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Topic 4 - Skeletal System RT105
Topic 4 - Skeletal System RT105
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5
The Skeletal System
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.4a
Classification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip
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Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Bone Growth
Figure 5.4a
Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.18
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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The Skull
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.11
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
Figure 5.10
Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.26
The Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
The spine has a
normal curvature
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
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Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
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The Bony Thorax
Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a
Figure 5.19a
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Figure 5.6c
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb
The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals –
palm
Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
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The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Figure 5.35a, b
Figure 5.35c
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals –
sole
Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.41
Joints
• Other term is articulation
• A place where two bones come
together
• Has 3 functional classifications:
– Synarthrosis (non-movable joint)
– Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable
joint)
– Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
• Has 3 structural classifications:
– Fibrous Joints
– Cartilaginous Joints
– Synovial Joints
Fibrous Joints
• Consist of two bones that are united by
fibrous tissue and that exhibit little or no
movement.
• Subdivided into:
– Sutures – fibrous joints between the
bones of the skull (fontanels for
newborn)
– Syndesmoses – fibrous joints in which
the bones are separated by some distance
and held together by ligaments (Ex.
Distal parts of the radius and ulna)
– Gomphoses – consists of pegs fitted into
sockets and held in place by ligaments
(Ex. Joint b/n tooth and its socket)
Cartilaginous Joints
• Unite two bones by means of
cartilage
• Only slight movement can occur at
these joints.
• Examples: Cartilage in the
epiphyseal plate, cartilages b/n ribs
and sternum, and Fibrocartilages
that forms the intervertebral disks
Synovial Joints
• Freely movable joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the
ends of articulating bones.
• Most joints that unite bones of the appendicular skeleton are
synovial joints.
• Features:
– Contains articular cartilage (which provides a smooth surface
where the bones meet)
– Contains a joint cavity (filled with synovial fluid) which is
enclosed by a joint capsule (which helps hold the bones
together and allows for movement)
– Contains a synovial membrane (which lines the joint cavity
everywhere except over the articular cartilage) which produces
synovial fluid (a complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins,
lipids, and cells)
• In certain synovial joints, synovial membrane may extent as a pocket or
sac, called a bursa
Surface Landmarks
Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet