Chapter 1

CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Crops When plants of same

type are grown and

cultivated in a field it is called crop eq

wheat ele
crop paddy mop

India is a large country where the

climatic conditions like temperature humidity

and
rainfall vary from to
one
region
another

Accordingly there
variety of is a nicer

crops grown in different parts of country

Despite this diversity two broad cropping
patterns can be identified on the basis
of particular season in which they grow

the basis
Classification of Crops on
of season

v v

kaif Crops Rabi crops

The crops that are sown in the
crops that are

Rainy season are called kaif grown in winter season

crops or summer crops are called labi crops or

winter crops
 These are sown in June July These are sown during
and harvested at the end October November and

of monsoon season i e harvested in March eq

during september
in heat
quam pea
Paddy Crice Maize Soybean mustard and linseed
Colton groundnut millets lle

Agricultural Practices
Cultivation of crops involves several activities
undertaken by farmers over a
period of time
These activities or tasks are referred to as

agricultural practices
Agricultural Practices

u v u v u

Preparation of Sowing Adding Irrigation Harvesting

Manure
Soil and
u 3h
Traditional feed storage
u
drill protection
Manning
from weeds
Manual Traditional
Ploughing
sowing method Sprinkler
levelling MTodern
Method
Moat below Cphainmp Rahat Drip
 1 Preparation of soil the
first step of the
crop production is
Soil is
preparation of soil the
uppermost
where
layer of the earth plants are
grown

It provides water aim minerals humus ete to

the Soil is
plants prepared for sowing seeds

by three different methods

ca Ploughing the
process of loosening and turning
the soil is called ploughing on

tilling It is done using a

plough

The loosening and

turning of soil by ploughing
is because
beneficial of the following reasons

lil Plant moats can penetrate freely and deeper

into the soil and plants are held
firmly
to the
ground
ii loose soil helps the plants hoots to breath
easily
Ciii Ploughing turns the soil to enrich it with
nutrients so that plants can use these
 nutrients

Civ It also helps in removing weeds

b Levelling The ploughed soil is loose therefore

there are chances that it can

be blown wind
away by or washed
away
by water causing soil erosion

To
prevent soil erosion the ploughed soil
is levelled
by pressing it with a wooden
or iron leveller

levelling also helps in the uniform

distribution water in the
fields during
of
irrigation

Ploughed field may have big pieces of

soil called crumbs Levelling keeps to break
these crumbs with a plank and prevents
loss of moisture from the loose soil
 continous
Ces manuring growing of crops makes
soil certain
poorer in
the
nutrients Therefore farmers have to add manure
to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients
the process is called manuring Sometimes
manure is added to soil before tilling This
helps in mining of manure with
proper
soil

Agricultural Implements Equipments used

soil
for preparation of

u v y

Plough Moe Cultivator

It is most It is now
the used
for a
day
ancient tool used removing weeds ploughing is

for tilling the and

for done tractor
by
soil adding loosening soil It driven cultivator
manure and is
simple in It is a modern
fertilizers removing structure with form of plough
weeds soil nod which
scraping a long of can dig
ele wood or iron into a considerable

is of
This made with a board area of soil
 wood or iron and hent and at the same
strong
drawn by a
pain iron plate at time
lulls its cultivator
of horses camels one
of ends A
ate and operated by which works saves both
man like a blade labour and
It it is time
comprises of strong also

triangular iron strip paved by

called plough shave Animals
The main
part of
the is a long
plough
wood caked
log of
ploughshaft with a

handel at one end

and a beam on

other end which is

placed on bull's neck

The indigenous wooden

plough is increasingly
being replaced by
iron ploughs now a

days