Name:Bar

bieI
ri
shR.Caña
Cour
seYearandSect
in:BSENT1-
1

CASEANALYSI
SNo.1–Nat
ionalSecur
it
y

Del
iber
ate,
NotDesper
ate:ThePhi
li
ppines’Nat
ionalSecur
it
y
St
rat
egyonTheWestPhi l
ippi
neSea
byJul
i
oS.AmadorI
IIandEdcel
JohnA.I
bar
ra

Therewerear gument st
hatthePhi l
ippinegov ernmentshoul dnothav esol el
yreli
edoni nternational
courtstomanaget hecount r
y ’
smostpr essingnat ionalsecurityconcern:themar i
timedi sputesi n
theWestPhi l
ippineSea.Somecomment atorspointedoutt hatthePhili
ppinesdependedheav il
yon
othercountri
es( parti
cul
arlyt
heUni tedSt ates),thatthegov ernmentseemedcompl acentandl axin
handli
ngt hedi sputes,thatFili
pinoscoul dnev erretri
evet heWestPhi li
ppineSea,andt hatt he
country was l acking externalsecur i
ty and l osing ini ts str
ategy.Howev er,what t hese
comment atorsmi ssedwast hatfil
inganar bi
trati
oncaseagai nstChinaf ormedonl yonepar tofa
broaderst r
ategicf ramework.I ndeed,t he legalappr oach was notoutofdesper ati
on buta
deli
berat
ecomponentoft hePhili
ppi nestrategyont heWestPhi li
ppi
neSea.

ThePhi
li
ppi
nest
rat
egy
ThePhi li
ppinesdidnotsi mpl ybr i
ngChi natocour t.Evenbefor ef i
l
ingt hecase, t
hegov ernmenthad
alreadywi selychosent oset t
let hedisputewi thanAr bit
ralTr i
bunalunderAnnexVI Ioft heUnited
Nat i
onsConv enti
onont heLaw oft heSea( UNCLOS) ,withar egistryatt hePer manentCour tof
Arbitration( PCA),rat
hert hanwi ththeot herinternati
onalcour tslistedbyt heConv enti
on.Unl i
kein
thoseot hercour ts,statesi nfluencet headhocsel ecti
onoft hej udgesi nt heAr bit
ralTr i
bunal
:
disput antseachchooseonet ri
bunalmemberandagr eeont her emai ningt hreefr
om acl osedli
st
ofpot enti
almember s,f orat otaloffivetribunalmember s.ThePhi li
ppinesnat ur
allyappoi nt
eda
j
udgewhoespousedanal ignedj ur
isprudence.Meanwhi l
e,Chinar efusedt opar t
ici
pateint heenti
re
process,t hereby also r elinquishing its pri
vilege to appointa j udge.The Pr esidentoft he
InternationalTr i
bunalf ort heLaw oft heSea( ITLOS)appoi ntedt heot herf ourtr
ibunalmember s
i
nst ead, asperUNCLOS.

Asi tawai tedt hedecision, thegov ernmental soenl istedt hehel poft heinternati
onalcommuni tyt o
makeChi naabi debyt heev ent ualrul
ing.Si ncet hesubmi ssi
onoft hecaset ot hearbit
raltri
bunali n
2013,Phi l
ippinedi pl
omat shadbeenengagi ngt heircount erpartsint heircountri
esofassi gnment
tosuppor tt hecount r
y ’
sposi ti
on.Byaski ngsuppor t,thePhi l
ippinescr eatedani nternati
onalpr o-
compl ianceconst it
uencyt hatChi nacannoti gnor enowt hatthet ri
bunalhadr el
easedi tsdecision.
The st rat egy had been hi stori
call
yt ested:r all
ying t he internationalcommuni t
y can t ame
i
nt r
ansi gentst ates.InNi caraguav .Uni tedSt ates,Ni caraguasuccessf ullylobbi
edt heUNGener al
Assembl yt oadoptar esolutionthatt heUni tedSt atescompl ywi t
ht her ul
ingoft heI nt
ernational
Cour tofJust i
ce.Si mil
arly,inNet herlandsv .Russi a,Gr eenpeace,i nwhosebehal ftheNet herlands
fi
ledacaseatI TLOS,gener atedenoughi nternationalat tenti
onont hecase,whi chpr essur ed
Russi atoev entuall
yreleaset hedet ainees.

Ar
bit
rat
ionf
ellundert
helegaltr
ackoft hegovernment
’sthree-
trackappr
oachtothedisput
es.
Al
ongsi
de i
t,the Phi
l
ippi
nes maint
ained mul
ti
later
alcooperat
ion wit
hr egi
onalst
akehol
ders
throughASEAN—t hepol i
ti
caltrack—andcont i
nuedbi lat
eral discussionswi t
hChi na—t hediplomat i
c
track.Appar entfailur
esi nt hepol i
ti
calt r
ack( thefailureofASEANt oi ssueaj ointcommuni quéon
theSout hChinaSeadi sputes)andt hedi plomat i
ct rack(ast alemat eint hebilater
alconsul tat
ions
wi t
hChi naont hedi sputesaf terthest andoffatScar boroughShoal )in2012hadul ti
mat ely
prompt edt hePhilippinest ofil
et hearbitrati
oncasei n2013, butthisdi dnotpr ecludei tt
ocont inue
engagi ngASEANandChi na.Indeed,t herehadal sobeeni mpr ovement sont heset wot racks.On
thepol iti
caltr
ack, ASEANhadbeeni dent i
fyingdev el
opment si ntheSout hChinaSeaasacauseof
regionalconcer ni nitsj ointcommuni quéssi nce2013.Ont hedi plomat i
ct rack,thePhi li
ppines
mai ntainedbilat
eraldi scussionswi t
hChi naonot her ,non-cont enti
ousi ssues.Inf act,i
nt ermsof
economi crelati
ons,t hePhi l
i
ppines’t otaltradewi th,foreigndi r
ecti nv est
mentf r
om,andof f
icial
dev el
opmentassi stancef rom Chi nasince2013hadi ndicatednocl earsi gnofdet eri
orati
on.

Thegov ernment ’
sov er
al ldipl
omat i
cst rat
egywentwi thadef ensepl anaswel l.ThePhi l
i
ppi nes
embar kedonst rengtheni ngi t
sdef enser elationswi thallieswhi lei mprovi
ng i t
sownmi li
tary
capabili
ties.Ondef enser elati
ons,thePhi l
ippines,amongot hers,adopt edt heEnhancedDef ense
Cooper ationAgr eementwi ththeUni tedSt ates,agr eedi npr i
nci pleont het r
ansferofdef ense
equipmentandt echnol ogywi t
hJapan, andsignedast r
ategi
cpar t nershipagreementwi thViet nam.
Ondef ense- capabil
ityimpr ovement ,spendingf orthesecur i
tysect orhadgener all
ybeeni ncreasi ng
si
nce2010whenPr esi
dentBeni gnoS.Aqui noI IIassumedof fice.I nfact,in2013,r ealdef ense
spendingexceededt hreebi ll
i
onUSD at2014pr icesf ort hef i
r stt i
mei nhi story.Thi
sgr owi ng
appropriation,i
nt urn,allowedt heAr medFor cesoft hePhi l
ippines( AFP)tocont i
nuemoder nizing
i
tsasset s.

Fi
ll
ingi
nthegapi
npubl
icdi
plomacy

ThePhi lippinest rategyont heWestPhi li

ppineSeawast hereforeacompr ehensi
v epackageof
l
egal ,pol i
tical,diplomat i
c,anddef enseappr oaches,but,asnot edabov e,Filipi
nosmi ghtnothav e
necessar il
yv iewedi tassuch.Thesal ienceofnegat i
veper cept i
onspoi ntedt oagapi ntheef f
orts
oftheDepar tmentofFor eignAf fairs( DFA)t ocommuni catet hePhi l
ippinest rategyont hedi sputes,
agapt hatcoul dhav ebeenr emedi edt hroughmor epubl i
cdi plomacy .Fori tspart,theDFAhad
beenkeent oexpl aint hel egalappr oacht ot hedomest icpubl ic.Fori nstance,t hedepar t
ment ’
s
spokesper sonhadbeengoi ngar oundt hecount ryto di scusst hear bitrati
oncasewi thl ocal
stakehol der s.But ,in addi ti
on,t her e shoul d have been ef fortst o suppor tlocalgov ernment
units—especi allyt hose t hatadmi nistert he contested ar eas—and educat ionalinsti
tut i
ons t o
conducti nfor mationcampai gnsont heirown.Ther eshoul dhav ebeenawi derpresencei nsoci al
medi a,t oo.I ntermsofcont ent ,thegov ernment ’
slegalef fort
scoul dhav ebeencont extualizedi n
thebi ggerpi ctureoft hePhi l
ippi nest r
at egy,becauset heconnect ionmi ghtnotnecessar i
lyhav e
beenaut omat i
call
yconst r
ued.Ul timat ely,thereshoul dhav ebeenext r
aef forttoconv i
ncet he
domest ic publ ic t hat goi ng t o ar bitrat
ion was t he count ry
’s best opt ion, as t he
alt
er natives—mul ti
lateralbal anci ngt hroughASEAN,bi l
ateralnegot iat
ionswi thChina,and,most
especi ally,mi li
taryconf rontation—i ndicat ed sli
m successatt hatt i
me.Pastef f
ortsmor eover
i
ndicat et hatt herear eimpr ov ement sont hepol i
ti
cal
,diplomat ic,anddef enseaspect s.Afteral l
,the
fl
exibili
tyoft hePhi li
ppinest r
at egymadei tpossibletopur suedi ffer
entst r
at egiessimultaneousl y.

Source:htt
p:/
/www.f
si.
gov
.ph/
del
i
ber
ate-
not
-desper
ate-
the-
phi
l
ippi
nes-
nat
ional
-secur
it
y-st
rat
egy
-on-
the-
west-phi
li
ppi
ne-
sea/
Gui
dequest
ions:
1.How signi
fi
canti
stheissueregar
dingsaf
eguar
dingournati
onalsecur
it
y?Whatar et
he
i
mportantmeasur
esthePhi
li
ppi
nesismaki
nginor
dertoensur
eournati
onalsecur
it
y?
-Howi mpor t
antist heissueofsaf eguardi
ngournat i
onalsecuri
ty?Thisisv eryimportantto
ourFilipi
nos,becausewemayl oset hejobweneed.Al so.Becauseoft hi
si ssue,the
ChineseandFi li
pinosar eshowi ngev enmorehowi mpor t
anttheWestPhi ll
ippineSeai sto
them fort hisr i
valr
y .Whatkeymeasur esisthePhi li
ppi
nesi mpl ementi
ngt osecureour
nati
onalsecur ity
?ThePhi li
ppineshasf ormedat askforcet ooverseethecase' soperati
on.
Now t hatt het r
ibunal'
sr uli
nghasbeenannounced,Chi nacannol ongerdi sr
egardt he
Phil
ippines'inter
nationalpro-compl i
anceconst
ituency.
2.Doy ouagreetothemeasur
esourcountryi
sdoingtoensur
eournationalsecur
it
y?I
fyes,
whatarey ourr
easonstost
atethatt
hecountr
yisont heri
ghttr
ack?Ifno,whatareyour
suggest
ionsoral
ter
nati
vemeasur
estosecur
eournat
ional
ter
ri
tor
y?
- Personal
ly
,Idi
sagreewit
hourcount r
y'sact
ionssinceweal
lknowthatwecanst
il
lfi
ght
forwhatwedeserve,butthegovernmentispr ev
enti
ngusf
rom doi
ngsobecausethey
havenothi
ngtofi
ghtinChinaorothercount
ries.

3.Asastudent
,how cany oucontr
ibuteinsafeguardi
ngournati
onalsecuri
ty?Whatar
eyour
ev
ery
dayacti
vit
iesandacti
onsthatref
lectoureff
ortt
owardsnat
ionalsecur
it
y?
- Mypr i
mar yresponsibi
li
tyasast udenti
st ograduateandcont ri
butetosocietyinsome
way .Thi sistheonlywayIcancont ri
butetoourcount r
y'ssecuri
ty.Howev er
,whetheror
noty ouar east udenthasnobear i
ngonourabi l
it
ytopr ot
ectnationalsecuri
ty.Andthe
bestt hingwecandot oimpr ov eournationalsecuri
tyistobeawar eoft hethreat
sthat
exi
stbot hext ernal
lyandi nternal
ly;oncewehav eenoughi nformati
on,wecansee
potent i
alr i
sksandcompr omi sesanddeci dewhati sappropri
ate.thatsomesor tof
acti
oni sr equir
ed.
CASEANALYSI
SNo.2-Di
sast
erAwar
eness,
Prepar
ednessandManagement

Resear
chGr
oupUr
gesMor
eAccessi
bleEar
thquakeI
nfor
mat
iont
oFi
li
pinos
ByRappl
erJene-AnnePanguePost
edl
astMay3,
2019

A surv
eyfrom the Har
var
d Humanit
ari
an I
nit
iat
ive shows t
hatFi
l
ipi
nos,especi
all
ythe l
ess
educat
edones,
arehardl
ypr
epar
edforanear
thquake.
MANI
LA,
Phi
l
ippi
nes–Ar
eFi
l
ipi
nohousehol
dspr
epar
edf
orast
rongear
thquake?
A studyr el
eased on Wednesday ,May1,showed t hatmostFi l
ipi
no householdshardl
yhav e
eart
hquakepr eparednessplans.Thisl
ackofprepar
ati
onwast hereasonthe Harvar
dHumanitar
ian
Ini
ti
ati
ve( HHI)ur geddisasterriskreduct
ionandmanagement( DRRM)of f
icestoensurethat
i
nformationonear t
hquakesar eaccessi
bleandcompr ehensi
blet
oall,especi
allyamongtheless
educatedFil
ipinos.
HHI’
s study,t
hrough its Disaster
NetPhi l
i
ppines proj
ect,was gathered from a nat
ionwide
househol
dsurveyconductedbetweenMar chandApril2017,withatot
alof4,368int
erv
iews.There
were240householdrespondentsineachofthe18regions,exceptwi
ththeNational
Capit
alRegion
(NCR),wher
emor eweretappedf orthesur
vey.
Coi
nci
dental
l
y,theresult
soft
hesur
veywer
erel
easedj
ustaf
ew day
saf
terst
rong 
ear
thquakes
j
olt
edLuzon 
and Vi
sayas.

Needf
oraboost
HHIResil
ientCommunitiesProgr
am Di
rect
orVincenzoBol
let
ti
nosai
dinast at
ementthatt
imel
y
accesst
odi sast
eri
nfor
mat i
onandpl
ansforwhattododuri
nganeart
hquakecansav
eli
ves.
"Fi
li
pinosshoul
dbeawar eoft
heDepartmentofInter
iorandLocalGover
nment’s(
DILG)gui
deli
nes
ondi sast
erprepar
edness(Operat
ion Li
sto)and acquai
ntthemselv
eswi t
h evacuat
ionroutes,
evacuati
onshel
terl
ocati
onsandshoul
dhav eemergencykit
sprepar
ed,
”Boll
ett
inoadded.
Thestudyshowedthatthehi
ghl
yeducatedmembersofthehousehol
dweremor
eli
kel
ytohav
e
ear
thquakedi
sast
erplans(
bel
ow10%)thanthel
esseducat
edones(bel
ow5%).
Mor
ehi
ghl
yeducatedrespondent
soft
hesur
veyandheadsofhousehol
dwer
emor
eli
kel
ytohav
e
apl
ani
ncaseofeart
hquakes.
 
Thefamili
arit
yont hePhi
li
ppi
neInst
it
uteofVol
canol
ogyandSei
smology(Phiv
olcs)Ear
thquake
Int
ensi
tyScale( PEIS)
,asei
smicscal
eusedtomeasuretheint
ensi
tyofat emblor,wasmor e
commonat62% amonghousehol dswi t
hmemberswhocompletedt
erti
aryeducati
onandhav e
ski
ll
edprofessional
s.
Thisisf
oll
owedat49%byhousehol dswit
hamemberwhof ini
shedsecondaryeducat
ion,35%for
thosewit
hamemberwhogr aduatedfrom pr
imaryschool
,andonly24%f orhouseholdswit
hout
memberswhoeitherr
eachedorfi
nishedanyschooll
evel
.
Ev
enbefor
ethemagnit
ude6.1ear
thquakejol
tedCentr
alLuzononApril22,t
hisr
egi
on,al
ongwi
th
West
ernVi
sayasonl
yshowed3%ofpreparednesspl
anningatt
hehouseholdl
evel
.
Thel
eastprepar
edregi
onsat1%eachwer eIl
ocosRegi
onandCagay anVal
l
ey.Neart
hebot
tom at
2%pr
eparednesswereBicol
,ZamboangaPeni
nsul
a,andSoccsksar
gen.
Cent
ralVi
say
asr
epor
tedt
hehi
ghestl
evelofpr
epar
ednessat15%,whi
l
eMet
roMani
l
a,whi
chwas
al
sohitbyther
ecentearthquakerankedatt
hesecondhi
ghestl
evelofpr
epar
ednesspl
anni
ngat
13%befor
ethedi
sasterhappened.

Ot
herf
act
ors
Famil
i
ar i
tywithPEI
Swer emorecommonat51%amongyoungerrespondent
sat18t
o35-year
sold
thant
heol derFi
li
pinos.Thi
swasfol
l
owedbyFi
li
pinoswi
thages36-55at48%andonly43%for56
andolder.
Thesur veyal
so showed t
hathouseholdsdependenton agri
cul
tur
eorfishi
ng astheirmain
l
ivel
ihoodarel
essli
kel
ytohaveanearthquakemanagementplanat3%,t
hanskil
ledandunski
l
led
workersat8%.
Communi cat
ionscoordi
natorofHHIDi sast
erNetPhili
ppinesMarkToldosaidt
hatt
hestudyai
ms
topresentspecif
icdataforeacht ypeofdisasterafteritsgener
alstudyontheper
cepti
onsof
di
sasterresi
l
ienceandpreparednessinthePhi
li
ppines.
“Whatwe'redoingrightnowiswe'regett
ingspeci
fi
cdatafr
om t her
esul
tsoft
hesurveyoneach
typeofdisastersuchasear t
hquake.Theothermonth,wereleasedsomedataondr ought.We
hopetoreleasemor especi
fi
cdatainthecomingmonths,
”Toldosaid.
 –wit
harepor
tf rom Jene-
AnnePangue/ Rappler
.com

Sour
ce:https:
//www.
rappl
er.
com/
mov
e-ph/
229476-
resear
ch-
group-
cal
l
s-dr
rms-
ensur
e-accessi
ble
-
eart
hquake-i
nfor
mati
on

Gui
dequest
ions:

1.Doy
ouagr
eeordi
sagr
eewi
tht
hear
ti
cle?Why
?
-Thisarti
cledoesnotresonatewi t
hme.WehaveFi lipi
noswhohavenotcompl etedschoolbut
haveenoughunder st
andingoft heeart
hquaketopr eservet hemselves.Toputitanotherway ,
whomeveri suneducatedunderstandsalotofthi
ngst hatt hosewhoar eeducat
eddon' t;i
tall
rel
iesonhowpeopl ethi
nk.And,I
naddditi
on,mostgraduat esknowt hingsl
iket
hisbutdon'tknow
howt oaccomplisht
hem, soknowingsomethi
ngaboutt hewor l
dyou'reini
squit
ebenefi
cial.

2.Howcanwer
emedyt
hepr
obl
em pr
esent
edi
nthear
ti
cle?St
ateconcr
eteact
ionsorsol
uti
ons.
-I
nmyopi ni
on,of
fer
ingf reeeart
hquakeeducati
ont oourf ell
ow Fil
ipi
noswhodonothave
enoughmoneytopreachi sonewaytoall
evi
atetheproblem di
scussedinthi
sar
ti
cle.Second,
sendthosewhoareawar eoftheeart
hquaketopl acesfarfrom thei
rhomes,suchast he
mountai
nsorcommuni t
ieswithl
it
tl
eorweakcellcoverage,sothatt
heycanbeupdatedabout
whatisgoi
ngonint
heirar ea.

3.Howcany
ouai
dthegov
ernmentandt
hecommuni
tyi
nbei
ngdi
sast
err
eady
?
-Asastuendt
,Iam notinaposit
iont
ogovernt
hepeoplear
oundme,butvi
gil
ancei
st heonly
wayforusallt
osurvive.I
fyouthi
nkyou'
reindanger
,fi
ndsomeonewhocanassistyouright
away.Andl
etusber
eadyf
oranydi
sast
ert
hatmayoccur
;wemustnotpani
c i
nor
dert
ost
ay
al
ive.