the allouoing 9uastionu:>

diusian inauiiut to meat tha

J.Lhy is
J0ONgen Jrcquiremnts omutti-cellulan
Aganisms ike Jumans ?

dra-Multirallulan ganisms such as hunans

psbas amplasz hody dasign. Day hane
apacialied salls und tissus Pkaming
vanicis ndtions iolbody.duch ab intake
ood and sougen. Unike wnikeSIulan oge
DL niams mullticelan oNls a r a hotindiact
Contat uith anuianmant and
bwuu dilluaion
san't mat thain, ougen negjuitamnt

2 Lahat critaia do u ua to dakida whuthu

2omathing s aliu?2

Ana-utoias to darida whutkn

omthing is aliu-
iMoamnt - l living hings moA by tam-
Lnafselus uithout any tonal Julp,but
man Jiving hings wauia an tona aru
Rapaducbian Au ling things can uprodus
thain spingsbut non liung hing
Larnot upxoduca. 'uy L a t e d y Jumans
b y natal kactan.
iy Nutbuitton-Aliving bungs nasd arwg to
Suatain thuin ik. T get b innay bam Joad
But non-Jiung ings don't Juajuna ny enrgy. kuna
ho utitlon is auirudw hon.

3.Whal A. utaide uuaw matrials sused a by

LGanism

An adn hganism u soutaide raus matuils masty

in tha
hu aun od and ouaen. t e Jraw matarials
uguinud b an oganism can he 4uit vauad
dapandung n th cemplariky the aanism
And i t enionmant

4.whatprocesses wauld yau considn ssutial k

maintaining ik

Anaile prstisss uth As nututtan, srespiratan, bran-

spatation, occution, ott AneiAAAentia an main

taining e
 the tollasing uastioyu
9dn&uern
. what is the ala q i d i n oun stomarh?

stomach uaks
dnyThe aid auted in e
dha madium acidic whidh is netsAay la
ha atation nmaepain

The anathe kunctian e HCL is to kill

bactwia which wtass tha stamach alana
ailth od

2.hat is tha untion odigeatia ohgymy

dDigate ang&tmas Lonuxt a laxg and
inaabuble ead malueuls into amall wntun
3alula maluruls in ha pracas o digukian.
Fan Ecample adivay dmylae-Digest Atnauh
apain &ratain. Digat hara
Lipase tmulsilicaHan oa
3. abad aduanLage o an oaaotic oganismb
doas o feuatial ganism aAoith
Junard to btaining saen an JWApiaHan

d Osmen is prasant ahundantly a

Tavustual sganiam. but Jesa a guatc
aquakt
OLgais).
7Ogpn is micod in Loatat anahc aganism
andit ia pusant. in u foum an Juusbial

Houo ja gogen andaubendiorida dranapantd

n human baings

Ain

Nastil

Phonn
bau ono

uarhua

Bnanchu

Brvanhiol

Aeali

Blood Vasaals

Ons oi pabscs rusm a kgans nd uash

to ARuanli thuu dillulon tas plas.
 Tuu is highan cancentratan H
in alueli and highn cancntaton q
Larbon dibuida in blsad l l s do. as
e kroo thau is a moumant uam hiqhan
Lantentratian to loui canustratior, Archangl
qasas taka plnu. nd oogan gets micd
with blead and han tbanspartsd to all cull
 9 Anawen he ldowtng quaskiana

: a it neasany 32parate yqenated and

deorygernated blaad: inimammals and bisuds

AM Mammals and Birds ane mawmblaaded animals.

Thuy
Thy canstantly usa tntn to maintain thuin body bod
tumperatwu. hy he highen enray ruud 30 y

Joguibu mae srAgen to praduu nga. Thus it

impatant hat aHgorated and deaougnatad

Jilood iLmaintsepanatedt LD

hoti a theLompanunts he anspart 3ystam

i n unan heings? whatiau uiunttians s hese
Lompanunda? ud

AmThamain companerts danspat sygtum in

humanhinghan tu ht,blsad i and hlsad
0
vessuls

Hudpumps aouatnated blsad thraughaut the

,0
bady. t uuis_deocanated blaod ram: he
 Oigus bodu pants and sunds hus impu
kood o hu lungs lot. smyanahan

Boad halps in du tanapart n,

uastas.
nutints, C0^ and nitrogenaus

Tha bldod vLssds Carteie, vains and capillai

wayuam e Junnt to
a b blood eithen
bask
Oiaus 0gons o uem vaiaus qans
to the huat. aA

3Ho,a e watwr and nindwals transparted

in plant2

MALat and minwials awa tanaparted in planb

boaugh tha lum tissuts, whih cansist ol
intuwnunctud vssels and bahuids atotching
t tha leanes. Raat hairs ae
uom tha oaty
oaten
u Lantact to tha sall uhichcantairs
and miwal alts. Cuy taka up minenal icns
d puoces odiluson Tis Sreates
a
b
dileince i in tantontrubioni theseJans
ha soil Uvalahe,s toai
betwen be aoati ond
hains alininate his
moAs Jndo the soat
int» he cantita
dillaruntu. Then watun diluses
dhat the oatan.cendtaining dis
ls.ten
salud minas) aeathes he ridodoimis by
 0Amasis and than into the Joat ulam. bom thu
uat xulam tha unter suachs tha stan
xylun and
han tanducted to othw pauts
thououm to branthed
ulun tssus
tha
pwsswu oth uwich watun is pushud int he te
ulum thedha raat jis callad noot prusswre.
Da tontiinuaus lnss
o watn taku plata due to
nanapiuion. Bicause a anapitaion, a uttian
pussuu is cuatad as a usult of.uhich aatun is
Jand jinto the suulam cells
oat
T snoot puswa tannat maki upan tha water
Jast butuanspiakion tall
in tus
lass ol Tha
wath dua to touanspiration a t s a are called
ranspiatian fall which pulls wata up"hraugh the
umxessds to the highaat paint otu plant body.
.Hoo is lod branspated in plants 9

du. Tu branspart aad uam the laawAs to atbun

pantatha plant istalludtoainalscatian. Tha
Jood mada in loonass Spadadinto the sle
aubes skphlaum tisu by uing oncha am ram ATP
ATP
etn oo Rrtn intoisiane tuhds containing ugan
a phocuss o masiS dua to uwhich h
pusuu in tha phlmum tissua Jis. Th Jlgh
passupu pnducad in tha phlnan tissu maes the
eod o all the panta o ta plant honing luss
 puAAun in thein tisuus.Uis al ss
he phlmam to tanspat Jood ALading
Hothe hds o the plant

5.had au th mathads Juaad Jou plants t

i d ootobuy pruoduuts 9

lant get aid

o thu orugn podud
durdngphatnanthus ha its dusion aoug
atnmata sand Jondtiula,

Thay t sid a pmLUs oabAn b danapinaltn

Many waste praducts are stured inll
vaualeB

doma wasts a sumoNed in he Jalling luon

Gtwni, wostis aa
sbarup as
Jasins and gums.
ApReialy in ald uu

lonts alsogot Sid a semL waate phodu

bu Attting into tha Suaundtng soi

4Hows tha amunt oune praducad

Jugulated
An Uhe Amat auine pracduced doperds on he
umaunt ooctss waton and dissslued wastes presnt
n ta body. domu athwr sactoss such as hobitat
An Akganlun and Jwrmans uth as dnti- diurukic
haumane ADH) also ruqulats tha, amaunt of rise
phadund.
Uh Kadney has an lluke muchanism o sonbal
am
ha wune phaduuhan. Thu4 can Juahsarb waton peam
thu 4lomvulus qiltrat phen thu wator luul he
body s lao. imilaly. wator luul in ha hady
is AlGnilicantly high, tha kidhas allow marn uoatr
tog kiminatad

Deswibe dauble ciralation slood in human

beingg Why isdimuiusary

dr- thraugh dhe hearttuoica dhoough

The blaod passes
"Thia
prate pathways a camplating a n e cych.
tupe o tnulatians lalled double cinulakion

n ukmonay Vai
eurona Pulrnona a t auielk
ulutok
Rghtvenbida L t vwtbicda
aatenic
Raphtaaida Circuloron Aorda

Artins
ALbody
atemic ulatan Batuuaun Juadt and bad-
Oggnatad bload lannes tha t vantuicle
Jhuaugh hu aarta. he arta ond atu
t a i e tanspart the hised dhaunughaut tu
bady, uwhan it gius up ogen and picks
Jup oban diboida The deacugenated blood
hen atunns
do the sught atium hoough
Neinsdeocugentdtad Jolood i punpdbodk
into u upeuon wna cawa ad thon to hu
ight abuum).

2 Bulnanax iulation ( Betiaan Juart ond ung)

In tis pulmanaytinulation, the bload
sinulation stonts om tha ight attium to a
Jakt adiun. In his pathuay
Th pulmanary Adtuy calUacts tha blaod pam
rdhaxightiunbideiand cosies toi Jungs
BDCUQn0tan
Ane stix stha puilicabion prgufha aoy
genatud blaad js puwmpad botk to dhu ut
pdbium haugh dhea pulmandy in which

Te lot wtucles umps tha genated blaod

to Ha aarta a sustamic inultton.

4 i nsay in wman
binas o sepauain
ugnod and danyagnaLed hlaod JbecuA
 this makes thein iouulatwuy
stan is mau
lliciant and hdps n mointaihing canstant bod
tunputuu t s also
nicusany an talluking
bsdy
Co, am.culls and phovisin9 6gen and
anvy
to cala. and tissues.

8 How one ats digestad in a u badis) whre daes

this prauss tak plau?sA
d bots 0ei digostd in u small intatin in sun
osdy Th liun auista an alkaling liqid kallad
bila int amall Jntastine The salts prusent in hile
armulsiy lar bruak)-agelabules Jat prusent
in Au Joad into smallnaobudas making it sos 4ker
t h w m s to a t on tham anddiqest them. This
is tallad Unulsiluubon o ats. Panireas swuts
pantuats tjaike inta small ntestineiwuhidh also
LOptains an amwme palled Jipase, The engyrn
O..
ipas huaks dawn ha Lenulsiliedn Jat wthen.
ond pinallythu enumspruaentinintestinal juis
brins abaut tbe campletadigpatisn kats b
LonnertinA than int Jatty adsiandqycoral

what is the sal saliua in the digeskion

oed?
Ans e suala salua inthu digskion oaod
t maistens dhu aad as easy palloing.
Uha osd is miced mith saliva uwhicht ia soa

b the 3alivary glands and msue araund ha

mauth ahile dheming wita he Jalp a ongueu.
0

Salina _cantains an engrre called dalivary

00,
mylase and is sulcased in owr mauth. l
bruaks claun he kamplee starth' carbohydha
0 t prasent in oad Jndo simyplor sugin CMaliu)

0.hat ane huCandikians rncesanyJar

Autatrophit Vutrikion Anduwhat araity by-
nii-poducks? 4uuiLA
dhu edukatrucphic Mada of Nutaitisn inkaluus Jhe mabing
a d y an plants by ha prauud
phatasynthuss. t
onditonsneusary autatrophic nubuton
Sanban dicocide u

i) Ahlaophll pigmnt
v) &unlight
unlight
6 Co+6H,0 ChlarephylCAP *60
 Jarban dioxide tambines taith watir in the prusene
unlght anvg Cabsarbed hy chlataphyll) A
Un aad like glusase Uhe maja
by-pruducts of
autatrophic hubrition s guuase Ccarbahydratas) and

DCAqen gas uhich gous into tha ait

thatAxL dhe diwwnus hetuun drabit and

Anavrabie Kspiraton?
b) Nan santa arganisms that M ANAUrabic ade f Juspinakion
Avahic Respination Anaerabic Respixahion

i takss plasain the i I t iaks plate in

spusunda o ugen. c. absena a ugen

Jomplete brakdawn iy. lartial breakdan a

yood arcurnslLamplut Joad a u s CIncamplatn
oaidadian outase oxidatian gucaso
dakesplact)id taka plaa)
I t s end praduts ane i ts ed produuts may he
AEaAarbon dioxide andB ihanal and carbon diaride
water. Cas inuiyest) ar Jatbc acid
Canimal muscles).

iv t taks place in t takes plau anly

utaplasm and mik in the ytoplasm
chandria
 T t yilds Aasge Energy Jelased
u umount ani Lau. C2 ATP)
(36 ATP)

b du-Araanabic eapivatanotcus in a roat

same watorlagged plants, Same parusitc
wams, animal muselis, ueast and battoia,

2. Hosare the aluiali deaignd o maximise hu

eacchange aes
An-Ua uingsis an impartantpart i he bsdy
TTheapassage inside stha ungs dinida nto
&malleA ond smalln tubes, hish inall
twnint Jn ballaan -lika atutures, lalad

pals aaluali axn xtumely hin and s

sion takes plaa aliintly
L
They hauea larngewaL arta an Jalaton
to valwme.

hen Dre surrunded by numvraus blood

cangilanias.
 Each wng cantains 300-350 million aluali, mak-
ing it a mtal appraximatady too millian n
both the Jungs. The alueolar surfate whan apuad
zpruad
Dut caws about 80 m area.

13. hat wuld be he cansaquanps a daicny4

aaamoglsbin in saun badies)

sns-Haamoalohin js a ud pigmurt present in Aun

blood whtch carrinaqun to all ha parts
a tha bad 4 thure is dekuiany haumaglekin
hen amaut a pyN Juathing a u n bady' cells
ill deuas lsulting in hsuathing prablems
toednssand lach o ntng. The porson laaks
palei and liass uight t can alsor Jaad d a
N disLdsk: called anaemiaE th

hat pane. tha dioantes bateun to tranapart

mateials in ylum ondphlaun)

Palaan
LLsih

iy Phlnom tisua tanaparts

pords uwatn and dis tha ead Cmade by
sanod minarals in phatasynthasis) to all
planta. a pants tha plant.
ata is taonspaoded Esad iranaponta
upArcls uom Kaats in both upLnd ad
to alt athe
plat donionsd dinaro
pars.

i a upuusd mBNamunt ii Tuanspant e lood

uoodn in ulom tissue in phla0m gui
ja causud hy a suHan -eney in ha an
praduudb the i ATR
Landtinuus Naparakian LL

atanuam te calls.
as(banapina
ionpull).

In am. tranapat I n phmam, dranspnt

o rmataial taka plaa raataials taka plas
thrnuh wssas ad thbraugh sia tuhas,
nachaids which ane i ampanion l l s whick
doad Bssuns. anliving ALLLs
C
vMonamnt d watu v anapatakion
and dissabwed nlr
ond in plants js
als isalso callud iadsocalWad toand
Bcaion
15 Lampa alueali the uns and
in
naphrens
in the kidnys wth Joapact to then
sbuctuxo
and uncisring

Aluuali Nephrony
ubura.
Alveali 0a thin ty Naphrans aw tubulan
aled ballaon ka sbuuts prasunt inaide
StruetuUas prAsent th kidna
Jnaida tu Jungs.

Du woalla salenli Bownan's sopsuls is

D oneCull Hick ard suppliud with a clust
i tLantains an artanai atapillariu , callad
natuank ablaad gloaulu Jar ilbakian.
Lapillaniu, jon en and aound the tubulan
diange aa paxt an Jaabsarbtian.

uncion Euncbio
i) Nephrans alse inuease
Suara d0a an di- SuaL ansa a brakion
aion CO am. blaad and suabsncb
blood to aù and 02 tian salul sukstances
om ain to blaod
Aleali asa tha ivy Naphrans u tha
basic ubrabon Juwit
cthasge.
Tt rernoves arbon I t JumoLAB nutusgru
diorida krom tha tanstesaam tha bld
olood. -..