Geometrical Optics

Lecture 7
Stops and pupils II
中央大學光電科學與工程學系
副教授
梁肇文 博士
Ray Bundle
Vignetting
No Vignetting
 Vignetting
Fully Vignetting
Half Vignetting
 Vignetting examples
• A 5X30 Keplerian telescope with first
element f1 = 250mm , D1 = 30mm,D2
=10mm, What’s the FOV @
1. Unvignetted
2. Half Vignetted
3. Full-Vignetted
 Lagrange invariant
n ' u ' nu  hK h
Refraction
n ' u ' nu  hK h
Subtracts
n '(u ' h  u ' h)  n(uh  uh)
t
Transfer h '  h   n 'u '
n' u '
t
h '  h   n 'u ' u '
Subtracts n'
n '(u ' h  u ' h)  n '(uh  uh)

I  H  nuh  nhu  wh  hw
 Notes on Lagrange invariant
• It is defined as H  wy  wy ,a positive value for
a positive chief ray angle system (Class note)
• Also defined as H '  wy  wy , a positive value for
a positive object height system (Textbook)

y0 w0
w0 y0

H 0 H 0
H  H '
H'0 H '0
 Example 5.1
Microscope; Given nagnification =10X NA=0.16, Image
Height =10mm
(1)
y‘=10mm
α α'

nu
M  10  n ' u '  0.016
n 'u '
H '  n yu  nyu  10  0.016  0  u  0.16mm  Image Space
10mm
H  n yu  nyu  0.16   0.16mm  Object Space
10
H L  n yu  nyu  0  u  yu  0.16mm @ the Lens
 Example 5.1
(2) Telescope; Given EP=50mm , FOV=+-3 degree

25

3∘

H  n yu  nyu  0  u  tan 3  25  1.31mm

 Example 5.2
Photographic Lens with a infinite object. Given the entrance pupil he,focal
length F and HFOV , Calculate the invariant H
n1=1 n‘=n1=1

h1 he he
uk’
H  n yu  nyu F
yk’
 0  u  1  he  u1   he u1
he
u 
'
k
F
he '
H   k
'

F
H '  H   he u1   k'  F u1
 Example
F =51
5.3
F2=-2
Given two lens….
Maximum un-vignetted FOV?
h1 h2 ＝0.125
u1=0.01

l1 =-20 d =2.5

D1=2cm D2=0.6cm
' h1
h1   u 1l1  0 . 2 cm u 1  u 1    0 . 03
F1
h 2  h 1  u 1' d 1  0 . 125 cm
h1 h2
 0 .2 ，  0 . 416 u1，h1，h2 is linear proportional to each other
D1 D 2
2 2
D1 0 .2
 h1  h1  h1   1
2 0 . 416
 h 1   0 . 52 cm
h1
u 1    0 . 208  H 2  n y u  n u y  0  u  0 . 208  0 . 3   0 . 0624
2 .5
 Sine condition (marginal ray)

A system without spherical aberration will not have coma like

linear aberrations if the following relation is satisfied.

n sin   n 'sin  ' '

 Tangent condition (chief ray)

A system without spherical aberration will not have

image distortion if the relation is satisfied.

tan  '
 constant
tan 