ENG-204 Engineering Mechanics 2

Lecture 03

S. Tamna
Curvilinear Motions of Particles

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Outline

• General motions of a particle

• Rectangular (Cartesian) coordinates
• Projectiles
• Relative motion or translating frame

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Projectiles
Consider a motion of a particle under gravitational acceleration
only, i.e. no other external forces. This is called a projectile.
y


vx

(v y ) 0 v0 
 vy v
(v x ) 0 r
y
y0

x
x0
x

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Projectiles
Initial position = (x0 , y0), Current position = (x, y)
Gravitational acceleration ay = - 9.81 m/s2, ax = az = 0
y


vx
 
(v y ) 0 v0  v
 vy
y (v x ) 0 r

y0

x
x0
x

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Projectiles
Without loss in generality. We have chosen the motion to
be in the x-y plane.
Proof:
Choose the x-y plane, with y being vertical to be the plane
which contain the initial velocity. Thus,
(vx )0  0, (v y )0  0, (vz ) 0 = 0
a z = 0  v z = (v z ) 0 + a z t = (v z ) 0 = 0

Hence, the motion always remains in the x-y plane.

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Projectiles
For constant acceleration (a = ac)
v = v0 + act
1
s = s0 + v0t + act 2
2
v = v + 2ac ( s - s0 )
2 2
0

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Projectiles
Horizontal motion:
v x = (v x ) 0 + a x t = (v x ) 0
1 2
x = x0 + (vx )0 t + axt = x0 + (vx )0 t
2
Vertical motion: +

v y = (v y )0 + a y t = (v y )0 - gt
1 2
y = y0 + (v y )0 t - gt
2
v y2 = (v y )02 - 2 g ( y - y0 )

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Projectiles

Motion in the vertical direction

is independent of the motion in
the x- direction.

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Projectiles

v0
θ
R

What is the angle θ which will maximize R?

(vx )0 = v0 cos 
(v y )0 = v0 sin 
x = (v0 cos  )t

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 Projectiles
v y = (v y )0 - gt = v0 sin  - gt
y = y0 + (v y )0 t - gt 2 = (v0 sin  )t - gt 2
1 1
2 2

0 = (v0 sin  )t - gt 2
1
2
0 = t (2v0 sin  - gt ) / 2  t = 0, (2v0 sin  ) / g
R = (vx )0 t = (v0 cos  )[(2v0 sin  ) / g ] = (v02 sin 2 ) / g
dR
= (v02 2 cos 2 ) / g = 0
d
cos 2 = 0  2 =  / 2
 = / 4
Can you prove that maximum height occurs when θ = π/2, i.e. vertical motion?
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Sample Problem 11.10
A projectile is fired from the edge of a
150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180
m/s at an angle of 30°with the horizontal.
Neglecting air resistance, find (a) the
horizontal distance from the gun to the
point where the projectile strikes the
ground, (b) the greatest elevation above the
ground reached by the projectile.
SOLUTION:
• Consider the vertical and horizontal
motion separately (they are
independent)
• Apply equations of motion in
y-direction
• Apply equations of motion in
x-direction
• Determine time t for projectile to
hit the ground, use this to find the
horizontal distance
• Maximum elevation occurs when vy=0

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Sample Problem 11.10
SOLUTION:
1
y = (v y )0 t - gt 2
2
9.81 2
-150 = (180sin 30 )t - t
2
 t = 19.91 s
x = (vx )0 t = (180 cos 30 )t = 155.9(19.91)
 x = 3100 m
v y = (v y )0 - gt = 180sin 30 - 9.81t
0 = 90 - 9.81t  t = 9.174 s
1 9.81
y = (v y )0 t - gt = (180sin 30 )(9.174) -
2
(9.174) 2 = 413 m
2 2
Greatest elevation above the ground =150 m + 413 m = 563 m
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Concept Quiz
If you fire a projectile from 150 meters above the
ground (see Ex Problem 11.7), what launch angle
will give you the greatest horizontal distance x?
a) A launch angle of 45
b) A launch angle less than 45
c) A launch angle greater than 45
d) It depends on the launch velocity
2 gh 2 gh
cos 2 ( sin  + 2 + sin  ) - 2 sin  = 0
2

v0 v0

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Problem 11.CQ3
Two model rockets are fired simultaneously
from a ledge and follow the trajectories
shown. Neglecting air resistance, which of
the rockets will hit the ground first?

(a) A
(b) B
(c) They hit at the same time.
(d) The answer depends on h.
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Sample Problem 11.11
A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 240 m/s at a target
B located 600 m above the gun A and at a horizontal distance of
3600 m. Neglecting air resistance, determine the value of the
firing angle α.
240 m/s
B
A α 600 m

3600 m

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Sample Problem 11.11
(vx )0 = 240 cos  , (v y ) 0 = 240sin 
240 m/s
15
x = (vx )0 t  3600 = 240(cos  )t  t =
O 240cosα cos 
x 1 2
3600 m
y = (v y )0 t - gt = 240(sin  )t - 4.905t 2 = 600
2
15 15 2
 600 = 240sin  - 4.905( )
cos  cos 
= 3600 tan  - 1103.625(1 + tan 2  )
69.6
29.9
tan  = 0.575, 2.69
  = 29.9 , 69.6

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Group Problem Solving
A baseball pitching machine “throws” baseballs with a horizontal velocity
v0. If you want the height h to be 1.05 m, determine the value of v0.

SOLUTION:
• Consider the vertical and • Apply equations of motion in y-direction
horizontal motion separately • Apply equations of motion in x-direction
(they are independent)
• Determine time t for projectile to fall to 1.05 m.
• Calculate v0=0
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Group Problem Solving
Given: x = 12.2 m, y0 = 1.5 m,
y = 1.05 m.
Analyze the motion in the
y - direction Analyze the motion in the
y = y0 + (0)t - gt 2
1 x - direction
2
x = 0 + (vx )0 t = v0t
1
1.05 = 1.5 - gt 2
12.2 m = (v0 )(0.3029 s)
2
t = 0.3029 s v0 = 40.3 m/s = 145 km/h

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Relative motions (Translating Axes)
The pilot of a helicopter landing on a moving carrier must take into
account the relative motion of the ship.

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Relative motions (Translating Axes)

Vector summation:

A A = B+C
C
C = A- B
B

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Relative motions (Translating Axes)

rB = rA + rB / A  rB / A = rB - rA
vB = v A + vB/ A  vB/ A = vB - v A
aB = a A + aB / A  aB / A = aB - a A

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Relative motions (Translating Axes)
rB = rA + rB / A , rB / A = rB - rA
rB = position (vector) of B
rA = position (vector) of A
rB / A = position (vector) of B seen from A.

vB = v A + vB/ A , vB/ A = vB - v A
v B = velocity (vector) of B
v A = velocity (vector) of A
v B / A = velocity (vector) of B seen from A.

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Sample Problem 11.14
Automobile A is traveling east at the constant speed of
36 km/h. As automobile A crosses the intersection
shown, automobile B starts from rest 35 m north of
the intersection and moves south with a constant
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2. Determine the position,
velocity, and acceleration of B relative to A 5 s after A
crosses the intersection.
SOLUTION:
• Define inertial axes for the system
• Determine the position, speed, and acceleration of car A at t = 5 s
• Determine the position, speed, and acceleration of car B at t = 5 s
• Using vectors (Eqs 11.31, 11.33, and 11.34) or a graphical approach,
determine the relative position, velocity, and acceleration
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Sample Problem 11.14
SOLUTION: • Define axes along the road

At t = 5 s

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Sample Problem 11.14

At t = 5 s

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Sample Problem 11.14
SOLUTION:

We can solve the problems geometrically, and apply the arctangent relationship:

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Sample Problem 11.10
SOLUTION:

Or we can solve the problems using vectors to obtain equivalent results:

rB = rA + rB/ A v B = v A + v B/ A aB = a A + aB/ A
20 j = 50i + rB/ A -6 j = 10i + v B/ A -1.2 j = 0i + aB/ A
rB/ A = 20 j - 50i (m) v B/ A = -6 j - 10i (m/s) aB/ A = -1.2 j (m/s 2 )

Physically, a rider in car A would “see” car B travelling south and west.

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Concept Quiz
If you are sitting in train B looking
out the window, it which direction
does it appear that train A is moving?

a) 25o c)

b) 25o d)

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Problem 11.118
The three blocks shown move with constant velocities. Find the velocity of each
block, knowing that the relative velocity of A with respect to C is 300 mm/s
upward and that the relative velocity of B with respect to A is 200 mm/s
downward.
y A + yD = L1
+ y
 v A + vD = 0 yD
( yB - yD ) + ( yC - yD ) = L2 yA yB yC
 vB + vC - 2vD = 0
v A/ C = v A - vC = -0.3m/s
vB / A = vB - v A = 0.2 m/s

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Problem 11.118
The three blocks shown move with constant velocities. Find the velocity of each
block, knowing that the relative velocity of A with respect to C is 300 mm/s
upward and that the relative velocity of B with respect to A is 200 mm/s
downward.
v A = vC - 0.3
+ y
vD = -v A = -(vC - 0.3)
yD
vB = v A + 0.2 = vC - 0.1
yA yB yC
(vC - 0.1) + vC + 2(vC - 0.3) = 0
 vC = 0.175 m/s
v A = -0.125 m/s
vB = 0.075 m/s
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Work problem 11.102
Milk is poured into a glass of height 140 mm and inside diameter 66
mm. If the initial velocity of the milk is 1.2 m/s at an angle of 40
with the horizontal, determine the range of values of the height h for
which the milk will enter the glass.

0.244 m < h < 0.386 m

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Work problem 11.103
A volleyball player serves the ball with an initial velocity v0 of
magnitude 13.40 m/s at an angle of 20 with the horizontal.
Determine (a) if the ball will clear the top of the net, (b) how far
from the net the ball will land.
yc > 2.43 m (height of net) ball clears net.
7.01 m from the net.

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Work problem 11.109
The nozzle at A discharges cooling water with an initial velocity v0 at
an angle of 6 with the horizontal onto a grinding wheel 350 mm in
diameter. Determine the range of values of the initial velocity for
which the water will land on the grinding wheel between points B
and C.
0.678 m/s < v0 < 1.211 m/s

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Work problem 11.97
An airplane used to drop water on brushfires is flying
horizontally in a straight line at 315 km/h at an altitude of 80 m.
Determine the distance d at which the pilot should release the
water so that it will hit the fire at B.
d = 353 m

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Work problem 11.98
A helicopter is flying with a constant horizontal velocity of 180 km/h
and is directly above point A when a loose part begins to fall. The
part lands 6.5 s later at point B on an inclined surface. Determine (a)
the distance d between points A and B. (b) the initial height h.

d = 330 m, h = 149.9 m

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Work problem 11.114
A worker uses high-pressure water to clean the inside of a long
drainpipe. If the water is discharged with an initial velocity v0 of 11.5
m/s, determine (a) the distance d to the farthest point B on the top of
the pipe that the worker can wash from his position at A, (b) the
corresponding angle .
d = 4.98 m,  = 23.8

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Work problem F12–23 (Hibbeler)
Determine the speed at which the basketball at A must be thrown at
the angle of 30 so that it makes it to the basket at B.

t = 0.9334 s,
vA = 12.4 m/s

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Work problem F12–24 (Hibbeler)
Water is sprayed at an angle of 90 from the slope at 20 m/s.
Determine the range R.

t = 5.10 s
R = 76.5 m

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Thank You

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