compe The icles Rave bon dined by Yate et UI Riese repose» 10% sts for ted byron tes. aie i This eas that fal hae, tbe uae charge wou be mC ‘hater asuace charge of fb ue Fig. 13, neal he yon Ses sve Sen centered othe MU frm [An ttsing etre shown by Pig. 9th soe charge a increases 1 sorte sonceiuon ts ncteae. Th, te pt ante cecelc con ‘rmton ofthe water fn Colac wa be resco sols eb nora faces determing sure chr. ‘ower nrg ature shat here per to be cern vl of he pilor wich he sce shage vases For Slat hsp rato 3. The "eth he srtce charge tans canbe cfd by snpeing snail he tate pre isn sgucosslton a imposing a eet ele er. ‘ites do not eon thn the et charge on he parle ro Piste tn ig {dis the electophorete moby of acne parler, shee mobi ident sibs patie oly ied bythe apd etc el The nepie ean ims tat the parse moves deecton pont that expat of poste ‘hare. Thus ar thown by Pig the sie charge ope fo al pt ‘alu stove 45 Te emcvophore mbit docs spare vanish she BE Sprache Tan pit knw athe ptf Sr cherge as. Man Inport gauss the ston i preter tha he ot te sre stage Ienewae. oe ac byTABLE12 Then ot 0 crag pe ot Some Fiserv set trie Gans 5) By Caton (ASD 2 emit) 5 Cae C0) 33 tine 04049 “6 Nonmaots Al Me, FAL SAOOHLO 20 oer) 20 sey or e Frcnp ee ae Doty which depends onthe viscose soon is en ep inter af an lest oe charsertc of ace charge and wes te cocenaton, Th pte wish led he zeta pont, bpears gi ‘Ghaper# I deed bere forconvenunce. The zeta poem died tp te Smalachowa equation (13 ue were i the voc of a pasts a loc eld & The eis the esis evi of he sent Gee Ex. U1) and is he Bid vino, "The pe depends on ter Tale es selected ves. This re os important when slesting sles forse el etmens orn i ESO [rocenes. Fo nape, pler sorption i sndsone ay be eiied {Sin evel chap polymer, Tis re becaube a ear etal aie the pi tbe gta prs snd many oe minerals are neativey crac. I (etry therfore that all plynrs conser 1 Be cans for 0 iy cout aucts are sic plete ieatey charge) Thus Edie shemeasfor use wl testes, pret Kep the vals Grewia abe 129 a lotteat Double Layer ‘The origin surface charge has eon ait 16 any one «combination of ‘ness Gestbd in the previnus section. Pathermore Is Kon Da ‘Gecucl chars of one pra son sory aot cares of a opp ‘ifn genta systems of ret hte ste overall elect neal Be Efe fis song atte force To balance te sae chars om mines Stace, fon of a oposite sen wil athe nthe agteos tn Dear the 6 Propet tO BaningFomationt Choe. 1 charg suc. These om wilt be din neatly asen othe ace eeu of thermal cantons, they Wil rain thn lye sa ‘auniine te ised surface with sressig cncesron a be tae or {bosuraederenas Tne suion very mach ee tmorpere suru theearh Wes wed fom pce or atmorpere appears av hi ae noch sal han he dace fhe eat, Ios Seat each male {he aint atraced fo the carve sac by ers, However, de To Fanon ‘rleuroans ase tpt he eis do est ne sce ‘tthe cath tnt remain ner The ena the wmosphee eter tear the sats use and dereses ihren cane alse) m3) trom Sins, the cosetaton of ashing charge oposite to tha the sacace ald courier dete topoteshreel i delensed by 3 ‘ince sto force Oe the letra force wee sta he os of ‘ppoate he ova he ce, The la co i be counteracted ‘Twa fuctondns, whch wild fo ix these souterions with ters ‘Sian, The eal the competion batween hese two force I cud of ‘Sox sounding the barged sure an the ns in he loud lb ea or notsley oun. Fire depths tune, The elec doukc Iyer com of otha gly sized hag, thera charg, an ise (ct Sura Ongena ter Marae ”cine. sent a i ii gin iti mre ie o he ean tun nopive ne Tha de fo he atracton othe nev ‘Siied rae: However, he ifsereuoa ln conan, os depicted nF ‘nae segue ws es of its foe nee es lowe he se ene oma ewe ete os an he nea ‘Sinn Te el soo conte anol mawber tne and tre ‘Sr ero ome cls ofthe ise rexon wil evel ht its thickness is bot ve tines te Debye ent, ch en 8 3] A* NaS Zoo where isthe dete const ofthe Mid meiva for water at 25°C wie B.S w0-4 Gv, Fs Faraday umber which 9.65 > 1 Cig eg, 2 the Aalene ofthe thoi species apd fas wits of Ke aug mo, Fa the thes Sosy erg ul wich SU OT in Ca ma te {the nut sin, notin th Tse repo nt sould Be exes 0 BS ‘he Debye eng, is exgrestd in ers {ame Tso Re al Ran Sotto Usg (1.9, Deeg ted 4 on The i ep ‘iota ne eg, wh seid Be Bzten For sd ie, 294" = he ons mol a P= fara" + (IPO = 2 OE eaRg een ws = 1g outa nt 2-28 10° v.90 «10 Vg me KE, So Pars Che ca Ce 1 tears male tn ct ie pe he etn aor wa et ‘SESE noch sae tan many he ae eee. Ta Teele tt teen er pay tron lem Ca tino eave of rls meine pve Senin ck Te rr ‘The icknes ofthe ise lye i einate oe about He Himes he Debye length Te seta pte ap exponentaly decresngfncon ‘eased fo the surface 1), tu fr al racial purpose, the san ca econsideredto te aul for dsances eater han fe ines oe Deb enh Practical importance o Sutace Charge ‘Wes two chy pres or when tay pre apposed uf, then here are wo ces opine impotce, The prels may Tp! one ake becuse of theless hae, The range of ths infact elated {sail tea foes of epalion i pres have the same age) donot come no pay nti prices opreach ey cosy. ths pin ther {res ay aso become ports ramet the tv ran er Wal res (ee Chapter) proba On he ter hud fr lars putes re ikl a remap "Th importance he sompoaton of water inte Rotation pptaon say ean nw be es partly derstood. Eguan (5) shows ha te ‘Sheteiyeconcentation ie nerezed, A sss, Bat cere ips ‘dtceat ite ayer ikner tne naking sro pice ie care Tsoitbecomes viet at dng ns with age alece (2) wl eboce some 2 Ths of Dt Ragen Can eStats eps hel hoa aun reine hs cide nh STK meu ono elm to aC ‘Ste ie th ese the 123 zi Zheng + Zc weet 0» Ona =) 4 Ween? Frm £9 15) fo ote» ha rae HELI “ru the es te de layered hen aio re pice ‘in ci es hgh corona tea Ts cane bared ‘congas usk he Dee th omnne i xem 14 CATION OR BASE EXCHANGE. ‘Wace evident a howe ations inh ine yee Fig 11a th se ‘es th xi ne tk water medal aca! oe sure the ele trate conpostion afte bk wate ase staat by fr example eli«sodium erie slo wth one composed eae of eau tore, he {he sod on tly preset nthe se ayer ml be ele Hy cits Soom his exchange rene aed in eschonge and since mineral Pies fakes ote hte inde per sured thm te lect a hen th umber of egulet of Nav orig resem stb xchange Presi he ae number af eguvaems Ca" "Sige Zens = 2. oes "Tore cere to dete: isos of eat terest Te fist rele 10 the uy af oe presen wn te dane prof teeta date ter ‘Thiscon be peasred ys converting the moet sou orm epee “mating te mineral with ares NaCl stion. Aer ane of che silo he exchangeable cation ter han Nal have bene om be ‘Sac, The face thee lo ben sium frm, Taking eral shi ‘rm oncoming epestiy wih alt chore wi ust ete Sethe sodium fer the sue By measuring the aunt of Na" reared ‘om he sure ths postr, obe an sng a ote calanenchange ‘Spcty wah is cxpresed ahs eau pe 00k ef the ea A deta ‘Sibson of on-exchange capaci as been eset By Helfrich (1 “The exchangeable ors ar hed wound he ose ofthe lay miner r= turn ands bought the eketange easton oes ot alt ee HS tural uns The eats may penetrate Betwoun the srastr yes rest theearanon se oly of he teres spain te layer the exDana= ‘ses maybe ost a the edge of the yes where three baka bent 9 ‘monmorilnts has Bevn esate tnt Sut 50 ofthe exchange es ae ‘Rete lng the ful nes andthe vera a the eps. A goo review of ‘he data naa eating othe close af ela ayers and te subveauen ‘ation ofthe lon hs bee ese By Sete} (6) MX rnge of exon exchange capac or cy merase sown in Table 1.3, Thewe ts indte hat mncorlonte when reset in he eve ok ‘walsaven substance eal cao excauge cacy he Tock TABLE 13 catoncienangeCapscty Srey hiner apesae so Sains per ooh Shwe: Asped tom Gin 2 an an O: seni Pers ab) ios 2 (Cine Echnge Cp? aw te iegeguet apr lume) orale, the dts presented in Tabet show the ain exchange capa ‘of Bers sandstone coe ad coe (Second Wall Cree) takes fom he Sa Crek fe, Navona County. Wroming 7). tough bore sandstones band ‘ery sim postin, the Second Wal Crk sore is exonecange ct chy esr fu ines ta ofthe Bern soe, Xny analyse reveled ie i Comparing the ctonenchage capces gen fn Tbe 13 with those ‘ble ne eht heuls re ilret. Those Tate 3 aye tough ‘asin fngsnetl esr tote clay on indepen tte method ‘¢deeriano, Tis cle the damental caor-nchane caput a 8 ‘epeseced bythe sb, 0, The sylem sation enchange apy dented (Grand repens he xan ctcange spe perio pore hme The fe Creed bythe eatin *) a6 2. Bona ( ‘nsf ack eg tothe male o the ok Se an andthe ome ‘kere runt volume earmtion, 1 here ermain prot. ‘he pore volume peru of volume 9. Te eal endange cape) er ‘olome reservtris found ling. yal ~ The ste cao xchange capac computed by avg by the vm othe pots ei {his vel which wil ttmately ene al fhe tos elated ewe et bres stort eta te stem Q, depends o the pores, which nl 1.3 The Sens fe Ca ange apc “How mary ks equvaes of ose ese peu ame oFStan, Camere Sec Wal Cok ack. The pre ane SET ste cmc cng ete oe oe {soln of sadam sven by (0210805 + 16) = 0158 goat St cn an ihe say ee oe NRE SIN wn tne arson, oye mr roe he eek jn a pce To oe alse obec say Rot nme sasmschg: ee oa rman tsk se: -Axsoup knowledge fe ctionexchnge cps wil prove 0 bo seating sna el texas ins och erent to kaow which ‘Stam pee he rman sad wih he ayy et ole serial he quis ef nT oe to determine wich etn Seca nl tanger shown nig: Foe aretha ena sor cnet sl and wc uns hes 0 wl he {Eucla ithe conposton ote wate changed, sone om eve £4 ‘the int cll emer nesfne ye, The sty eames ob 8 ‘Shue pet ur charge plone tp ne ie eb ema 7° aa aucousshton conning to cons A a Bs contced with & clay, he pores of nica conte fray represented a 9 che ‘ei owe Zaheday + ZaBbcluion) <2 ZaBshey + ZeAGabtion) (1.7) “Ths for exam A represents alo a B sa then Za» Zert =2 ini et = tlie seo sow ht calm soca Wie Ee dace soto te sony pase to ous soda a ‘EL Stine reaction edersre shown tobe eer: a ‘hw’ enhe tothe chy san ss nchang® wh ean A sion, Te ‘Sime oie veces Zi fo se ht gel uses ‘etal chae ae excaned tose cen prea oom wil be bane for «ed sotto snposton ch at 8) roe [cel [ee] - where and eset he ration fe ain ies oecpied by Aad B, "pect an nt ans pe omen tly cape she meus however, ee ore convenient tees {ct concent ters of by eq The uates inthe rake ‘Sv scuiy exc, whch se veated fo convert soncenatons er ‘today evan rm Te J reso sty cnet 0 ms ‘soit withthe clays, al fers othe oition phate atv oes ‘bs vied bythe ctonsenchagecapiy Th, the concentration ‘ats ion A expressed tg oqum of poe volume 2 = Bal us “Toe Kap shown in Ea (1.8) herman ropeny which depends on tempura and preset des not depend on he compotion of eter {he guess pane or the on exchange shar Unetunae. ya ie ‘haa pemarytenipe nice ath cous are poly unless, ‘tips fd Toms) ase ately mp! hs ed mer fo ‘change ses pores fo wter ut oot oan. Baseon thi apponnation, ‘toy were able to bua en expression fr and Ju bit exeive data ae ‘eae fori vation and fer syten ve Been yom i “he ages an chy efits canbe determine nga ity cf techniques 2 eth roselare are complex ealcomponent ceca Selon ch a thse represent by natural aor Beau ofthe cay {termining nest cosets they aren gored. is reece 1o oe asec cote, diel a os 18s 19) “herein for tetng Ky thought independent ot componion, an carl ster sow that eno However. ee Rae te weatd aso const. Experiments show th fo some cases ver 2 acon "nge ofcocetratons ths a adequate pyoxitcn excepts very “al agiourghase sete conan, which ae sll encountered ‘any apple onsteres hee "igre LID shows lt of Kieth sles oie! for the fon Stace covered sodium exons [2 Aithogh considerate seater of he “ha vient, the slot coetieat apes roughly peat tte ‘tna coverage for fol stengie = (H2):Zfe) oO. a LO ea [gmc However, fra sal vale of O01, Koders comers From e certo vies. Kc lo appeasto dopend oa he ftom ‘tage Noe tat = 0.01 coeponds 0 abst .17 at sed elon. For ‘Slnparnn, scoters about Th sch salon sent ‘eye lsat: Ans pon oa ‘Fig. 12chowsthafrd~ 0.1andLoUhgegu?he noe ml he sverage vane of fuex= 64. Tl slot cosines then te or exchange Poses start with he cay In sum fv eta) a ends with he slay a tu form erst te reaction fevers, ot Au are Tn Roase= Ueaes an these forthe sytem ener in i 1. Kem tea oie,SELECTHTY COEFFCENT, Kyo racers ea epi het eal 2% 1° hy 954 eh do 9 gee Na Th we ee es a wee ‘ee eau esi es oy “Ramona 0 beer Co eee potent vets a voor 1a = en(lg) + mene x 9-9 inn en et cc ms iy aw» cal) ee = fe to 06 ese epesiasih mn hsm ha “Te clelitins shown inh revi example cn be rept for sm ber of iret elton somposisons Typical rl ar reseed rapa Forming 13 Plowed na acto fei on in sues ys ded sehr cn i te tot anion concentration tee cay = ce ess he ‘Sitag ue tru dor ome‘tix clu neath namer fhm cnr Seco ees {the no comets, he ufc ets none perence fren though th rence ss ponouneed ste ta nan concen Incened. This blur tas nortan reieaons th spect ofrmaion ‘ge ie ap i “ic montmoriles ve tong retrencfr dale ions a opposed to monovlnnn Tht pereceftuin fo" as l oeoes ‘Stonore pononced se srae charge with ey hncteses, For {XSite van Oe eer ta tech deny of aes agen hat | {Finonortnces [We woul ee expe Hie o show a sere tere or clin os morn. Ts stoner eee wo (Srened san nr wwty een when he lm for of oye pod Consent th hs hypotent Rogars ct a (2 fund he LE smd gm nore a rete ‘moninwones ce staplers: Tete sect coeficent i facton ot ‘ote dogs an ope o&tomorpicntn snes a montmoc- | iol ae fh te tne esa wll te ey srt emperor ‘Son ian many St foto. Fo ce aves sch the eign "penne a cop olecovery procs the ec oes ‘eave mation pln boa be menue | "Te same Conceis wed n Exampe sto ene he qian ae cf solution conning cations canbe pp fo 2 mulcomonest con ‘ttre Surge eres th ol contentan feat ees ‘pean fee sl nce nprsag tect hat cans re een ‘fica sgsoon sono cated we he cys can be Wn ‘ows C64 OQ. Fo Nd oan Bee I one sete un pr ve of mem ses The | {dsc unknowns the re gery Hao gies Te her > SR know ony sti Sle eu. ional N euntons | tee requred. The sul smiton pone N= To bee shone: | ‘oor ims Ey 00 wee r Kon ee proves ~ 1 aon independent egos, Ooe can obily wit NOV Pipa equaons for alan eto J however, ely N — Vo hee wl be ingest Te remaining enins can be deed by myn sd {vading combination fay Wt independ! ello relonship. Thus fern veomponent system, Ky and Kya inepeden, Ths clear bocaise ‘Sinpovents un 3 apeae at oce. However, Ky saa be expel a8 Kid ‘TABLE 1S. Suet Colic for Varo aon ecange Reston Tecnts K Wysmig ease empeare Dean Bo) emi Be) Seti ity Sea Hs S101 Chamaty ot Formation Woe =1286; Retyeen SC ani FC, the slit dcrsss wil increasing em erator: Formation waters tll ental than 3) pan saved ies 2). ‘Representation of Water Compostion The assis of formation waters i fen resented wail. The dirt o pater obaied OY erapely pang th es of wet sala wl eto: blight important points abot te analyst ay be mised Oy alex mining tate odin. Tee we many ere dag nw. Howe the Logarithm aterm eg) oe E ca | HCOs \ = : om prec eae To \ J fe a, en yet hose ew oe 14 Ga pm ts Sif metho 2) has een ant by the AP andi te one mast ely co be noun bythe preiing Free egice_ ypc ater is shawn Fag le. The oncentatons ofthe cabos are ote te ef ofthe centeine {hte constrains ofthe anton fo the et ofthe cemeine Sine e ‘Sluons ust be decay scutal, themunber of ean of ets mast ‘Gude of he anions. Thess shown Fp Ie sabes in Table “Tub 1.8 ve vals ofthe egialen eights of sme selected com> pound, Note at onc equivalent pho exons 2 agen salud us (Stalance yan euaen weigh of non. Tas fier volume of seiton Contin 3049 of clam, woul atin 35.5 ig of here leer Wate Ane "ch rman wer sample ms sna he ae tal euiaet afcals sin in Oi ernst se Sin Te wef ce equi ein Tae a ste eon iStqree anon Tualatin = (OAR!) + 22) + 8420) = 886g oa? Td lon = (9455) + (78) + CLD © 46 ei? “ota Akatnty “The ot alls i only define ae he uate stn fe bases that ae Tinta wih stng cg Alt anions cosvered to unchanged species ase ‘oto ls poate leced are code ithe tol aay 1. Ts ‘Senbontes (HCOs), carbonates (COs), borate (BOHI:), list acd Se eerTABLE 1A Sse lon Compounds and Equant Woh Ceilet aa Enilew cations synth Aa Sea Hydopn 1 Chins Bs oe rset n Pomc RevC RG home as Maaneium as"? Ste s (4:02), ile (HS), rg anon, an yxy ins (OH) which are Sonterted io H.CO,, OH Hie Ih, ogan sia ani 0, respectively, ‘conta tothe laity, Tey ae olde he ation str watts ‘ih song ac. The sm 25 shown n E114 epee les pr Yue ot ok roqued fo neue aml water, Alay = eco +220) + Emon + Sas 4 cat Camnetan + Con =n (10) In mos formation waters he eons tbat fons te the largest contr ote sly. import ont hat the say Independent ofempetatie alps It ous not hang even aro ow {de(COn ie daomed error fea the soon sige CO a neta sess ‘atying no net ele hag. For exape, eval of one mle of CO, at ‘te expense of HCO; wil meen the eoneenation of OM by aoe, Pe Malay esos cine! from sure menarements, SSMine Bo ESR “ation af So hi doce change the alksimty bros ees oth ose ‘hnges Ca" ad nepal charges COs ae removed stn), areuet ‘Thetot aay yer ea a dtermining te Senger fla carbonic pecan for tape, the ston i hanes TABLE 12. Aponte Sesmier Roayes ‘aioe? Anos ses Sop eee |\6 CHEMICAL FACTORS IN CRUDE OILS Crate iis nota ute ubtince and ite apearance and vate wil fury fom eerecr ovr Ica conta ave pss lis and al {eda suoonine The main consuents a ere of ae, however dogs nd carom peat foe form of Ryrocarbons afr, mitogen nd aX INS Spear oh form of rpm compeurds Metals ay abo seit 8s ‘Malte mth he opi alter rf ls of rsa ac roy be an ons mtb of chrstersing sta ay b- theres fom seperation of Pesasivasian cade, ‘Shurtl sod wanes on cog wheres reds fom Calflora or Teas Sa (seerie wanes bt Cove shai mater to flection be ‘Sheena barn adware cra ois needa een tee e098 Sta ae many ch apo on, ie ee easing oh ain wanes ad aphte mterats, Teese called inermedte cede "Tune inact the hee fs of rosa he Spec oes 2 classi scheme cred, wich income se tds. The moder scheme {Bods fourth cassiation. Napoheniceraderare hse whch have max to opti estes ute more prin han trode cies. "Fh importa apse of consrvare thn hea favs whch can a ‘o product pte, Partin eres, or Same tendo Fecal ‘Peta toy ie cooled fom eer eset, Tose wanes can ye {ihn ear he ware, he perforata, ote tbe Wel eaten 1 1 {Bove tou wanes maybe rege ores alee roduston Ash coe ony con cola aries wc wl sgonerate and rsp ep aon os toaelr compound ach ss befabe, pean oF Eero done Tasos ese ths dey can result a fOoaton mae Ge Chap. REFERENCES 14. toon, 4 ech, Ca, agen: ae a 2 13. Walls lo" Ma Pi md spare ie crn, Reuter Deloment erent oxo (900, 15, Rend "Tne Magn of Dopod hen Sandon Keer a Irs on Sime sus Fed Pan PE oe sien at ny Chey, 2 an: ere 1 uit, 0. an Reser, CB i Chncteranon af Pod Se. 1a. Rise Rallye AG). Cad ond mee St 3819792619. anes 0 dia 0 fin Sec on CS YE Mes {0 BAA Mme 80, od Lal 10,4 Clad fc 5 897) Lt. eA. Cy “Ado f Ron Thr oto Gar Kase: A ‘Gouin of Slane Eqn Ms” Fa can, Cords Seto ies ole {ors or ™e 1. Hone. Pcp of Caled and Sue Chi, 2, New Yn ee Hiei 11, Sm Want Men, Agua Cherry, New Yok: fb iy, 8, Stan ce, Jt The Gate of Son! Wr, ged ie Smit FW. Pecks 30993. ‘YMascu e}, Now Yor Maret ela 97) ain 19, Bate id nes, Cham Sy Fey Datos 970) 121 Ke yO Pr nse Chiro ae Soon 12. Hope WJ Sun SY Meer, Es Winrn: C0 and ete, [Win roe Phnoman in Earl Of coer BO ahed) New Yo Fin to (2 Bai Go Chom, Cap, 3, Amster: Ei, 79 in, A poe Wr acre aon Waa US. 8. Cn A oven oe Was, At are (9) 1 ‘is fs ty Dy ad Chan, AF he Ber Ess oe Diptera of Bs aaa: Wag Sits Sen SH {Sips Sneed Symon hand OF Recrey f Scy ot ewan begs, Ta, Osean, a fain te Wa Cag rn Serie, Nema, 8 Lan Breen 1h Geachent of Nat Water, genoa i: rent Ha, Prostens Seve nave tc thet im These son sn r | | 4 maseenantg gant teers Se iat eaten Gee oe onesies pes Sloane ‘erent So hat hep ofr Sse Ben Oy meen 4 ng rp mt a oi ss ene eet See oe Serres ea ener sae eeptumett ttt wean atctma cons ii larctecroe to sa meat eae ie nectar sarees aoe einem acm euemmne Agee 303 ate ton nog. They ‘he besos no at he rman wer Seay 18g Sea edt we sn Sone ee tet Sena sprue maa ner ae SS cate ees Serhan wet ane soe toc{RAC Ae te tes pt oan 2 ‘2 What te cacon-enhangs apc ofthe cy easier og a Physical Properties of ‘om oe i Formation Materials erga 0 mate wer mys a he ul oa wih Win rao Su gon hy tenga Lindtand ser "Aa Sa weno Ineo omg. rl 8) ‘Te michal properties of ack a sil sje fate ever indie TABLE P10 Ass of ter ots ah ete Foné t a cooly a inprane nt potl conte met ‘Ses est et Spon even bein Sectons FI and 23. ‘Som nbcton terns Sart Jee wich rman 2 stints ‘tcl primer, and perhaps Boe et 2, fra mover dscpon af wane 3 waa [rompaoe ort media The ifraain pressed Here Raweve, si 7 4 ation surpone, 0 0 “Thera proper ate lo npvtant whenever tmperature represents waa » sutton the dein ot wel tate These ropes eS 1518 “ ‘zed in Setons 22-25, 6 5 u 121 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMATION ROCKS nal a7 nae near Blstiy mao | “The lanl aw of laity have seer eee develope fer homogeneous ‘ ° 2 tino maters Toi aplication o porous edict fal estes, am es ‘he mater of frst hae we OY the ery essence eeropencs on ll __ve _moo sas 20 ‘Raker Atte pore, oes comes oplogy formed yen compose "abe ns en mali ‘ny iflreat ners ad ona lge Seale craks, hers aoe chemi Sn strctural fests defig desrpon except i some average sense ae ‘daly prove, Th, be chenia a phys tates rocks are que ved * “moperse ot O-SoingForatons Chapt | "and thes stats fave ou bean rele in any amen way to mecha Bhar ost of te apliane f concern tou egg he pons of mks to sn apli force comer thon fo be eae tes, Ath the Cages ‘fs res simpson sbal be recognized, more sme pesos ‘uch eee, Hoan to sso Ue etal codons ave ot Jub ‘hed inant production sgiering clusion, Even more tnconetng thet that realetions dtnag the maton te Lesa af ela ae ot yt val, 3 we cannot ada dee te Vl ge he eins Fe a eles boy characterize by ts Youn’ alu, Bad its Yocatns at» homens Fan eae! yal es cvtnd ear Ben lows wstbta-Hetete) Ganneo en where he oe seses eied a heh onpunet othe fre yea fen Mt materi a lessor vas ofthe cerns eer om the mata ‘ewer vals o srs ple drawn perpencleo Thun a poste value ‘tos = oF dents tha he marl on one ee apa ae ‘rom pepe tote as tend to compres the teal ot Soest [Bester ealseay the fore on the mara esr rls to $e ae stains nthe rection. They represent the decreste cones) Incisance between wo pital the a ae he ocs hve teen api ‘adeaby te oil distance betwee thm. We tt tat i dcinons Se tere eaody a depe of aivrness wth rau the sig teers may ting as tht th renee wh aves ae pte ‘Yours modules and Paso’ ote the mechani proper ook ina tn ea ee Te 2 Doe.) cane en har fotelyeavaet fre For exal, he aowingemation son sch fo } en tech elie prt teeny annrafae enatete ey ‘The mls cy, Greate Young's mata by the eution en uations 2.1) apd 2.2) wy nay cordate sytem bowercr, gene sent forces swell a compressive faces en There ron sori. tem, cll he principal conte stem for wich ering foes doe [Uf Since alle he potcms comer hte ea bese phe coo “Theequtins elaing sues anlsnin den ere pest the mos! general oreo TABLE 21. Proerie of Veous Formation 121 5 a ; i td S oi j re sgaangn est : i d i i est ee gt gale npée|s ia} Rees 2 cael i 5 # Meinnse consti relonhip for an tropic and homngecows ari ‘eer experimental tiation Figure I sbows the baa oc Ong {Slap compression est 2 For sess is han of, te mn mpc he fempressive stesso the rrk so close ay existing saul eck and sre, Sc ew ae rocks ae rented aig ths ital Sage of eampesion, reverb tht he sess decreased, he strona curve ee {raced During hs ina phe the rere str carve ao era he teil tend tfen df the este of crosconte ac 1 ‘Once the apple sss exceeds o the ck csr pl complet and stole ato ai the so, Linear tebe in baer fo | Sues excedigo “Te nar range, however, lined Once the stresses ar sient 0 eae ne eric, for exam, ato he proves i both nals and reverie ice elaing the compressive fc dows ote te ney raed {rag Rly, ove othe rap prowth of cack inabuerved. Fle cits so lo the wens shows by Fig. 21, th elo of sess beoween of mete amr ‘oI near and wean Young's mods and Piso’ rai ean be eee. The those pose of tra socks generals beeen mad ‘andar oer med range condons we woul expect he quae of intra a be wel Porous Media ‘The males primary interes Ree sre pro nd est seme af the pores tne iterconnete, eet peti the No of ul. When thse pes He ‘ed wha, then the a pressive blo sppetcompessve stress ‘read on an cknert of rack ohme. The represent of he mechan ropes a ck ts tere ecomniz the exten fa pre peste ‘Oe sch vepresetaton a ows anwar(ueetse) Ueand 0d se ie mel ne ner Ow a he SS Mines Cr ind Weide kee 2 ee Meee ee are, pce “ ‘The unis G an nH. 25) may be considered abe popes of Wave Propagation In Eastic Mecta “Tae mechanic popes o formation rock cn be exited Hae on soni {np ihe yoreny& known fas ont ndpendet mere 7 The oncep shat the voces te compression ve and he shes (ae) Stover connie the vlvant [2,910 intron. The to diferent waves ‘sted by Fe 22 Conic aang otha as ben sac by hee ‘one of sca Ite How elie slog the ros a he mater that “lst compres ant someon wil opuetewihacern elec Mog ts erat Thi he Poe one ther nd lm dived perpen the o's eceEees a Snrests ina sear: hat chage of spe wihot change of vlan. THs ‘eforeaton wil to propagate ong thes ih a etn slot depending, ‘ton srg the mari ests shang foc, Ts the Se ce Fe. ihe tar sack a cern aml then bth waves te pew, Te ‘elo ofthe two waves nen pear rent, Bot lcs depend on the itholoy ofthe rock, he pros, atthe ‘hd iting te pores For tse rks We age of Pave once ans from 8 kc o 13 tse [7 The Sova vel i owe, rus one Stat ofthe Pave Ths ihe Some vetcy at fe dee! fo ‘ecoling ofthe wave tah which contains the sal mite wih ter waves Stemming fom lectins fom inracesanhotape mea, bay vate, i fic Comiderbleexperence maybe egured ores won logan det the Sinve. Tne’ etal] dscns he measurement of he sea wave ee) ‘nate terry sedent at eae, om thee oan rete Fora and Sms veloc, spect an ithe bulk dest, These ewitions ply to homogeneous asi mt hey se ‘iy approioately cores foe pros omation eck Gand cm slated [Been sy ane porasiy. The post eed ema the lk deny "ou 23 shows correlation tht ea sometime be ane 1 esate ‘You's modula ered onthe son tavl te op. Tas age dot ot Doweve, eet dferences tay totes ld proper whey ae al Frown to icce the wave voce uae Doman Rak Sale ‘cae sae sal un Chk an am depth of 7 aoc 2 {nan cnpest od fo No cong prem sete a Sie Ware amin hel vesionon aan hg the tam? ‘tin TE 2 ie he flowing ior fo his me REESE Pah moat am ad ane gm Ho Ba. 2.) On peg = MC oar tem @ Pye! Propeie of Formation Matern Chap. 2 a : N i i So Buon E224 song te coral 2. wee om) fete al ee i ve ewe he fr xed on he sa at ‘beupartrceisn the pone rresion Abner ses oe woe T3079 ‘en = 28 0 ie one deca dares me) Rock Embedment Strength Another mecancal property of nee ia tt propped and aie ares Me voc eaten! sgt, Spa eh es sped tel Palit of sinc meters used Tas mooted onthe oper ten of eae"et cin that ads the specineshykansly Te prefered ie Specie pie of cre 3) nchosn ams ad or mere inches ang. The ‘non engis desta to rede the posty of ck breakage. The be Fein i toot scents! ws the rack specie athe tel fli bedded oa depth of W012 ich Whe he dered penton shure the fad i eotdd. The lies apie under mone and laeterithe plane ote ack sure & nar Thie Gate sed felts proicted are, wich then ded iat tn led the ok ‘bat ene. Tis line Suns = Me ea, es He the as he tr oe dint Tbe 22 hom {number eee tenga or asus mation. A mare sri om Dlton can te fund Inthe HybuatcFracarny Monograph 3 Nate Ser aes tween? 10 kbs ondt Na inborn es 22 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS ‘We sa be iret ab he ates compresty and viscosity of ‘us found i byaroeatbn being fans Tse fads ca arma "eothormal Compress Inher compress is defied as 8), os where Vis volume and 7 tmperstine. Th deine is bays posite, For “ Phytiel Properties ot Formation aterils. Chap. 2 crepe tr, the values showa ty Fig 24 wt be aewut for al of er purpose “However eat atthe preseoe of solved sol wil ede he aera ones of wate [8] ant solved pases wil erase 14 ta are “cSt etme ofthe thermal compres reed, thes exec ‘san comelaion somes by Eslugher are arate [6 “The thermal comprnsisy fa underrated bl, whet pos Itai ent sve, Tate's Coeaon fr campresty (Fi 2.9) ay euieiM Tousethscoteluion an esate ofboth he peter reste nd proud epee egue. Pigure28 shoms ne costo 1] for hee panancter Te ened o somprasty tated on Fig. 2S ua 2 is ealated fom the eqn na emPrmcal Popcieno Fomaton Matias chap? Fis viscosity ‘The vison of water and gs ar gven by Fis 29, 2.10, and 2.1, Agia ‘went tht he ales for crude i are rough exits on nd ibortry uae preterse. The hg vss ave atta func o res bitdependon th umount a ps Jasled Cereus acoiaing eth umount i issoled gas ae somal ty arog (6) 128 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS ROCK ‘Te tempest within he earth's crt incre with depth pproninaly n ‘onda with te equiton Tot +e0 ean were the sverige sey temperature and ithe depth, The seta Erin os rare from lice to seh porosity SC per 8 imple lust i show tha &formston a= depth 0) may Rave 2 tempenre in exo of 107 2s tld con, slut. o le of ehemsa reacts, ics depend a he Mu tempratre il fen be ecsary oct the i epee a Contact wth errr, Mis action reuesKaowedg of wo ator fest cpu a eral conducts ot he a the rsh, eat capocty Heat apa it a menue of the ait of body to ore es, eine at the beat oxpreted here iocloes (sa) regu otceae the temper. Meco go mae by °C unr conn of mtn! pcs Soret (3 a sown hat heat apis of sandkiones and imesones an be cviaely predicted om heat eapatis of consent ec ones. He ao insted hat hear apes erat a eae epee ih Bod ‘eure the bet epaces of he epee reserve pes “Tos, tebeat capac a santo canbe aprxinae by the fling spat ih Lx ony ‘where must be expressed in °K. Hore, ht the unite eli: Sin, Tor inenoes 8) 20) ‘These st cpstes op to the rock skeleton mater For fi edhp =~ PCr + Spal nas aww, Here, ois the uk deny f the Did ied rock, thai the deity a he oval, end Cy ts eat apt In ast al apsiceons yen Coa ‘hemos sel nates, ‘Thermal Conductnty ‘Terma conductivity, Ki dfn y the etion een au) where Othe fx of eatin the scorsinte drestion (eal?) a {Bll els ween! he hd the rok ae ase ta ‘eee lperare a ech pot. Resta of te wey ge sre t-Olome ‘is ama oun a suterranca frase, ti fn exelent Spo Into The was or Kare expensed in helm see “Some 23] hs essred he thermal eonacvies f ew le sores a °C. He found conseesbe ves between snes and aed ‘har hires preset been Tube 2.3, cold not be cree in an but try. Ths, fer applaions reUeng pele ales of Ky, Sorin eco ‘ened th they fe meses ald empertres and ese ig he The as pve in Tle 23 were bined x 3° is expected th thse Condy Reka ene) ens APCS Chena Sle Foowty (hte) (atm) ete) ect = Degree ie satus alba arg at eer epertres, Bich an Cla (2) eon hat Ihe hema antes most anes dues ered th tenperate, "fe vas of Ky repre in Tale 23 vary ax fant othe parr ‘tus cnn’ within the pores. Ts fos sl Pe bre nnd when electing ttapregre Ki forse spinon Prt, nhs momar ang Theol recovery proces har ole extensive thermal tae up dle ‘readin for ten roperts [29 I'd re ot able, the ede sho om he Appener Paes monoaan {24 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FORMATION FLUIDS ‘The ea capaiy of water apron 1 Kelg°C. Tl vate wl apply ‘wth scent acaracy ode apations considered in iis ook, “he ony a and gar eral pope atrest heen capac For ‘tinting tbe hea capes of crade ll, Fallon end Watson (8) eeoinend ite coneon Coa HS! 0 AA wn st 1 am) WWE +08 ere aa a(S st is iy a dy a ty rr {the se tomperstire and Tia. the Unters Ot Poluts Cha. an mis an __ (Sor oa pit ia )™ so) etn)sthane, wich x given by (7, Come = 824 1907 WFP 4 RS OTE 26 Oy where Ts in and the eat capaci creed ia Kal le“ eam 22 Sat Sete Tepe Pile ‘ecg sone coe (01m eth and mam ire on) {iy nse slog era eo th tone aw ng nh ico Ione fe ir eae manned Sempre of (OE = thou tep' 25, lays mee mperre aton l he ‘Stale Here essa phos at fe temper hp tie in| ‘nthe coe under stadt condos. Coie bly ta mut at oe Susy Sta enn 398 mee Teno bas Sten A see fet en Fig. 2.1. Take he cdntion t Be Se Soe Sa? © ae ewe ‘moved fom cc cpa at ur Tne cant = Gost Note ht sce he atm nh 0 esos, Q, = 2s = 0. om Eyes wee at re Bron om | Beeson a ate ol he ey “eed he et red ne ais a eh, ving ge awe Te te eosin ae ONUIE) a Ta ges sane Tis 1 rare Lig avone sett = [ost aeAre i 10 is iy fe ae somos Surette = [NOEL ecaar 28) aed on a. (2) 2. te fo ate le anane a= 05s (a0 88) (aunt + vax weer ~ SESH) 2 19 (men) (1888) 20 Seeing £3, 2.20 it By.) and inert een es We Ft REFERENCES 2.1 ay, Faced nC, on: hg 22 Hi 1 cin Zan ue of Pra Me, 2s, ge Is Crand Cn. Wado f Rock Meche, 2 SS apne ia 7 2 nee J Cand Puna of Rok Mecho, 208 See eee eae te Secribcmneemn en hams Ot ee eae eee Bei ee ie sae 211. Howard, G.C. aad Fast. ©. R, Hidvouic Frachrng, Mono. Ser, 2, Society of eae eee eee ee te ee saws 2un Tae Cae Al USS 9“rae AC, Dam ANE, 210195) 38, Bo i Kat D One Gy and Alen, RC, “Nt Ged sat the Vb Hp Nar nine Ain Aner. Tene Mute, Sand Roi. Gy Pee gn Fos Ta ey, ons Se, Sty ele age, Rehan, Ts, ‘Batt Cy ans nr eo 8 Ee AE os ape ean tn te Hee ren stoma Fee en eT enamine scm tne te BES enter tn ‘hacia, Texas, 158. meres iSight ae, ee cae PRopLens. Ac saape ofGaeesnaune (E33. Wk = 02824 = 0109) itSeca os stew of 1A tal led sie etn ces | ‘og pene kat mane see ate es ft se Si eee mae pena he mop aT esti i in in ame ce hae ih ‘Aeblesnpe a Gir ene = 38. 9 Him» = 9340.8 = 0 (eid os sou af er a lid Acontig pete Actin eho eet te hig tg opt REPO Te Bel pene pr remep stove he wag wf Z yee Pra Popa of ormaton Mate og eto spe cle wn ny te nen at pai ‘gre and sisng he setae athe econ perpen fo he eae ‘SoSTiy mine sine bce sot ancl Semen ote, hs pevety be “26 iat ug comm fai ory tne ‘2 as ne hse em is te ‘Proms a anlar ng coun the saan ie os howe Oy iP ites eat A= yore un a ‘hoor cm in thea ene aoe he abe Wal Uy = 09m Fi PEA a ‘taped he ne wren omer apr pet” pany 22, ong snd le cre ama ody = 0493 eat 2OY See npn rept canoer ee Chemical and Mechanical Senile aac oacunaediteCtortaen | Properties of Injected Fluids Jn this caper the emia nd mechanical ropes af nets us are con. Sherd: These Mid re formated fer specie proses fr exam, a cete Side trctres during hae acting, to sole sandsone Tock 3 ‘sid silat oro vie well omtolandbenondaang when wed [a wrkover fli, Spec frmolatns such a hee are come i the “rope chapter dealing wh hat sppicaton nonce mana he eet ‘tutstave corti pronetin fn common wick can most cmneiea be cot Scere ina ig hp or example, payne etsy, ad its {ened to amost al weatest Ma As, foams a eos ae sed In trey of aptatins ed th propre il e dsc in his hater, n {he ina sect, on are dct Since sls wre used primar toda ‘evervl rok thc restos with rok ae enpbasnd sige ama cn oa ye smc eae sin | leh of te cet i gt io hc, Te ah oe ‘aoa {41 AQUEOUS POLYMER SOLUTIONS: CHEMICAL ASPECTS lyre teas 1 bth water tlio icease the prea wos, to Foc the fon loner atenigtrtulent No, ot eee the sl a Fie caacy, Wntorsolcbl pcs pla aor le dae eased a ths cher. ‘oly ge molecule (crooks) composed of many sing nisl socal in i ae semen Hnke ose. Whe “Mcural unt r coonetd les, han ke ho, he ole eal)4 bomapabmer.Plycrlanite shown in Fg 3, ad Xantan gom 2, ‘bow in Fig 3.2. are examples of near polymer. The Naan payne oe hives complied start an bt sear sna he polymer i cononed frees uns ote ane show, j ‘Soeies two, rather tha sgl stuctrl an, ae wae to bud «| lyme Theve a led eopymas ul an be either dom, Wack ora ovolymer” As th nme ines, rom copter ar those fr which te ‘ence fhe two suc units random shea sk copolymers cx onsierabe stot ede. In ack copolymers the proto that abscem_ | tractus re nt er ser a copter otal wk comes in ne aon erste soto one is ataced at undo pons san he tna chai Paty holed pyar] eric rm sce presented {nF 33, tsarandm copolymer, Beis heexrboryt pup Gsecaesfom _| {hes coumeron i agucossoton, the payne sometinestelened_ {Dab pobecenaien, ico € THE al STH se Py Me a ‘tthe tallg cts pacivank poms anes ih ondoasrecot dea teeming eee son tite cca coer te Seen sc cotlecest ame cases Pee eter Leng = 2400040154) = 4 1 Tht. ght i rnd 4 Ta hy eet ‘Sto te lee te wena pecs pte an Natura and Syotete Polymers he scons ext pein ae sone a he vee of ring soe aon aoe aang te str un he ake [Taser mses pepe nu secon is ore sel iw be ac nt sen Fey peyote Ga um ) tan eagle ee Fe. 3. tus dened tome eto be gpa evn hence he {ean recs etl pe gn We wll née pets aa Sms wi they ane om nr! poet pan ‘gr 34 chen ert 8 50.31 Aqueous Pojmer Suns Crem Aspects “Cetin isthe mst abundant ol het polymers bat iti ot se in woes or in (4) Tobe stl trextrat appar close mit Be ‘oie cheoaly 2th evar scy is eabnce. Setar pobeaey Schasceblse woichare mi to cance he aby. ep eed mote polymer amet och a he placrynies, wich are maitre by king busta nts oer ae Cll ete 7 abl do it nese hci by a ea linkage ithe polo ees ut Sa thinks shove i crs om sod with x uinge Roe oto oxygen te wh aso bed tom lest oe Iden atom. Tis nape canbe son nthe stro Nathan so ig. 12) whch sa satura ple The seta chon sled by a of Sonja toa mmndal carton of aot moonnesbarie he bse sara Un frm he cai. Te extence oth nage an ingore of ‘nual pobmers ie fs sme untae tn can te hyd ken ‘rated with nate) incl salatone or broken by sacymes, cated 8 {estas generated om cyte sucka ammonia port, baked ‘tv vedo agent 3,8 ‘Many tthe sopleatons of polymers in well etna ae best served i the eotyner canbe led Coker Ino sale tapes sr conleon ‘oft we trestnet Ts being of the plete ee te way ‘(the sluion and ls wel rodaton when fw senedflonne he et ‘neat Ts, te insti of he asta Hnkgs fe socines sel eae Sync potymes geney se formed ty ting te stored its ‘bruh ubon fa carton bods Conner sees (0 Kat) eed ‘ore hs bon, aod these polymer ea ye qe sabe: This wil nt ‘her spleon a well eatment Shope) ar repr an enenre sty of Ie cher stay of placa pyar and Wsato [ln sed ans The sty fee ply eyes ogee ota ‘Theat kag sone importa etre ofthe plymer ste. There ‘cots All atest pane. wheter ntl a othe mas are ‘ithe poi gop ric rps incrprate i the ea srl it Ae ‘esate, pr ysrlond pecan disc a water and there fee, lassie as on one polymer The sly of lone pees ae pods on ths mechanism of Scion and. akon a sel oe ‘ter, sol oeicymers normal redtced Thos We wl expt Ton potest be ute sna othe compost a coneton oe (Cerio and lecranica ropes tite Fide Chas 9 lect couldn the tera wish the potmer mole sed {ee Ses ssn af pial hayes plas om, ‘Picts ane tea Ie waged eaboger ae ba nebncer h wcee 33) (lr rte eh ines ny ih gy deacon tattdaie. Tor gs on ob en eve SSD acti Gury hn umber lr op OH ata 0 SNE Siae ot ei rms wser sy, br one ese SSCTuu au canbe edi newt we eractn Oy Morar Sake E'foters eee to tempt: Can orm pa my be PSaiyshl in sold water bu ony become pees ssl n te ‘Sere sae Th, pry fee mean stains (Srachha ay ove poges pets vad copes bm re Modes Patymers Gat aa pe ove y nig ne ae: re Ho {ie cetuone welt but scr tet dave pla Senet {iy aren vter sob nth tral om, Snes cone bunt ‘tpt eres my bese o mae them ws Tis done Sutin bth Ot rap ere tree pera an) The rt ihe substan reaconcan hve mani deares of subataon o 3 Geese it ald be adi metres ce cp the dees stb Ran pric ruc uit soar degre of bston oa ect fle: at on the vera the ee OH pups fs fen asi, “Sperber ar avs rl Pel sepbeton, Sy carport lor pepe he acto eux with chorea SSoinlle presence ocd bysie The stro be mode pote {GAG tsown a Fe 3. Neto tht we he rl cfs peru fotionc tr crac in CME eae dss cath ns tht noite {er We muldaniciute adept fa seniiy with earth ropes ‘ames sons of CMC : “Cae cans Be sss by polar compounds, hich i intense the mtr iby ft man ami’ Hyon xine HEC) nab ‘toupproy elle ae eunpler of odie cles tha oo sore ‘Seen eaten of sd clos wi ete oe al he wih chloro i forms sd ates oye alse (MITE). catenin Ow,1s anionic ops ataced ut, tea there we fever of them tte scr sted ino CMC. trace more ae wales tet Te ror pornle moles eo ob ls so he wae Temperate [tees Tha, HEC my ret nh ter "Wich othe mold clues Is seletewldepe on be parr splat, he quay fhe tert stat er sean he ‘Sroaton tempat. Al tse try wl prove to be gute tora “The wide ued payer ane tacuee bs moe bum caled todrempropy sua Tas mod ptr bas sone sivnags set Senator par One othe ox inch esa eae ge Sry or tan 5 Shisha wea iy dcyogyl an dpayetc {Gre Ts comres tthe reside fuel wh stra Ba ea {Sim teen mpd three may eta mag alwie wel ‘rte, easy rong theese he este Tan, hen ‘peas tha siden the oka ple canbe Sarai othe seg oe Smet ar mat hep ce hewn ‘eld Stabitty Syaec polymers sch ot polycylnides ar elie sale alow ps Ibe an are generat at in splestons where nein the pine snd en fr unl ings cern Imy theatre or modied payers degrade ply nelson, Pe 57 sows the viscosity of seve polymer an anton tie nS we HCL sro cy 8 see RE waaremeess Sune of Pete Tes. 39886 30) # Chenier acta Props feted Fie Chg 3 arte iease othe asl eg wl gly serve fo aceeate the ate of| ‘cxrnsion "Xunhen gun apes 1 be more reseant oad atack compre to ‘he oer ml polos ested even hou etal nage we lo prevalent Nina The ason for hs adds st ly derstand tsps {b beveled to he onfrmance ofthe Xanthan molecles aqueous solution. ‘They ate bsleved to form eal arcu in which Nanas moles Me interne, Crostinkng Cronin sta eocess whereby polymer mecules dave i agous Sohton te uae ogee or ney ow tear wig aie (rou Tinting ge whch tract eter reg droge badgers Ito per moles the same ine (1,18). Ira sicent quai ‘Sonstige present my of te maces in veto may te ined, ‘Gevy fring asooncostamagessental fw verte maleclr Wegh holes, Cotikng on agentes he as cont, Cross inked {sare hgh noe Newtons ad the vicooy sie o cacti “fn mow wly ud types of rosin get we the metal fone sch 1s boon, coms anim saminus 12-1). meal fon in slug ‘aly Sssctes mith one or mre pou that sie the fon. The soca ‘our re oes ced pwnd an he ction ln thease ours Le Sotines cal comer. Tet ae no bar past aes deen ‘he monte olga ta can ascnewhataln he maiam coor {ination misnomer fs mumber ery afte te fon ge on ‘he mon am Ths fv Al°°" the maximum cordon pombe 6 Inthe ‘es ofcroucng the neta fn coords ih the hyo ou ofp ‘See to fra complex tn. These complex ns can fo and dai Ge ‘Bly Tose whieh foe ad beak ap are eed le, I comple [Ene abe, hee wl tes rap exchanger, hal association btween = Ital ion an yn tan at for aot time; Bower ace a ascnton [Suse by for cui shen oe ermal acts fhe molecules, em [Sonctaons form ply Te eal tra hse exclu eins sie ‘SEosve to the type o€ melon, the scare ofthe ple. a pad ‘Sten, and ie sompsiion an onceton (1) ire 3 shows amet i QM Wh alnce a asc with vo rolymet moleces Fach th vt sh oe rg feat, Foe ‘ample stony (av) for eroelned ge ago 2, Bt at ‘ell pl pene than&Aninny (ne = 08 the beh, works well high PH ‘Syne plaers ssh as potacamies cn be crosinked using neta «ations Tal suninum orion ben ed, 1) a rumies (SeEs te rns ung date such sor 5 or aldeyes och ‘toemaldese 8, Tub evn th cro inked ls now play pear oe inating 083 heute Poy Slaton: Chemica Aes 6andthe wes rons in ara ycking oertns a sings nortan ‘have perl understanding ofthe mocha cus he formation eco. Fett extagen ot wth cn ba ie “under conditions of shear. a {42 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS ‘This section concerned with wo importa! mech properties of eaten {is The Br ioorut fe those fos ch te aa uch tie ‘ramen, the reno tetnen shee nd ses The mathesl ‘vel now ued st fen eds th shar ae ancl fhe spd Stes the powertaw mode! 7. Tht atmo parameter mal wile lneres and prance to examin the sbi sas teen Md 9p “Stljng the Varian of he to parts ih temperate pf ‘he second mechanical etre. whch ples rt Moi tha of sao ton recto. The pesve drop tending ut Rw can same {es reduc yang lyer to he ei Th relacton a Se porte For etal, if the surat preter tent bene ences ev nal emetic ahem be me inquest eae The PowerLaw Model ‘The egrinent dept by Fe 39,shovig» oer pte in mtn ens cry vie ep ate hel feo neal ora ‘etane vont parts) So eter mien hs at ‘cheapo Sowa 9h ve ac eves Sen, F sami tony vy ot fas ee an convey i thn hed oma ence pe al soa ey “ios haste a eae Te ‘mathematically by the equation ies FA pie on an gm i pl Te “Te conf propertly, i alle he vison the hi, w the {pacing between be pre ter andthe ae fone ofthe is. “sua for ft work to wt Ea.) na moe gee or. Lat ts desate he shea reste razon os plane etd perpen ‘ulrtoy ay Te sn convention chonen sac tat poive t he ‘FSomoonent offer exert by te othe argr vals Soa the Olé Stoll vcs fy ote. Forth cae shown, he a trae aes $e Fig 3.) ravng a ser rate than te Bates valves a and felted retard is on. Ths os expe oe nea fecanwite Ba. OD ty ton ea, where the component fhe tld velo ‘Gey dy tne forthe ese depicted in Fig. 3.9 and ince it always ape aber epi. Exon (22 ie able han Ex nei ie decal equation ant wl ply ce ifthe eo ier uct of. doy depends a9 then 5 shown by Ea 02. {Sui pe In te remning cans he book, Ha (3.2) wll he sed. The I elicit ene toa sgl det, then moe comple lan Ship eee tc sen aod the san raf il apy. Those mer onl i Sons ate no encour ts book; bower, ove ental probly Me ‘hosed by Be et (7) “We ne petously coed the viscose same popes oe stat, apis ops the vl te wer sete i aed [ewan ihe 9 lt of vers 44s ne ssn toa tis Alina lames als Newiian, Tey vac i de prado temperate, pesie abd hd composton, tu oot depend on he Earns The cont a Sled by B82) therefore property he {han does nt Spent oa ton. inhi cae, te ix tae cot Many ote ade wed or well eatment re not Newtonian, As soni Fig. 2 te selainsiptetwoen the ters andthe san rat fora paler ‘ction ent ca ne For thi fi he sos a alates ose on Eq: a thereto vara I ildepead on the sea te, Soh scosiesyour Mane neon aoa? = = (eas pen i i : a g i j i Q | re pyrent vscostes and 0 be comple, one mst spe the shear rate at ‘Sich'any repr apparent cosy as been menses ‘Sher nig adr re thon flor wich he vc ecteae a the sear se pcrener One mae! edo dfn the prenvisony of sea thing fins the power mode. Fe ths mode th spare! viscosity & een DY on ier he vera ies denote the bolt veo he shear ate and ean Ire puree The ow ines, mecnues devstons rs Neon beat (ent gives 4 Neston fl) For shear tag Ms w= The any fis smtines cae the contin index. ‘The inensiogs othe consistency in ar komen tits. Many hed rests ie ves of as bys" au specifying hat hee ae ‘Reunite Tole 1 shoe dt fora tare hai take fom 2 service company ral 32 Comer of Unt woe > Cores) (534) (ots) « cat “The ae fm ap for mest non Newtonian sae ants of em peat The neem given tends proach ly Newton behav) 38 he ‘Spee cee Asean of coer paren i curing rts TABLES. Atsaloga Peametr of Mironoop Gun Cross (88g) Tei oan "i sce) hme 5c 32 Mechatca Proper of Feiner Solitons .‘noth ary th ime clevated temperatures. Thi sd tthe degrada ‘he pane moacles lead tate 3 [ample 3 Ponty Pastas Refit mn ioe eho Fa 38a aso feet fuse Th tse pds ns Wm pr Blot te tate 2:0 re tes gefhe tee i on itn mak 0, we ete stom Ge = Din | ” Sa mmee Adal 23" Ioson = (a Dns Fae diy = 205" part voy ven by pore ae Bh ‘rag Reduction n Turbulent Flow ver sal quotes feta perc materi te aed ot Ning Intralot eto athe esting ow ah be ober. Thi redaction nese loss was spraeny fr cher BY ‘Toms ands sete ale the Tom eect, Sans] a evened the eo) ‘eearch of tht seemingly parade phenomenon, Moré ean rviw, whch Smmarize the theres proposed expan he mechs espa fr dak "eduction, are also aval [a 21) Drag redacon reste pipe may 86 ” (mica ans leoaria Prooutes ot sted ke cmap 3 sae conven preset in ems ofthe Fang tio fatr, f =O) whee Apis the res dap prune of hr be, Dich abe “meter andthe averape vlc the tube ie 81) shows da pe Sota yr ot al for water th and int oma anor plete sien onda pb edt else fom Fg at dag oct ey {se fw etoeson enn en om ate en Fest the tl raaton rom Noe thatthe iano nl 20 pp 0 Wate {in rtace the ton tor y on ae Ts exans, acd Ea. 3.9, fiat fora gen flow re ie prc op ae Ties “Te cls prodng dg ecto fete aly underod, ‘hough sme of pole hates for poten gpd ees have Scenic deerme fongtan boston an lex re inportt horsetrtes f good reducing age forex, two plynerstave {he sue acc weit he near ow wil pray te ne cre han on SMR Deo ames a asve which hy tranche Srila, the payer cmpond ofthe molecular neigh sonomer wi genera hei este ope a ‘Sine soliton weight action and sl palynr mela wi oe Although the mechs by wick reucton oss hate a, ‘tied, appears tat scons plays an portant fl Let scone | ‘besinpes ponte model fore sous Ble ely 9 Masel why {or sl lemons may’ be dens by he lowing aston 2 se itn, ton 9) il SEG iceman omer Seta — -. x7 oo -——™ SS ESMBPSG Stet wane Fn he EEE Sais tte Sighs ne omen sity Ma ial era meget a cara mi eos oe irae na gece "het ht tion ot yn . & 5, pyeeeeriermgres pes oe SE Boy nn bch indicts ae ca wher is mesure in deton perpendicular t the only il lemen “he shear Teld gered y th lowing ain SS eeanlon) tay on, where) = VT. Also the motions med tht Bao aya) on ‘We wil ase tate disso sais the Mal elaine ‘aposnted by Bq. 3. Ung thane oun own he cory “GSipated over one pera T= 20 nhc ote fd pete ‘s:We willing ta th rate energy spon gery Scenes oe ‘renses ata fed ae oy ade eens 9 cee at ied wee dogg TEBE, se he id eos epee by he gee uO) = AQ) exe 09) 2 ‘henic! nd Mchanie Proporta of sete Fs cho. | ‘whee AC) fostion of but does ot depend on tine, Sabataing By. 3.) Io Ea 3}, he wet exe 1 a cu) ‘ where the comple visosty nis iea by Substtuig Ba 5) and #9. 6.10) fo the momenta lnc, Be. 3.) Sen at the aston AC) mos sus The dere euston wan oan fine wien use “Ths in Al) = 1 e140) on where we choos the otf which at a pose repr tht i, Re) > {Equation G2) shows that ha function A) am cxponentia one Th ne tn ea no be subututed to Bg.) to determine the sear tes ‘inton of both ie ad poston. Is ths ass We re, however, aie. ‘Stedit a measure othe eet) feqaed to muita he ect) mation ‘tet clement, Any tine the ate engy dation 3 pent "erry ‘As w measate of en spon we take the maga of ts obi ‘incon Tas | B= Kesh y= ou) where the vera ines denote he abot vale of he complex foston, Aer nal ateag)” ou “This eqn shoes tha ston cr simple mol easing he vcosty [Hiccae fe rb ener doipatn fae heres resin hy eect Scat As ply adden reap ne ec a ‘hnge mists, th ston of sal Soncetoo pepe oc So tens tito. This ston depited i Fig The cn ator re he et cms ce oe cman, wich Str nx change 2 decry io tar es ion ‘cnet ct Aste pyr onsen inte ad Bth a 9 inrean sabia acy coe woah not cnet EO) to dete te ‘have ach sues) hen nt pose based on te Piston factor 6.82 Mecha Properties of Poymer Suton »one, ope hetero atthe presi drop wil inreas or decrease tm ‘ic moan of ais pumped rough pa Mesaremens show ta ey {rest 2,2) This ca be nerpted based on Ea (10) 8h pot hi the moos ictus & ster ha hy tends to deese For paral hy “rolee plyacyiame the maxim rg reduction cvreipons to once {rion sate es tha 19 pm 23). ‘ra reaction a mot imporan consist the dsien a rating ‘us tesome cist hat ih tes re sexrale fn acievig wide fa {Us andthe sto of dren as wlblp erp th wel hed pees accep ees een a hh neta aes 2.9 SURFACTANTS Surat (onetines elledsrface active agent ae used ia ano! sry seo wel resent. Vaal every ijt nts Ryocarton ich ‘aon contains wrasse, To fsa a) be top stb ‘ad ater emulsions rom the cory. ey be ded tobe {estate elms. Suractans maybe ued to she meaty, Wo nese Soluble, ort Sere adives esher nolo wes. The [aplctiogs ss semi wales ene. Many ofthe ns which uct teed requ eel eet el an prope oles ot ty ‘Seattle. Remarisly, fhe despa of wal eae mos | Fata ae sete for use with ite ono bora so suppor the hs ‘logic anole te peri nde cnn ‘lc hey i be sped. Ths ea nd tree cotry 1 hse which Intended he add the srt may hinder sues he Wen fate thn help Uns te srt ar a verified spe pros shal fot be aed eae fis sh Seton ech ty deeb some the properties of satactats which he rcioner abot be sare of ih ‘lahat eel in or siteeqent css testes dese ‘Strict have two ese prope of pest ratte. They ‘exenly surface active tbh wera and wie nrc where sae [sty deft a th ener to conamate an merce an cee Ue nrc sae Wren. Ths are epee of vara acy fa ea ihe lea svt ofa surat eect as dept in Pg. 2 The ine to ditt, separate ores of suacast molecae-one wich cle Ihe phe moe he "wate lovigg prt and ascend whch ead | Iyophobie matey he wae ating pa, One a ofthe mee theo SO; Nato, prefers oben th aquous phase wheess the seca part th Ios, hes eter alin for than for ater. ‘By aleig one pro the surat mace or Bot pat, ca te ncaa orden ny Fr water ths bance Betweon he yop (Scans “bend ad the byrepbe ura’ al") moe Eh |Scrcilin overng he properties of stn; however, awe caer ‘hs alice baton far ané the oly Sr Sot P CU Rapp Rezo Sarat 4-8) 2 “oer ‘80;Nor oa P (uo msn Stes 34.68) umes at sia diet in Surtice ctiviy snohe onypropery at may be ative o surat. Many heres of leas, sacha eb, exhib ange ee a slice etn Aleobol son ret ede the sufce tension tern tres ‘en hah the ae presen inony sal uate, However lea re not tpl tht a suace ce by wate ite src an wh fom icles {aqueous salutes, athouch hs dincuon adnate somesbat el (23) 'Aeol san aes of lage umber of sultant lees a wch ‘he yop pron of he maecles are aanged So tht thea coat ‘vh water ad the hyeopalse potions are aleted togethers th hey fom ‘Soman Rg 310; Safar cela ue shows uranged in spe fomt ‘sh the sof the mutica Cerophte pst) elected togtber In thoN, “\ | [ © a et a Inge hiner tthe pe lay ese 2 vn sal do of ltd indcod in an apteton anf eo sansisr hint Detect a Been fond, fr evan, ht the seat a ean iy aerials not normaly ‘ery soln wera be ete fo rhe ent y the tone Strats 2) ese ely ta these ly matte incorprste Inureo temic The mies are esl ante vet te ee Indeed th aus of th zee sow in Pig. oughly the eth of the ‘tacts al wich may ge fom 24 The ese of ese sa ‘Stross can be dsured by gt stern expereens or ner om thee {elon prope, bu ear oes ten gute tanspret They wl ‘Sy as ough most pes in Seientary rocks 30 sel soon x Be neted an rene is 1 Its fat unto eamin rf the moc ste he met en pple commercial arctan mnesles These ca be vied te eu roe ‘pening om the maar tthe hycopic okey “he sic’ Rend prop cn be eed atone, ctl, noo ramped Anne srtactns ozs magico soon: wth he ne cas (Geta eating» aeaive stage (28. Catone arate sone & ‘Shon wth the long chi eis epost charge Non acts ane {ole group, wich hase Stony any for wer bat oer not oie 5. ‘Shieahers rope a fect sain i which he lng Cain sass Bove o a mga charge, depending one pH of the solution. Tose su Fas te eae ampoten (Hach of thee il be escned inthe Ret Amine Sutactants Alon ufc are reauemy aed to wel ements Teese ths ea mega chars when ey tng fn agus slo a sce mo "erro nr are lo neaivey charged atacand he ae ‘tie ston pt Se Chap), ane sats ea minimal soo Propet ot etn Fide cna 3 (Cig (CHa) oCHOSOgNa Ne ais -Alklbenzene sufontes (Fi 3.2), sts of cove acd, peuleu sit ‘Bes, ln salar and al sates ce P's.) al thy appt {The fsarbon ta ofthe saracant elec an Important etre ad By ‘ying enh sn dees of rachin; the satan cn De made see ‘mer uf acon. Rosen 2) proves sod summary ofthe infaene f [inact o he rca properties The sac sodium 4d benzene sonst fas 12 crsom in the hdropote shi, Ath sarfstot ead fo anata solos Stee tension intl ccenses Lael ith he natn he rata encewaton. Ths ends sow by Fag. 18. The sac enson of wate [Nite Nim an wth very small eonceiains of sat thes obeyed ‘apy decrnsng 0 3S Nm es ineresing fo nate it when the sata ncenrton hs been acted abu ICO ull, farter inten ie tho curve shown lees sharp atsion betwee he incr ecresang a. fic eso porto ofthe carve tthe sta eon where he ste tenon ‘oes ot change rte. Tas arp tanto betwee he wo Fens aust tobe ie slntonconcraton st whch agrees fst he mee, [ein ofr. The concep ir that once meses ea fa the ton ‘more saractat tothe slton ol ost theceson of ee mls ad ‘ha the rca cancentaton the nee Rehwecn the ian he Hatt A i q] id crore eee naanelas constant. Thus rte han adsring athe interac th sist n ‘cals take colve ation fo as tr ovm inert nte frm of mtn Isepices by Fi 9.18 there toting teas om he ter. Th x ty the surface tension doesnot rte decese when sna ictal edo he sion ; ‘he costo st Which mide ft forms ol pact oro, ‘nin on aod ean be te o cartes aura: The sneha the sharp brent shown in Fg. 3.18 bstled he eteamz concen ‘There are many popes ht show sharp bresk or very nee te rh _mcle concen CMC} (25, 6, The ema reste, sluts lee sot, deerzney and may ether popes canal bused to deere the sian CME. "The CMC ves afew ieesetnve suet Bion in Tale 2. The importa fentare ont hte CMC fee {he stata a lena Ashe eats 0 the nua al ented te ‘olin conceataton ich alele focm say Serer, A some po Iowever the srictant moles wil peipte a4 erya or 42 fee teaching the concentration ns ofr i, Is cose sata | {SSakto be st tempera tht fe tae Raft estore ncesing the lempertre wl reduce the eden for the sift to sale ado the Ket copertremcles ber tan eral form. Te pase dagen | ‘ownin Pig 16 bows the Kell temgeratre fora doa) heen afore Tato shot CIC a lunction af he tempera. For temper than the Krs oupertre, te saclst procpits as al als T TABLES2_ Cate ase Connon Ania uta) q | pe i be fe i so 3 WONCWER FB Pe 246 gan in rorenne cet ease Se Kraft temper of the does onze nfs is bse ob SC. Tie Parcs! cnt te wed i many apcations for wih he gues Piss teperatire est 48 ice pcp ram sete st {re eed ou the Mid foe tothe Coat, he Kraay ‘ert a suc ipo sce rhs Hover a which he Sorat can bu apps I sal heme, heer that ano pe ‘eset a woud te ie cas of an ovate enon, then he stant a ies rny prin iat the i ater than crystal Ja he ees aoe ose fo sean onc surat at temperate lx ha he Kral ep “The ect miole concentaton sao very important propery since ‘low his concentration meses dnt exleTodipene tsar hr ‘hic as ited wae oobi fr exaple,necesay to hve cele Sie ihe iho wl be aches ino thelr enor, ot eon ‘Thus, is wpa consents ences fhe EMC ae rou,