Kinematics and One

Dimensional Motion
 Position
• A vector that points from origin to body.
• Position is a function of time
• In one dimension:

x(t )  x(t )ˆi

 Displacement Vector
Change in position
vector of the object
during the time
interval t  t2  t1
Average Velocity

t
 Instantaneous Velocity
x-component of the velocity is equal to the slope of the
tangent line of the graph of x-component of position vs.
time at time t

dx
vx (t) 
dt
 Instantaneous Velocity
and Differentiation
• For each time interval t, calculate the x-
component of the average velocity
vave,x (t)  x / t
• Take limit ast  0 sequence of the x-
component average velocities
x x(t  t)  x(t) dx
lim  lim 
t0 t t0 t dt

• The limiting value of this sequence is x-component

of the instantaneous velocity at the time t .
vx (t)  dx / dt
Average Acceleration

t  t2  t1
 Instantaneous Acceleration
The x-component of acceleration is equal to the slope of
the tangent line of the graph of the x-component of the
velocity vs. time at time t

dvx
ax (t) 
dt
 Instantaneous Acceleration
and Differentiation
• For each time interval t, calculate the x-
component of the average acceleration
aave,x (t)  vx / t
• Take limit ast  0 sequence of the x-
component average accelerations
vx vx (t  t)  vx (t) dvx
lim  lim 
t0 t t0 t dt

• The limiting value of this sequence is x-component

of the instantaneous acceleration at the time t .
ax (t)  dvx / dt
Non-Constant Acceleration
and Integration
 Velocity as the Integral of
Acceleration
The area under the graph of
the x-component of the
acceleration vs. time is the
change in velocity
t  t iN

 a (t)dt  lim  a (t )t

t 0
x
ti 0
i 1
x i i  Area(ax , t )

t  t t  t 
vx  vx t
dvx
 ax (t ) dt    dt  dt    dvx  vx (t)  vx,0
t  0 t  0 v   v t 0 
x x
 Position as the Integral of
Velocity
Area under the graph of x-component of
the velocity vs. time is the displacement
dx
vx (t ) 
dt
t  t

 v (t )dt   x(t )  x
t 0
x 0

Ei is the error in the approximation for each interval

 Summary: Time-Dependent
Acceleration
• Acceleration is a non-
constant function of time

ax (t )

• Change in velocity
t  t
vx (t )  vx,0   a (t)dt 
t 0
x

• Change in position
t  t
x(t )  x0   v (t)dt 
t 0
x
 Example: Model Rocket
A person launches a home-built model rocket straight up
into the air at y = 0 from rest at time t = 0 . (The positive y-
direction is upwards). The fuel burns out at t = t0. The
position of the rocket is given by

1 a0 6 4
y   (a0  g )t  t / t0 ;
2
0  t  t0
2 30
with a0 and g are positive. Find the y-components of the
velocity and acceleration of the rocket as a function of
time. Graph ay vs t for 0 < t < t0.
 Home Work 1:Sports Car
At t = 0 , a sports car starting at rest at x = 0 accelerates
with an x-component of acceleration given by

ax (t)  t  t 3 , for 0  t  ( /  )1/2

and zero afterwards with  ,   0

(1) Find expressions for the velocity and position vectors of

the sports as functions of time for t >0.

(2) Sketch graphs of the x-component of the position, velocity

and acceleration of the sports car as a function of time for
t >0
 Kinematics in Two Dimensions

In two or three
dimensions, the
displacement is a
vector:
As Δt and Δr become
smaller and smaller, the
average velocity
approaches the
instantaneous velocity.
The instantaneous
acceleration is in the
direction of Δ v = v2 – v1,
and is given by:
Using unit vectors,
Projectile Motion

A projectile is an
object moving in two
dimensions under the
influence of Earth's
gravity; its path is a
parabola.
Projectile Motion
It can be understood
by analyzing the
horizontal and vertical
motions separately.
 Projectile Motion
If an object is launched at an initial angle of θ0
with the horizontal, the analysis is similar except
that the initial velocity has a vertical component.
 Parabolic trajectory

Projectile motion is parabolic:

Taking the equations for x and y as a function
of time, and combining them to eliminate t, we
find y as a function of x:

This is the equation for a parabola.

 Solving Problems Involving Projectile
Motion
1. Read the problem carefully, and choose the
object(s) you are going to analyze.
2. Draw a diagram.
3. Choose an origin and a coordinate system.
4. Decide on the time interval; this is the same in
both directions, and includes only the time the
object is moving with constant acceleration g.
5. Examine the x and y motions separately.
 Solving Problems Involving Projectile
Motion

6. List known and unknown quantities.

Remember that vx never changes, and that
vy = 0 at the highest point.
7. Plan how you will proceed. Use the
appropriate equations; you may have to
combine some of them.
 Summary of Projectile Motion

Projectile motion is motion with constant

acceleration in two dimensions, where the
acceleration is g and is down.
 EXAMPLES
Example 3-6: Driving off a
cliff.
A movie stunt driver on a
motorcycle speeds
horizontally off a 50.0-m-high
cliff. How fast must the
motorcycle leave the cliff top
to land on level ground below,
90.0 m from the base of the
cliff where the cameras are?
Ignore air resistance.
 Home Work 2

A kicked football.
A football is kicked at an angle θ0 = 37.0° with a
velocity of 20.0 m/s, as shown. Calculate (a) the
maximum height, (b) the time of travel before the
football hits the ground, (c) how far away it hits the
ground, (d) the velocity vector at the maximum height,
and (e) the acceleration vector at maximum height.
Assume the ball leaves the foot at ground level, and
ignore air resistance and rotation of the ball.
 Home Work 3
Level horizontal range.
(a) Derive a formula for the
horizontal range R of a projectile in
terms of its initial speed v0 and angle
θ0. The horizontal range is defined as
the horizontal distance the projectile
travels before returning to its
original height (which is typically the
ground); that is, y(final) = y0. (b)
Suppose one of Napoleon’s cannons
had a muzzle speed, v0, of 60.0 m/s.
At what angle should it have been
aimed (ignore air resistance) to
strike a target 320 m away?
 Home Work 4
Rescue helicopter drops supplies.
A rescue helicopter wants to drop a package of supplies to isolated
mountain climbers on a rocky ridge 200 m below. If the helicopter is
traveling horizontally with a speed of 70 m/s (250 km/h), (a) how far
in advance of the recipients (horizontal distance) must the package
be dropped? (b) Suppose, instead, that the helicopter releases the
package a horizontal distance of 400 m in advance of the mountain
climbers. What vertical velocity should the package be given (up or
down) so that it arrives precisely at the climbers’ position? (c) With
what speed does the package land in the latter case?
 Relative Velocity
We have already considered relative speed in
one dimension; it is similar in two dimensions
except that we must add and subtract velocities
as vectors.

Each velocity is labeled first with the object,

and second with the reference frame in which
it has this velocity.
Relative Velocity

Here, vWS is the velocity

of the water in the shore
frame, vBS is the velocity
of the boat in the shore
frame, and vBW is the
velocity of the boat in the
water frame.
The relationship between
the three velocities is:
 Example: Heading upstream

A boat’s speed in still

water is vBW = 1.85 m/s.
If the boat is to travel
directly across a river
whose current has
speed vWS = 1.20 m/s, at
what upstream angle
must the boat head?
 Home Work 5: Heading across the river

The same boat (vBW = 1.85 m/s)

now heads directly across the
river whose current is still 1.20
m/s. (a) What is the velocity
(magnitude and direction) of
the boat relative to the shore?
(b) If the river is 110 m wide,
how long will it take to cross
and how far downstream will
the boat be then?
 Home Work 6: Car velocities at 90°.

Two automobiles approach a street corner at

right angles to each other with the same speed
of 40.0 km/h (= 11.1 m/s), as shown. What is the
relative velocity of one car with respect to the
other? That is, determine the velocity of car 1 as
seen by car 2.