GENETICS PAPER

"PROBABILITY IN GENETICS"

Lecturer:

Widia Ningsih, S.Pd,M.Pd

Submitted by Group 4:

Asnawi Saragih (4203141011)

Juwita Pardede (4203141020)

Biology Education Study Program

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
MEDAN
SEPTEMBER 2022
 CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Backgorund

Probability or other terms of probability, probability, probability and so on are generally

used to express events that have not been ascertained. Possibility is a term to denote
uncertainty, meaning that anything that is uncertain of happening can also happen even
though it may not or may not necessarily happen.

It is likely to be the expectation of an event to occur, not the same for every event and
every time. Therefore the magnitude of the possibility that different events can be the same
can also be different. It can also be used to state a statement that is not known for its truth,
this is presumed based on the principle of the existing theory of opportunity.

In connection with it, the theory of possibilities is of great importance in the study of
genetics. In genetic science, it is likely to play an important role. For example, regarding the
transfer of genes from the mother / parent to gametes, fertilization of eggs by spermatozoon,
regrouping of genes in the zygote so that various combinations can occur (Suryo, 2005).

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is definition of probability?
2. What is basic theory of probability in genetics?
1.3 Purpose
1. To know the definition of probability.
2. To know the basic theory of probability in genetics.
 CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Probability

Probability or other terms of probability, probability, chance and so on are
generally used to express events that cannot be ascertained. Probability is the odds of
an event. The benefit of knowing probabilities is that it helps with the right decision-
making, because life in the world has no certainty, and information is not perfect.
2.2 Basic Theory of Probability in Genetics
1) The magnitude of the probability of something happening is the same as the
comparison between something that is desired and the whole.

K(x) = x / x+y

Example of question 1: what is the probability that a mother gives birth to a son?

Male
K (male) =
Male+ Female

1
K (male) =
1+ 1

1
K (male) =
2

Contoh question 2:

What is the probability, the first child born to parents whose career is albino, is
normal?

Determining the probability of an event x = expected (normal)

Predetermine the probability of an event y = unexpected (abnormal)

P = Aa X Aa

G = A, a X A, a

F1 = AA, Aa, Aa (normal) = x

aa (albino) = y
 normal
K (normal) =
normal+ albino

3/ 4
K (normal) =
3/ 4 +1/4

12 3
K (normal) = =
16 4

2) The magnitude of the probability of the occurrence of two or more events that
each stand alone is equal to the result of the multiplication of the magnitude of the
probability for each of those events.
K (x and y) = Kx X Ky
Example of the problem: In the cross-test, heterozygous black rabbits are (BB)
and white (bb). What is the combined mobility of the first two white-feathered
breeds?
The meaning of the question: to search for F1 white rabbit F2 fan white rabbit.

Bb= black (p)

bb= white (q)

P = BB X bb

G = B, b X b

F1 = Bb (black) = 1/2

bb (white) =1/2y

then K (x and y) = Kx X Ky
K (x and y) = p X q
K (x and y) = 1/2 X 1/2
K (x and y) = 1/4
3) The probability of two or more events affecting each other is equal to the sum of
the magnitude of the possibilities for each event.
K (x or y) = K(x) X K(y)
Example problem:
Heterozygous black rabbits (Bb) are crossed with each other.
 a. What is the probability that the first three offspring are black-white-black or
white-black-and-white.
Bb=black (p)
bb= white (q)

P = Bb X Bb

G = B, b X B, b

F1 = BB (black)

Bb (black)
Bb (black)
bb (white)

then black = 3/4

then white = 1/4

K (x) = K(black) X K(white) X K(black)

K (x) = K (3/4) X K(1/4) X K(3/4)
K (x) = K (3/4) X K(1/4) X K(3/4)
K (x) = 9/64

K (y) = K (white) X K(black) X K(white)

K (y) = K (1/4) X K (3/4) X K (1/4)
K (y) = 3/64

K (x) = K (x) X K(y)

K (x) = 9/64 X 3/64

b. What is the probability of 2 descendants being black and one being white in
any order?
Bb = black (p)
bb= white (q)
possible sequence:
black-black-and-white = 3/4 x 3/4 x 1/4 = 9/64
black-and-white-black = 3/4 x 1/4 x 3/4 = 9/64
 white-black-black = 1/4 x 3/4 x 3/4 = 9/64

CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion