Geometrical Optics

Lecture 4
中央大學光電所
副教授
梁肇文 博士
 Optical Space Notation

1.The image space is notation primed

2. Remember the sign convention
Derive paraxial ray tracing equation
from Snell’s Law

ni  n ' i ' n(u   )  n '(u '  ) Refraction Equation

i  u   
h
R n ' u '  nu  hK
i '  u ' 
w '  w  hK
n(u  h )  n '(u ' h )
R R
w is the optical angle
Ray propagation equation
h2

h1’
U

hi 1  hi  ti u 'i
 hi 1  hi   i 'i
di
i 
ni
 Paraxial ray tracing
• In the paraxial optics, only two events exists
1. Refraction (Reflection with n’=-n)
2. Propagation

Refraction wi '  wi  hi K i
Propagation hi 1  h 'i   i wi '
Where
w is the optical angle = n u
τ is the reduced thickness = t / n
YNU ray tracing table
 System magnification

 'k  '1  '2  'k 1  'k

M  .....
1 1  2  k 1  k nu
n1 l '1 l '2 l 'k With M 
 ... n 'u '
n 'k l1 l2 lk
n1u1  'k
 M 1M 2 ...M k 
n1u1 n2u2 n1u2
...
nk uk M 
n '1 u '1 n '2 u '2 n '1 u '1 n 'k u 'k nk ' uk ' 1
 Optical (Lagrange) invariant for
finite conjugate imaging

n1u1  'k
From M    nu  n ' u ' '
nk ' uk ' 1
 Cardinal Points
• F,F’  Focal Points
Points converging collimated light
• P,P’  Principle Points
Height Magnification =1
• N,N’  Nodal Points
Angular Magnification = 1
• V,V’  Vertex Points
The very first and last surface in a system
 Principal Planes

Equivalent as…….

• Extend the collimated beam and converging beam , the intersection plane is
the principle plane..
• Rear Focal length is measured from P’ to F’
• Front Focal length is measured from P to F
• Principal planes are the conjugates of unit magnification,
• Unit magnification means a “same height” relation.
• Thus, there are front and rear principal planes in conjugate.
• Principle planes are not necessarily located within the system.
General conjugates..
Equivalent system with displaced l’
Determine Power and focal length of a
system from principal plane

n ' u '
nu
System Optical Power K  
 '
1 f' f
Effective focal length F  
K n' n
Derive Newtonian equation from Nodal points
Derive Gaussian equation from Nodal points
Derive Longitudinal magnification equation from Nodal points
Homework Assignment

• Chapter 4 HW part1
4,5,7,8,10,11,12,13,14