Chapter 1 GIS : INTRODUCTION

Faculty Of Civil Engineering and Built

Environment (FKAAB)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Email: saifulz@uthm.edu.my
 OPTION 05
Lorem ipsum dolor
What is GIS? sit amet,
consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed
do eiusmod tempor

OPTION 06
Lorem ipsum dolor
The Shapes of sit amet,
consectetur
GIS adipiscing elit, sed
do eiusmod tempor

OPTION 02 OPTION 07
Lorem ipsum dolor Lorem ipsum dolor
sit amet, sit amet,
consectetur consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed adipiscing elit, sed
do eiusmod tempor do eiusmod tempor

OPTION 01 OPTION 08
Lorem ipsum dolor Lorem ipsum dolor
sit amet, sit amet,
consectetur consectetur
adipiscing elit, sed adipiscing elit, sed
do eiusmod tempor do eiusmod tempor
 Contents:

• What is a GIS?
• The Shape of GIS
• Components of GIS
• Spatial Data Models :Raster and vector
• How Computer Store the Vector Spatial Data
• Representing Spatial Data in GIS Software
• Geospatial Data/ Geospatial Database
• Simplification of Spatial Data
1.1 What is GIS
• Information systems: an association of people, machines,
data, and procedures working together to collect, manage,
and distribute information of importance to individuals or
organizations
• Geographic information system (GIS):
• is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing
and
displaying geospatial data (Chang K. T, 2010).
• computer-based information system that enables capture,
modeling, storage, retrieval, sharing, manipulation, and
presentation of geographically referenced data (Worboys M.F , 1995)
• Geospatial data: geographically referenced data –
describe both the location and characteristics of spatial
features.
 Geographically Referenced Data

Layout Plan
Topography Map Cadastre Plan- Standard Sheet (from PDUK)

Cadastre Plan- CP Orthofoto

 Geographic Problem & GIS
Location, Geographic location & GIS
• Location –important issue in many decision
• Simple Case 1: where are the faculties in UTHM?
• Simple Case 2: Show all the faculties of UTHM
• Complex Case: where are the low area within the
UTHM area that have the potential to flood during
heavy rains
• Problem that involve location are termed as
“geographic problem”
• GIS is a system for geographic problem
• To model some aspects of real world that we
are dealing
with
• To help us making decision related to our problem-of
Geographic Problem & GIS
Example: Location of River Sub catchments
Geographic Problem & GIS
Example: Location of Flooded Areas
Geographic Problem & GIS
 Geographic Problem & GIS

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Dam Break Study

• Which Areas Will Be Affected & How Large Is It?
• Where Are The Indigenous People Currently Located And To Be Relocated?
• How About Flora (Forests) & Fauna?
1.3 Components of
GIS
1.Software: 4. Procedures and
-Adopted data Analysis
model -Data entry, storage
& management
-Support: format;
single vs multi- -Data manipulation
user-web & analysis
-Data output
-Functions vs
applications
5. People/ Users
2. Hardware: -Responsible for all
components
-Requirements -Infrastructure
-Configuration (standards; policies;
3. Data: etc.)
-Peripherals -Availability -Digital vs hardcopy -Knowledge & skill
-Network -Currency -GIS-ready? -Finance
-Completeness/accuracy
 1.3 GIS Components- GIS software
Product According to the 2007
salary survey by the
 GIS operate using wide range of
Urban and
software Regional
 Essential software elements – Information System
to Association (URISA)
- Product ESRI most
enable:
popular
- Input
- ArcGIS (Arcinfo,
-Storage
ArcEditor,
-Management ArcView)
-Transformation - Intergraph Corp:
-Analysis Geomedia and MGE
-Output - Mapinfo
- Open Source – QGIS,
GRASS
1.3 GIS Component- hardware
(computer system)
 GIS operate various computer systems
- from portable personal computers
- to powerful multi-user workstations
 Essential elements of computer system
- Processor with sufficient power to run software
- Memory sufficient to store large data volumes
- High resolution colour graphics screen
- data input/output devices (scanner/
printer/plotter)
1.3 GIS Component- User/People
GIS should always be considered
in organizational context

 Role of people in GIS

- Plan, implement and operate system
- Make decisions based on GIS output

 Various scales of GIS project

- from small single-user system
- to international distributed
corporate system