1 Gmc110 Gis Gisc and Applications Compress

1 GMC110 GIS GISc and applications
Cartography (GMC 110)
GMC 110 GIS, GISc & applications
GMC 110 – GIS, GISc & Applications
1
© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications
Geographic data & geographic

information
The importance of geographic data
Problems when dealing with

Lecture geographic data
outline What are GIS?
Types of GIS products
What is geoinformatics?
© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 2
© UP 1
Outcomes
• Define and explain the difference between geographic and spatial data;
• Define attribute data;
• Define geographic information;
• Define and explain the difference between geographic and spatial analysis;
• Explain, using valid examples, why geographic data are important;
• Using examples, describe 3 common issues when dealing with geographic data;
• Define Geographic Information Systems (GIS);
• Describe the 6 components of a GIS;
• Explain the contextualization of GIS within organisations;
• Discuss the benefits of geoinformation and GIS;
• Discuss the shortcomings of geoinformation and GIS;
• Explain the functions of GIS software and how it is implemented;
• Describe the types of GIS software available;
• Define GISc and why it is important;
• Describe the scientific method and how it applies to geoinformation applications and science;
• Discuss social implications of geographic information and GIS; and
• Explain, using examples, how geographic information, GIS, and GISc are used in industry and
everyday life.
Geographic data & information
© UP 2
Outcomes
• Define and explain the difference between
geographic and spatial data;
• Define attribute data;
• Define geographic information;
• Define and explain the difference between
geographic and spatial analysis;
Data
Spatial data Geographic data
• Formal locational reference • Data with implicit or explicit
such as a grid reference. reference to a location
– From mathematics. relative to the Earth (ISO
19109:2005).
spatial data: geographic geospatial geodata
© UP 3
What about data that lacks a spatial

framework?
• Descriptions.
• Known as attribute data.
• Not geographic in nature but can be linked to
a location on earth.
• Attribute data describes geographic data.
Geographic data
• Example:
– “temperature at local noon on 2 December 2004
at latitude 34 45’ N and longitude 120 0’ W is
18 C”
• place:
– 34 45’ N, 120 0’ W
• descriptive information:
– 18 C
• time:
– 2 December 2004 12:00
© UP 4
Analysis
Geographic analysis Spatial analysis
• Analysis of geographic data, • Not restricted to data as
i.e., as and of relating to a and of relating to a location
location on earth. on earth, such as the
surfaces of other planets,
the space of the cosmos,
the space of the human
body.
Geographic information
(geoinformation)
• Information concerning
phenomena implicitly
or explicitly associated
with a location relative Data: facts
to the earth.
• Geographic data that
allows you to answer
Information:
questions. knowledge
• Geographic data that
builds knowledge.
10
© UP 5
Sources of geographic data
11
12
© UP 6
http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2017/03/Central_District_Botswana
13
https://demo.webodm.org/map/project/45/

14
14
© UP 7

15
15
16
© UP 8
17
http://metrocosm.com/globe-air-traffic-particles/
https://www.marinetraffic.com
18
© UP 9
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0152370
10.1007/s00227-015-2743-4
19
What technologies do we use?

• Global Positioning
Systems (GPS)
• Remote Sensing (RS)
• Unmanned
Autonomous Vehicles
(UAVs)
• Smart phones
• Crowdsourced data
• Internet
• Etc.
20
© UP 10
The importance of geographic data
21
Outcomes
• Explain, using valid examples, why geographic
data are important;
22
© UP 11
Why does
geographic
information
matter?
23
http://www.i-traffic.co.za/
23
Why does geographic information

matter?
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Height of
Eyjafjallajökull
volcano ash plume
19 April 2010
24
© UP 12
Health
care
www.afrigis.co.za
25
25
Delivery
companies
26
26
© UP 13
Planning
authorities
27
27
Transportation
authorities
Cape Town SDF 2012
28
28
© UP 14
Location /
routing
29
29
Governments
Cape Town SDF 2012
30
30
© UP 15
Geodemographics
www.afrigis.co.za
31
31
Crime
mapping
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1991-38772014000300003
32
32
© UP 16
https://www.sa-venues.com/maps/mpumalanga-panorama-route.htm
Tourism
33
33
Remote
sensing
https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org /files/legacy-new/placemarks/imag es/52cd6ca44d675screen-shot-2014-01-08-at-15.19.27.png
34
34
© UP 17
Precision
farming
35
35
Environmental
management:
EIAs
http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/reports/tr/TR131_Drainage_C_water_quality_1984_s.jpg
36
36
© UP 18
Academia:
site map
37
37
https://www.strava.com/heatmap#12.24/28.18326/-25.79449/hot/all
Exercise /
sport
38
38
© UP 19
The SDGs
39
39
Time lapse:
music
performances
https://youtu.be/_euGMuX8EG8
40
40
© UP 20
Music &
geographic
data
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9_WG7eXelo
41
41
Having
some fun
https://eyeondesig n.aiga.org/for-decades-cartog raphers-have-been-hiding-covert-illustrations-inside-of-switzerlands-official-maps/
42
42
© UP 21
Being
creative
https://images-wixmp-ed30a86b8c4ca887773594c2.wixmp.com/f/13ad2603-668b-4c11-a371-91e56d25998d/deihd1a-79c74ae0-7e41-4c4c-bcdf-
757dfe0f0e1b.jpg?token=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJzdWIiOiJ1cm46YXBwOjdlMGQxODg5ODIyNjQzNzNhNWYwZ DQxNWVhMGQyNmUwIiwiaXNzIjo
idXJuOmFwcDo3ZTBkMTg4OTgyMjY0MzczYTVmMGQ0MTVlYTBkMjZlMCIsIm9iaiI6W1t7InBhdGgiOiJcL2ZcLzEzYWQyNjAzLTY2OGItNGMxMS1hMzcxLTkxZTU2ZDI1O
Tk4ZFwvZGVpaGQxYS03OWM3NGFlMC03ZTQxLTRjNGMtYmNkZi03NTdkZmUwZjBlMWIuanBnIn1dXSwiYXVkIjpbInVybjpzZXJ2aWNlOmZpbGUuZG93bmxvYWQiXX0.
wvcc1IV4pEEdxs9bNvMVdBZO5HeUmlIixpFVAa0N4Cc
43
43
https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/7ziz92/what_each_country_leads_the_world_in_7984_x_4781/
44
44
© UP 22
Google Earth
45
45
https://www.windy.com/-25.746/28.188?300h,-25.787,28.200,11
Interactive visualisations
46
© UP 23
Problems when dealing with

geographic data
47
Outcomes
• Using examples, describe 3 common issues
when dealing with geographic data;
48
© UP 24
Common issues when dealing with

geographic data
Scale
Purpose
Time scale
49
Scale: Covid-19 cases; South Africa

50
© UP 25
Purpose
https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/covid-19-joburgs-central-suburbs-hardest-hit-geo-mapping-shows-lockdown-contained-initial-spread-to-cities-20200414
51
Purpose
https://covid19.who.int/
52
© UP 26
Purpose
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-geological-map-of-South-Africa-
showing-the-extent-of-the-main-Karoo-Basin-The_fig2_285582080
Practical Curiosity
53
Time scale
31 August 2005
31 August 2005 20 September 2005
www.noaa.gov
54
© UP 27
Time scale
DigitalGlobe
55
Time scale
24 October 2020 10 March 2020
https://coronavirus.westerncape.gov.za/covid-19-dashboard
56
© UP 28
In summary
At which scale should I draw / represent my data? At which

scale do I effectively communicate my message?
What is the purpose of my

map/visualization/representation? Who is my audience?
What moment in time will I show?
57
What are GIS?
58
© UP 29
Outcomes
• Define Geographic Information Systems (GIS);
• Describe the 6 components of a GIS;
• Explain the contextualization of GIS within
organisations;
• Discuss the shortcomings of geoinformation and
GIS;
• Explain, using examples, how geographic
information, GIS, and GISc are used in industry
and everyday life.
59
Data, information, knowledge,

evidence, wisdom
Decision-making support Ease of sharing with GIS example
infrastructure everyone
Wisdom Impossible Policies developed and
accepted by stakeholders
Knowledge Difficult, especially tacit Personal knowledge about
knowledge places and issues
Evidence Often not easy: datasets or Results of GIS analysis of
scenarios many
Information Easy Contents of a database
assembled from raw facts
Data Easy Raw geographic facts
60
© UP 30
GIS
a computer-based system to aid in the
collection, maintenance, storage,
analysis, output distribution
of geospatial data and information

61
Utility
Decision
Management managers,
makers, Resource
The general scientists, transportatio Scientists,
community managers,
public operations n officials, investigators planners
groups, researchers
planners resource
managers
A tool for
performing
A operations
on
A mechanized A tool for geographic
computeriz A spatial inventory of revealing data that
A container geographic what is
of maps in ed tool for decision ally otherwise are too
solving support tedious or
digital form geographic system distributed invisible in expensive
problems features geographic or
and information
facilities inaccurate
if
performed
by hand
62
© UP 31
A brief history of GIS

• First GIS
– Canada GIS in 1960s
– Parallel developments in Europe, Australia…
• Same basic needs in many different application areas
– Resource management
• …
– Census
• Many technical developments during (as a result of?) the Cold War
– e.g., first remote sensing satellites in the 1950s
– Landsat launches in the 1970s and changes the landscape of earth
observation
– Military developments lead to GPS
• Modern GIS starts in early 1980s
63
Longley et al., 2005
64
© UP 32
65
66
© UP 33
GIS components
67
68
© UP 34
The business of GIS
Global GIS industry In comparison Market forecast

Employs 500,000 people Video game industry*5 = Continue to grow globally:
$75 billion annual revenue Geospatial industry 30% per year
$1.5 trillion estimated Geospatial industry*3 = Manufacturing and design
economic impact Airline industry to software and application
Geospatial industry/5 = development
video game industry
Geospatial industry =
airline industry/3
69
Geoinformation, GIS & their

application
Five Ms of GIS application Examples?
• Too many to count.
• The world is spatial.
• Geographic data is
Mapping Measurement Monitoring important.
• Geographic data means
money…
Modeling Management
70
© UP 35
Esri India
71
71
• Agriculture
• Crop monitoring
• Engineering
• Logistics and routing
• Public Management
• Accessibility to public services
• Economic Sciences
• Optimization of retail outlets
• Health and veterinary sciences
• Spread of diseases
• Social sciences
• Population counts, migration
• Education
• School catchment areas
• Natural Sciences
• Weather, climate, biodiversity
2013 Oxera report
72
72
© UP 36
Location
intelligence
• Market size has grown from nearly US$ 9 billion in 2014 to
around US$ 22 billion in 2018.
• By 2022, this number is likely to almost double its 2018
numbers.
• Location data and map content, and solutions and services

• nearly two-thirds of the market
• expected to further solidify in the future
• growing at a relatively faster pace
• User industries expected to be expected to emerge as the

biggest future market for location intelligence
• retail, logistics, mobility, smart cities, real estate, etc.
• 2019 report
73
73
The business of GIS
Software
Education
& Training Data
Different
roles in the
GIS
industry
Publishing GIServices
GeoWeb
Services
74
© UP 37
The business of GIS: software industry

• Software programmers • Examples of employers
• Software designers – Autodesk, Intergraph,
ArcGIS, PlanetGIS, etc.
• Systems analysts
• Application specialists
• Sales staff
75
The business of GIS: data industry

Mapping agencies
• Initially sold data
• Now free or cost of reproduction
• South Africa: National Geospatial Information (NGI)
Free-to-view
• Advertising revenue (maps.google.com)
• Volunteer-driven opensource approach (www.openstreetmap.org)
Private sector
• Mobile maps
• Satellite imagery: Astrium, NASA, etc.
• South Africa: AfriGIS, MapIT, etc.
Big data analytics

• There is lots of money in big data.
• We generate massive datasets. These need to be analysed.
• Geographic data is part of this.
76
© UP 38
The business of GIS: GIServices

industry
• Consulting • Examples
• Data collection – Accenture, IBM, Oracle,
etc.
• System customization
– South Africa: ESRI South
• Specialist hardware and Africa, TGIS, AfriGIS, etc.
software sales and
support
• Training
• Value-added
applications
77
The business of GIS: GeoWeb services

• Online services for • Examples
geocoding, routing, – MapQuest
mapping www.mapquest.com
– YellowPages in the UK
www.yell.com
– OneMap 1map.co.za
– Transport for London
www.tfl.gov.uk
78
© UP 39
The business of GIS: publishing

• Magazine and websites • Scholarly Journals
– GEO:connexion – Computers and
www.geoconnexion.com Geosciences
– Directions Magazine – GeoInformatica
www.directionsmag.com – International Journal of
– GIS Café Geographical
www.giscafe.com Information Science
– Geospatial World – Transactions in GIS
https://www.geospatial – South Africa: South
world.net/ African Journal of
Geomatics
www.sajg.com
79
The business of GIS: education &

training
• Education • Training
– Fundamental principles – Use of a particular GIS
of GIS software product
– BSc Geoinformatics, BSc – ESRI virtual online
(Hons) Geoinformatics courses
80
© UP 40
Types of GIS products
81
Outcomes
• Explain the functions of GIS software and how
it is implemented;
• Describe the types of GIS software available;
82
© UP 41
GIS Software Functions
GGY283: Introductory GIS
83
GIS Software: Examples

Open Source/Free/FOSS Proprietary
For more info have a look at : http://gisgeography.com/mapping-out-gis-software-landscape/
FOSS: Free and Open Source Software © UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 84
84
© UP 42
Types of GIS Software

Widely used e.g., ArcGIS Pro & QGIS
E.g., ArcPad or QGIS Mobile
Hand Desktop
Held
Web-accessible software e.g., 1Map

3D web service e.g., Google Web
Developer (http://www.1map.co.za) or
Earth or WorldWind Mapping CrimeMapping
(www.crimemapping.com)
Virtual
Server
Globes
Concurrent requests, centralized GIS Programming toolkits for specific purpose

e.g., ArcGIS Server & GeoServer applications e.g., ESRI ArcGIS Engine, GDAL
(opensource developer toolkit)
85
86
© UP 43
Outcomes
• Discuss the shortcomings of geoinformation and GIS;
• Define GISc and why it is important;
• Describe the scientific method and how it applies to
geoinformation applications and science;
• Discuss social implications of geographic information
and GIS;
• Explain, using examples, how geographic information,
GIS, and GISc are used in industry and everyday life.
87
Systems & science
Geographic information Geographic information

system (GIS) science (GISc)
computer-based system create evidence,
for storing and processing knowledge and wisdom
geographic information about the earth.
88
© UP 44
• Geomatics: geos (meaning earth) & matics (from

informatics)
– The science and the technology using uses
information science infrastructure by focusing on geo-
data for better understanding and interpretation of
problems of geography, cartography, geosciences and
related branches of science.
• Also known as
– Geoinformatics (Europe)
– Geographic Information Science (GISc) (USA)
89
Geoinformatics
90
© UP 45
Geographic
data
(database)
91
Collec on
Dissemina on
Visualisa on
re
Po
su
is
ea
on
M
&
&
M
on
ea
si
su
Po
re
Geographic informa on system

Dissemina on Visualisa on
Data storage and

Collec on management Collec on
Data manipula on,

Visualisa on processing and Dissemina on
analysis
Po
re
s i
Dissemina on
su
Visualisa on
on
ea
&
M
M
&
Collec on
ea
on
su
re
is
Po
92
© UP 46
Data collec on Data storage and Visualisa on

management
Cartography
Computer
Science
Informatics
Surveying
Geographic informa on
system
Information
Science
Statistics
Geodesy
Measurements and Data manipula on, processing
posi oning and analysis Dissemina on
Mathematics, Professionalism
93
Analytical
methods
Organizational
and Conceptual
institutional foundations
aspects
Cartography
GIS&T and
and
society
visualization
GISc
Geospatial Design
data aspects
Geocomputatio Data
n modelling
Data
manipulation
94
© UP 47
Why GISc?
Knowledge about how the world works is more

valuable than knowledge about how it looks
because it can be used to predict.
95
The science of problem solving

• GIS combines general scientific knowledge (e.g.,
software functions)with specific information
(geospatial data) and gives practical value to
both.
• Example: determining landslide risk

– General
• How does the slope generally affect land mass movement?
– Specific
• What are the slopes and subsurface characteristics at a
specific location?
96
© UP 48
The science of problem solving

• Geographic information scientific method must support
– Transparency of assumptions and methods

• How was previous knowledge discovered?
• How can we add to this knowledge?
– Objectivity through detached and independent perspective

• Avoid or accommodate bias
– Ability to reproduce the results

• By any other qualified scientist
– Methods of validation
• Using the results (internal) or other sources of information (external)
97
GISc & geoinformation applications

• The scientific method underpins
geoinformation science applications.
• Applications can broadly be defined as part of:
– Government and public service
– Business and service planning
– Logistics and transportation
– Environment
98
© UP 49
GISc in rates & taxes assessment

• Requirement: need accurate and current property
boundaries
Scientific foundations: principles, techniques, and analysis
– Foundations: accurate geographic data on erwen,
described with current and accurate attribute data
– Principles: we assume erwen close together will have
similar values, e.g., Sandton properties are worth a lot
more those of Hillbrow; V&A Waterfront vs. Observatory;
Waterkloof vs. Hatfield
– Techniques: good database, a plan for system
management and administration, and a workflow design
– Analysis: proximity analysis, and geographic and attribute
query, mapping, and reporting
99

Generic scientific questions arising from the
application
• A property database can be used for:
– Understanding property values and variation
– Access points for repairs and meter reading
– Maintenance of data on property conditions
– Creation of a common address list for record
keeping and mailings
100
© UP 50

Management and policy
– Revenue generation
– A service to the constituents
– Must be reliable and efficient
– Must be accurate
101

• Requirement: need accurate and current property
boundaries
Scientific foundations: principles, techniques, and analysis
– Foundations: accurate geographic data on erwen,
described with current and accurate attribute data
– Principles: we assume erwen close together will have
similar values, e.g., Sandton properties are worth a lot
more those of Hillbrow; V&A Waterfront vs. Observatory;
Waterkloof vs. Hatfield
– Techniques: good database, a plan for system
management and administration, and a workflow design
– Analysis: proximity analysis, and geographic and attribute
query, mapping, and reporting
© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications:

102
Exercises
102
© UP 51

Generic scientific questions arising from the
application
– Understanding property values and variation
– Access points for repairs and meter reading
– Maintenance of data on property conditions
– Creation of a common address list for record
keeping and mailings
© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications: 103

Exercises
103

Management and policy
– Revenue generation
– A service to the constituents
– Must be reliable and efficient
– Must be accurate
© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications:

104
Exercises
104
© UP 52
More
examples
105
More examples
106
© UP 53
Social implications of using GIS

• The way in which GIS represents the Earth’s surface favours
certain people, phenomena and perspectives
– Homogeneity, e.g., minority views are submerged
• GIS may be used unethically or invade individual’s privacy

– Google StreetView
– Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
• GIS is driven by technology, not by human need

– GIS is a tool for the surveillance society
– Use GIS to spy on the citizens
107
Social implications of using GIS

• GIS is a tool in the hands of the already powerful
– Only those with access to technology can use it
– Counter: opensource software www.osgeo.org
• Underrepresentation of critical research with GIS

– Critical theory
• School of thought that stresses the reflective assessment and critique
of society and culture by applying knowledge from the social sciences
and the humanities
• GIS is a positivist tool (provides positive evidence) and

normative instrument (to design things)
– Cannot enrich other more critical perspectives in geography
108
© UP 54
References
Bolstad, P. 2016: GIS Fundamentals – A First Text on Geographic Information
Systems. (5th Ed) Eider Press: White Bear Lake
Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. Rhind, D.W. 2011. Geographical
Information Systems and Science (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons: England. pp
537. ISBN: 978-0-4707-2144-5
109
© UP 55

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1 GMC110 GIS GISc and applications

Cartography (GMC 110)

GMC 110 GIS, GISc & applications

GMC 110 – GIS, GISc & Applications

Geographic data & geographic

Problems when dealing with

outline What are GIS?

Types of GIS products

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 2

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 3

Geographic data & information

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 4

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 5

spatial data: geographic geospatial geodata

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 6

What about data that lacks a spatial

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 7

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 8

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 9

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 10

Sources of geographic data

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 11

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 12

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 16

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 17

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 18

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 19

What technologies do we use?

The importance of geographic data

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 21

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 22

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

Why does geographic information

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 24

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

Cape Town SDF 2012

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

Cape Town SDF 2012

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org /files/legacy-new/placemarks/imag es/52cd6ca44d675screen-shot-2014-01-08-at-15.19.27.png

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

https://eyeondesig n.aiga.org/for-decades-cartog raphers-have-been-hiding-covert-illustrations-inside-of-switzerlands-official-maps/

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications

Problems when dealing with

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 47

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 48

Common issues when dealing with

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 49

Scale: Covid-19 cases; South Africa

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 51

31 August 2005 20 September 2005

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 54

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 55

© UP GMC 110: GIS, GISc & Applications 56

At which scale should I draw / represent my data? At which

What is the purpose of my