Coustomized Learning

Maths-IB 63
Unit 8
Limits
Key concepts
Lt x n  a n Lt sin x
*  na n 1 *  1 (x is in radians)
xa xa x0 x
Lt tan x Lt
*  1 (x is in radians) * (1 x)1/ x  e
x0 x x 0
Lt  1  x Lt  a x  1 
*  1    e *    log e a
x   x x  0 x 
Lt x n  a n n Lt sin ax
* m m
 a nm *  a (x is in radians)
x0x a m x0 x
Lt tan ax Lt e x  1
*  a (x is in radians) * 1
x0 x x0 x
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)
Lim e x  3  c3
 x0 x
Lim e x .e3  e3
A.  a m  n  a m .a n
x0 x
Lim (e x  1)
 e3
x0 x
Lim e x  1
 e3
x0 x
 e3 .1  e3
Lim e x  sin x  1
 x0 x
Lim  e x  1 sin x 
A.   
x0  x x 
64 Basic Learning Material
Lim e x  1 Lim sin x

= 
x0 x x0 x
=1–1 0
Lt sin ax
 x  0 x cos x
Lt sin ax
a
Lt sin ax ax  0 ax a
  a
A. x  0 x cos x Lt 1
cos x
x0
Lt 11x 3  3 x  4
 x   13 x 3  5 x 2  7
Lt 11x 3  3 x  4
A.
x   13 x 3  5 x 2  7
 3 4
x 3 11  2  3 
Lt  x x 

x  5 7 
x 3 13   3 
 x x 
1 1 1
As x  , , 2 and 3  0
x x x
3 4
Lt 11  x 2  x3 11  0  0 11
  
x 5 7
13   3 13  0  0 13
x x
Lt sin( x  1)
 x  1 ( x 2  1)
Lt sin( x  1)
A. x  1 ( x 2  1)
Lt sin( x  1) Lt 1
.
x  1 ( x  1) x  1 x  1
Put y  x  1 so that as x  1, y  0
Lt sin( x  1) Lt sin y
 1
x  1 ( x  1) y0 y
1 1
 1. 
11 2
Maths-IB 65
Lim sin a x
 b  0, a  b
x0 sin b x
sin ax
Lim  ax
Lim sin a x ax
A.   x  0 sin bx
x0 sin b x  bx
bx
Lim sin ax
ax  0 ax a
= Lim sin bx b
bx  0 bx
1 a a
= 
1 b b
Lt 8 | x | 3 x
 x   3 | x | 2 x
A. x    x  0 | x | x
Lt 8 | x | 3x Lt 8 x  3x

x   3 | x | 2 x x   3x  2 x
Lt 11x
=  11
x x
Lim a x  1
 x  0 bx 1
ax 1
x
Lim a  1 Lim x

A. x  0 bx  1 x  0 bx  1
x
Lim a x  1
x0 x
= Lim b x  1
x0 x
loge a

loge b
 log b a
Lt e7 x  1
 x0 x
A. As x  0
 7x  0
Lt e7 x  1  Lt e x  1 
 7  7   1
7x  0 7x  x0 x 
Lt  1  x  1 
 
x  0  x


A. For 0 | x | 1, we have
x 1 1 1 x 1 1 x 1
 .
x x 1 x 1
1 x 1 x
 
x  1 x 1  x 1 x 1 
Lt 1  x  1 Lt 1
 
x 0 x x  0 1 x 1
1 1
 
11 2
Lim esin x  1
 x0 x
esin x  1
sin x
Lim e  1 Lim sin x

A. x0 x x0 x
sin x
Lim esin x  1 Lim sin x

=
x  0 sin x x  0 x
Lim esin x  1
= .1
sin x  0 sin x
= 1.1 = 1
Lim log(1  5x )
 x  0 x
1
Lim log(1  5 x) Lim 1 Lim
A.  .log(1  5 x)  log(1  5 x) x m log x  log x m
x0 x x0x x0
1 5
 Lim 
= log  (1  5 x) 5 x 
 5x  0 
Maths-IB 67
= log e e5
 5log e e
 5   log e e  1
Lt  2 | x | 
 Show that   x  1  3
x  0 x 
A. x  0  x  0
| x | x
Lt  2 | x | 
=  x  1
x  0  x 
Lt  2 x 
   x  1
x  0 x 
 2  0 1  3
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks)
2
Lim x  8 x  15
 x3 x2  9
Lim x 2  5 x  3 x  15
A. x3 ( x  3)( x  3)
Lim ( x  5) ( x  3 )
= x3
( x  3 ) ( x  3)
2

63
1

3
1 1
 
Lt  (1  x) 3  (1  x) 3 
 Compute
x  0 x 
 
1 1
Lt (1  x) 3  (1  x ) 3
A.
x0 x
1 1
Lt (1  x) 3  1  (1  x) 3  1

x0 x
1 1
 
(1  x) 3  1   (1  x) 3  1
Lt  

x0 x
1 1 1
Lt (1  x)3 1 Lt (1  x) 3  13
 
(1  x) 1 (1  x) 1 (1  x)  1 (1  x)  1
1 1 1 1 2
 12 / 3  12 / 3   
3 3 3 3 3
Lt a  2 x  3x
 x  a 3a  x  2 x
Lt a  2 x  3x Lt a  2 x  3x a  2 x  3x 3a  x  2 x
A.   
x  a 3a  x  2 x x  a 3a  x  2 x a  2 x  3x 3a  x  2 x
Lt (a  2 x  3 x) a  2 x  3x
= .
x  a 3a  x  4 x 3a  x  2 x
Lt ax Lt a  2 x  3x
= x  a 3(a  x) xa 3a  x  2 x
1 2 3a 1
= 3. 
4 a 2 3
Lim cos ax  cos bx

 x0 x2
ax  bx ax  bx
Lim cos ax  cos bx Lim 2sin sin
A. 2
 2
2
2  cos C  cos D  2sin C 2 D sin C 2 D
x0 x x0 x
sin( a  b) x sin( a  b) x
Lim 2 2
= 2
x0 x x
sin( a  b) x sin( a  b) x
Lim 2  a  b  Lim 2  ab
= 2  
x0 ( a  b) x  0 (a  b)  2 
x  2  x
2 2
ab  ab
Lim sin   x ( a  b) Lim sin  x
 2   2   ab
= 2 a  b ab  
x0 ab 2 x  0 ( a  b) x  2 
2  x 2 2
 2 
 a  b  ( a  b)
=  2.1  .1
 2  2
Maths-IB 69
(a  b)(a  b)
= 
2
b2  a 2

2
Lim 1  cos 2mx

 x  0 sin 2 nx
(m, n   z )
Lim 1  cos 2mx Lt 2sin 2 mx

A. 
x  0 sin 2 nx x  0 sin 2 nx
2
 Lim sin mx 
 
 x  0 mx  2m 2
2 2

 Lim sin nx  n2
 
 x  0 nx 
Lim sin(a  bx)  sin(a  bx )

 x0 x
CD C  D Lim sin( a  bx)  sin( a  bx)

A. Since sin C  sin D  2cos sin ,
2 2 x0 x
( a  bx )  (a  bx )
Lim sin
a  bx  a  bx 2
= 2cos
x0 2 x
2a Lim sin bx
= 2cos .b
2 x  0 bx
= 2cos a  b  2b cos a
Unit 9
Differentiation
Key concepts
du dv
d du dv v u
* (uv)  u v * d u dx dx
dx dx dx  
dx  v  v2
d n d
* ( x )  nx n 1 * ( x)  1
dx dx
d d
* (sin x)  cos x * (cos x )   sin x
dx dx
d d
* (tan x)  sec2 x * (cot x)  co sec2 x
dx dx
d d
* (sec x)  sec x tan x * (co sec x)   cos ecx cot x
dx dx
d 1 d 1
* (tan 1 x )  * (cot 1 x ) 
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
* (sec 1 x )  * (co sec 1 x) 
dx | x | x2  1 dx | x | x2  1
d x d x
* (e )  e x * (a )  a x log a
dx dx
d 1 d
* (log x)  * (sinh x )  cosh x
dx x dx
d d
* (cosh x )  sinh x * (tanh x )  sec h 2 x
dx dx
d d
* (coth x )   cos ech2 x * (sec hx )   sec hx tanh x
dx dx
d d 1
* (cos echx)   cos echx coth x * (sinh 1 x ) 
dx dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
* (cosh 1 x )  * (tanh 1 x ) 
dx x2  1 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
* (coth 1 x )  * (sec h 1 x ) 
dx 1  x2 dx | x | 1  x2
d 1
* (cos ech 1 x) 
dx | x | x2  1
Maths-IB 71
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

dy
1. y = log (sin(logx)), then find
dx
A. v  log x, u  sin v y  log u
dy 1 du dv 1
 ;  cos v; 
du u dv dx x
dy dy du dv
 . ;
dx du dv dx
1 1 cot(log x )
 .cos(log x ) 
sin(log x ) x x
2. f(x) = log(secx + tanx), then find f'(x)
A. u  sec x  tan x and y  log u
dy 1 du
 ,  sec x.tan x  sec2 x
du u dx
 sec x (sec x  tan x )
dy dy du
 .
dx du dx
1
 .sec x(sec x  tan x )  sec x
sec x  tan x
3. Find the derivatives of the following functions.
d d d
(i) log(tan 5x ) (ii) cos[log x  e x ] (iii) x  e sin h y (iv) sin(cos( x 2 ))
dx dx dx
d 1 d
A. (i) log(tan 5 x )  tan 5 x
dx tan 5 x dx
1 d
  tan 5 x sec2 5x dx 5x
sec2 5 x
  5 tan 5 x
d
(ii) cos[log x  e x ]
dx
d
  sin[log x  e x ] [log x  e x ]
dx
1 
  sin[log x  e x ]   e x 
 x 
(iii) x  e sin h y
dx d sinh y
 e
dy dy
dx d
 esinh y cosh y
dy dy
dx
 esinh y cosh y
dy
dy 1
  sinh y
dx e cosh y
d
(iv) sin(cos( x 2 ))
dx
d
cos(cos( x 2 )) cos x 2
dx
d 2
cos(cos( x 2 ))( sin x 2 ) x
dx
 cos(cos(x 2 ))sin(x 2 )2x
4. f(x) = 1 + x + x 2 + ...... + x100 , then find f 1 (1)
A. Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’
f '( x)  1  2 x  3x 2 .....  100x99
f '(1)  1  2  3..........  100
100  101  x( x  1) 
  5050  x  
2  2 
5. f(x) = xexsinx then find f 1 (x)
d d
f ( x)  xe x sin x
dx dx
d d dx
f 1 ( x)  xe x sin x  xsisnx e x  sin x . e x
dx dx dx
 xe x cos x  x sin xe x  e x sin x
6. f(x) = ex , g(x) = x, Find the derivatives of the f(x) with respect to g(x)
A. f ( x)  e x g ( x)  5 x
d d
 f ( x)  e x
dx dx
d d 1
g ( x)  x
dx dx 2 x
Maths-IB 73
df ( x)
df ( x) ex
  dx   2 xe x
dg ( x) dg ( x ) 1
dx 2 x
2 2 2 dy y
7. x 3 + y 3 = a 3 then show that dx = - x
3

2 23 1 2 23 1 dy
x  y 0
3 3 dx
1
 dy
x 3
 y 1/ 3 0
dx
dy x 1/ 3 y
  1/ 3   3
dx y x
dy
8. y = log (cosh2x)then find 
dx
d d
y  log(cosh 2x )
dx dx
1 d
  cosh 2x dx
cosh 2 x
sinh 2 x d
  cosh 2 x dx
2x
  2 tanh 2 x
dy
9. x = acos3 t, y = asin3 t then find
dx
dx dy
 3a cos2 t sin t ;  3sin 2 t cos t
dt dt
dy dy dt

dx dt dx
3a sin 2 t cos t

3a cos 2 t sin t
  tan t

1. Find the derivatives ot the following functions from the first principles.
A. (i) f ( x)  sin 2 x
f ( x  h)  sin 2( x  h)  sin(2 x  2h)
First principle
f (x  h)  f (x)
f 1 (x)  Lt
h 0 h
sin(2x  2h)  sin 2x
f 1 (x)  Lt
h 0 h
CD CD
sin C  sin D  2 cos sin
2 2
 2x  2h  2h   2x  2h  2x 
cos   sin  
 2   2 
 Lt 2
h 0 h
2h
sin
4x  2h 2
 2 Lt cos Lt
h 0 2 h 0 h
4x
 2 cos .1
2
d
 sin 2x  2 cos 2x
dx
[ Practice: sin x, cos x ]
(ii) f(x)  tan2x
f (x  h)  tan 2(x  h)  tan(2x  2h)
First principle
f (x  h)  f (x)
f 1 (x)  Lt
h 0 h
tan(2x  2h)  tan 2x
 Lim
h 0 h
sin(2x  2h) sin 2x

cos(2x  2h) cos 2x
Lim
h 0 h
sin(2x  2h) cos 2x  cos(2x  2h) sin 2x
cos(2x  2h) cos 2x
Lim
h 0 h
Maths-IB 75
sin[2x  2h  2h]
Lim
h 0 h cos(2x  2h) cos 2x
sin 2h 1
Lim  2 Lim
2h  0 2h h  0 cos(2x  2h) cos 2x
1
1 2 2sec 2 2x
cos 2 2x
(iii)  f (x)  ax 2  bx  c
First principle
f (x  h)  f (x)
f 1 (x)  Lt
h 0 h
[a(x  h) 2  b(x  h)  c]  (ax 2  bx  c)
 Lim
h 0 h
a(x 2  2hx  h 2 )  b(x  b)  (ax 2  bx  c)
 Lim
h 0 h
ax 2  2hax  ah 2  bx  bh  c  ax 2  bx  c
 Lim
h 0 h
h(2x  b  ah) d
 Lim  f (x)  2ax  b
h 0 h dx
dy
2. x 3 + y 3 - 3axy = 0 then find
dx
dy 3
 x  y3  3axy   0
dx
dy  dy d 
3x 2  3y 2  3a  x  y x  0
dx  dx dx 
dy dy
x 2  y2  ax  ay  0
dx dx
dy
(y2  ax)  ay  x2
dx
dy ay  x2
 
dx y2  ax
-1 dy ay
3. y = easin x then show that =
dx 1 - y2
1
A. y  ea sin x .......(1)
Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’
dy d a sin 1 x
 e
dx dx
1 d
 e a sin x
a sin 1x
dx
dy 1 a
 ea sin x
dx 1 x2
dy ya
 from (1)
dx 1 x2
 a-x 
4. Find the derivative of tan -1  
 1 + ax 
A. put a  tan A  A  tan 1 a
 tan B  B  tan 1 c
d  1  tan A  tan B  
 tan  
dx   1  tan A tan B  
d
dx
 tan 1  tan(A  B  
d
 A  B
dx
d
dx
 tan 1 a  tan 1 x 
1
0
1 x2
1

1 x2
dy logx
5. y
x =e x-y then show that dx = (1 + logx)2
A. x y  ex y
take log both sides
log e x y  log e e x  y
Maths-IB 77
y log x  (x  y) log e e
x  y  y log x
x  y(1  log x)
x
y
(1  log x)
dy d x

dx dx 1  log x
1
(1  log x)1  x  
 x
2
(1  log x)
dy 1  log x  1
 
dx (1  log x) 2
dy sin 2 (a + y)
6. siny = xsin(a + y) then show that =
dx sina
sin y
A. x
sin(a  y)
Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘y’
dx sin(a  y) cos y  sin y cos(a  y)

dy sin 2 (a  y)
dx sin  a  y  y 

dy sin 2 (a  y)
dy sin 2 (a  y)
 
dx sin a
Long Answer Questions (8 Marks)
xcosx
1. f(x) = then findf'(x).
1 + x2
d d x cos x
f (x) 
dx dx 1  x 2
d d
1 x2 [x cos x]  x cos x 1 x2
f '(x)  dx dx
2
 1 x 2
 
 d d  1 d
1  x 2  x cos x  cos x x   x cos x (1  x 2 )
 dx dx  2 1  x dx
2
 2
1 x
x cos x
1  x 2  x(  sin x)  cos x   (0  2x)
 2 1 x2
1 x2
(1  x 2 )  (  x sin x  cos x   x 2 cos x


1  x 2 (1  x 2 )
x(1  x 2 ) sin x  cos x  x 2 cos x  x 2 cos x

 3
(1  x 2 ) 2
3
 (1  x 2 ) 2 [cos x  x(1  x 2 ) sin x]
d  x(1  x 2 ) 
Practice Problem: Find the value of dx  2 
 1 x 
dy 1  y2
2. 1  x + 1  y = a(x  y), then show that
2 2 =
dx 1  x2
A. Let x  sin A y  sin B  A  sin1 x  B  sin1 y
1  x 2  1  y 2  a( x  y )
Put x  sin , y  sin
 1  sin 2   1  sin 2   a(sin   sin  )
cos  cos   a (sin   sin  )
   
2cos .cos
2 2
     
  2cos sin
 2 2 
   
 cos  a.sin
2 2
  1   1
tan  ;  tan 1  
2 2 2 2
1
    2 tan 1   ;
a
1
sin 1 y  sin 1 x  2 tan 1  
a
Differentiating w.r.to x
Maths-IB 79
1 dy 1 dy 1  y2
.   
1  y2 dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2
 x2 + x + 2 
3. Find the derivation of log  x 2 - x + 2  
d  x2  x  2
A. log  2
dx  x  x  2 
d
 log(x 2  x  2)  log(x 2  x  2) 
dx
1 d 2 1 d 2
 2
(x  x  2)  2 (x  x  2)
x  x  2 dx x  x  2 dx
2x  1 2x  1
 2
 2
x x2 x x2
(x 2  x  2)2x  1  (2x  1)(x 2  x  2)

[(x 2  2)  x] [(x 2  2)  x]
4x 2  2x 2  4
 4
x  4  4x 2  x 2
4  2x 2
 4
x  3x 2  4
x 3 2 + 3x dy
4. y=
(2 + x)(1 - x)
 then find
dx
A. Take ‘log’ both sides
x 3 2  3x
log y  log
(2  x)(1  x)
 log x 3  log 2  3x  log(2  x)  log(1 x)
1
log y  3log x  (2  3x)  log(2  x)  log(1  x)
2
1 dy 3 3 1 1
   
y dx x 2(2  3x) 2  x 1  x
dy 3 3 1 1 
  y    
dx  x 2(2  3x) 2  x 1  x 
dy 2 2
5. y = x a 2 + x 2 + a 2 log(x + a 2 + x 2 ) then show that dx = 2 a + x

 1 
a 2 1  .2x 
dy 1 2 a2  x2
x 2x  a 2  x 2   
dx 2
2 a x 2 2
x a a 2

x2

a2  a2  x2  x 
2
a x 2
 a2  x2  x  a2  x2
x2  a2
  a2  x2
2 2
a x
 a2  x2  a2  x2
 2 a2  x2
6. Find the derivations of following functions.
A. (i) sec tan x
d
sec tan x
dx
d
 sec tan x tan tan x tan x
dx
1 d
 sec tan x tan tan x tan x
2 tan x dx
sec2 x
 sec tan x tan x tan x
2 tan x
1  cos 2x
(ii)
1  cos 2x
d 1  cos 2x
dx 1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x  2 sin 2 x  1  cos 2x  2 cos 2 x
d 2sin 2 x

dx 2 cos 2 x
d
 (tan x) 2
dx
d
 2(tan x) 2 1 tan x
dx
 2 tan x sec 2 x
Maths-IB 81
Unit 10
Errors and approximations
Key concepts
 A small change in x isx

 If x is changed as x + x, then change iny is y = f(x + x) – f(x)
 Differential in y, dy  f '( x ).x
 Relative error in y  y
y
y
 Percentage error in y   100
y
1. Find dy , y for the following y  x 2  3 x  6  x  10,  x  0.01

Sol: y  f ( x  x )  f ( x )
y  f (10  0.01)  f (10)
y  f (10.01)  f (10)
= (10.01)2 + 3×10.01 + 6 –(102 + 3×10 + 6)
= 100.2001 + 30.03 + 6 – 100 – 30 – 6
= 130.2301 – 130
= 0.2301
y  f '( x ) x
  (2 x  3) x
  (2  10  3)  0.01
= 23 × 0.01
= 0.23
2. Find dy ,  y for the following function y  cos x when x  60º ,  x  1º

Sol: x  60º , x  1º
y  f ( x  x )  f ( x )
y  f (60º 1º )  f (60º )
  f (61º )  f (60º )
= cos61º – cos60º
= 0.4848 – 0.5 = – 0.0152
y  f '( x) x
   sin x.x
 = – sin60º × 1º
= – 0.866 × 0.0174 (1º = 0.0174 radians)
= – 0.0150
3. Find dy ,  y for the following function y  e x  x , x  5,  x  0.02

Sol: y  f ( x  x )  f ( x )
  f (5  0.02)  f (5)
= f(5.02) – f(5)
= e5.02 + 5.02 – e5 – 5
= e5.02 – e5 + 0.02
y  f '( x) x
  (e x  1).x
  (e5  1)(0.02)
4. Find dy ,  y for the following function y  5 x 2  6 x  6, x  2,  x  0.001
Sol: y  f ( x  x )  f ( x )
  f (2  0.001)  f (2)
= f(2.001) – f(2)
= 5(2.001)2 + 6×2.001 + 6 – (5×22 + 6×2 + 6)
= 5(4.004001) + 12.006 + 6 – 20 – 12 – 6
= 0.026005
y  f '( x ) x
  (10 x  6).x
= (10 × 2 + 6) (0.001)
= 26 × 0.001 = 0.026
Maths-IB 83
5. If the increase in the side of a square is 2%, find the change in the area of the square.
Sol: Let side of the squarex
Area of the square A = x2
given  x  100  2 ......(1)

x
A
A 2x
  2 x  dx  2
dx A x
A
 x 
 dx  100  2    100
A  x 
= 2 × 2 from (1)
=4
6. If the increase in the side of the square is 4% find the change in the area of the
square.
Sol: Let side of the square x
Area of the square A = x2
 x  100  4 (given)
x
A
A = x2   2x
dx
A
2x
 dx  100  x  2  100  x
A x
x
 2  100
x
= 2 × 4 from (1)
=8
7. The radius of the sphere is measured is 14 c.m., Later it was found that there is an
error 0.02cm in measuring the radius, find the approximate error in surface area of
the sphere.
Sol: Let radius of the sphere r
dA
Surface Area A = 4r2   4  2r
dr
dA
dA  r
dr
 4  2r  r
22
 8  14  0.02
7
= 7.04 sq.cm.
Geometrical interpretation of the derivative

Key concepts
dy
 Slope of the tangent at point (x, y) on the curve y = f (x) is
dx
 dy 
 Equation of tangent at point (a,b) on the curve y = f(x) isy – b = m (x – a)  m = 
dx
1
 Slope of the normal= 
m
1
 Equation of the normal is y  b    x  a
m
1. Find the slope of the tangents to the curve y = 3x2 – x3,where it meets the X-axis.
Sol: y = 3x2 – x3 –––– (1)
Equation of x -axis isy = 0 
from  and
x2 – x3 = 0 ( y= 0)
2
x (3 – x) = 0
x2 = 0 or 3 – x = 0
x = 0 or x = 3
 The given curve intersects x-axis at the points 
 dy 
Slope of tangent at (0, 0), m =  
dx
0,0
= 6x – 3x2
= 6 0 – 3 0
=0
Equation of tangent at (0,0) is
y – 0 = 0 (x – 0)
 y=0
Maths-IB 85
 dy 
Slope of tangent at (3, 0),m =  
 dx 
3,0
= 6x – 3x2
= 6  3 – 3  32
= 18 – 27 = –9
Equation of tangent at (3, 0) is
y – 0 = –9 (x – 3)
y = –9x + 27
9x + y – 27 = 0
2. Show that the area of the triangle formed by the tangent at any point on the curve
xy = c (C  0)with the co-ordinate axes is constant.
Sol: Let P (x1, y1) be the point on the curve xy = c and x1  y1  
c
y= B
x
Defferentiating both sides w.r.t. 'x'
dy c

dx x2 O A
c
Slope of tangent,m =  (at P(x1, y1)
x12
Equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) is
c
y – y1 =  (x–x1)
x12
y  x12  y1x12  cx  cx1
cx  yx12  cx1  y1x12
cx  yx12  cx1  y1 x1 x1
cx  yx12  cx1  cx1  x1 y1  c 

cx  yx12  2cx1
cx  yx12  2cx1  0
 cx  x 2 y  2cx1
1
cx x2 y
 1 1
2cx1 2cx1
x y
 1
2 x1 2c
x1
1  2c 
area of the triangle   2 x1  .    2c
2  x1 
3. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x4 – 4xat x = 4

Sol: y = 3x4 – 4x
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. 'x'
dy
= 3  4x3 – 4
dx
slope of the tangent atx = 4 m = 12  43 – 4
= 12  64 – 4
= 768 – 4 = 764
4(i). Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x2 –3x + 2at the point whose x coordi-
nate is 3.
Sol: y = x3 – 3x + 2
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. 'x'
dy
 3x 2  3
dx
slope of the tangent atx = 3,m = 3  32 – 3
= 27 – 3 = 24

4(ii). Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = a cos3y = a sin3at  
4
Sol: x = acos3, y = asin3
Differentiating with respect to 
dx
 a3cos2    sin  
d
Maths-IB 87
dy
 a  3sin 2   cos  
d
dy dy d 3a sin 2  cos  
slope of the tangent,  m       tan    tan
2
dx dx d 3a cos   sin  4
m = –1
1 1
 slope of the normal=   1
m 1

5. Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 – a siny = b cos3 at  
4
Sol: x = 1–asin, y = bcos2
differentiating with respect to
dx dy
  a cos    2b cos    sin  
d d
 dy dy d 2b cos  sin 

slope of the tangent at  
2
 m  dx  dx d 
a cos 
2b 
= ,sin
a 2
2b
m=
a
1
slope of the normal at    =  m
2
1
=
2b / a
a
=
2b
6. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve y = x2 – 4x + 2at point 
Sol: y = x2 – 4x + 2
differentiating with respect to x
dy
 2x  4
dx
slope of the tangent at (4, 2), m = 2  4 – 4 = 4
equation of the tangent is

y – y1 = m (x - x1)
y – 2 = 4 (x - 4)
y – 2 = 4x – 16
4x – y – 16 + 2 = 0
4x – y – 14 = 0
1 1
slope of the normal   m   4
1
equation of the normal is, y  2    x  4
4
4 y  8  x  4
x + 4y – 8 –4 = 0
x + 4y –12 = 8.
7. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve y = x3 + 4x2at 
Sol: y = x3 + 4x2
dy
 3x 2  8 x
dx
slope of the tangent atm = 3  (–1)2 + 8(–1)
=3–8
= –5
equation of the tangent is,y – 3 = –5 (x + 1)
y – 3 = –5x – 5
5x + y + 2 = 0
1
slope of the normal= 
m
1 1
= 
5 5
1
equation of the normal y – 3 = (x +1)
5
5y – 15 = x + 1
x – 5y – 16 = 0
Maths-IB 89
x

8. Find the tangent and normal to the curve y = 2e 3  at the point where the curve
meets y-axis.
Sol: Equation of y–axis x = 0
x x
 
y = 2e 3 , the curve meetsy- axis is at [ y = 2e 3 = 2 ]
x

y = 2e 3
dy  1
 2e  x 3    
dx  3
2
=  3  e x 3
2 0 3 2
slope of the tangent at x = 0m =   e 
3 3
equation of the tangent atis
2
y2   x  0
3
3 y  6  2 x
2x  3y  6  0
1 1 3
  
slope of the normal m 2 2
3
3
equation of the normal y – 2 = (x – 0)
2
2y – 4 = 3x
3x – 2y + 4 = 0
9. If the tangent at any point on the curve x 2 3  y 2 3  a 2 3 intersects the co-ordinate
axes in A and B then show that the length of AB is constant.
Sol: P (x1, y1) be the any point the on the curve x 2 3  y 2 3  a 2 3

23 23
x1  y1  a2 3 .... (1)
x2 3  y 2 3  a2 3
differentiating both sides with respect to 'x'

2  13 2  13 dy
x  y  0
3 3 dx
dy y1 3

dx x1 3
slope of the tangent at P(x1, y1)
13
y 
m   1 
 x1 
equation of the tangent atP(x1, y1)
13
y 
y  y1    1    x  x1 
 x1 
y  x11 3  y1  x11 3   x  y11 3  y11 3  x1
x  y11 3  y  x11 3  x1 y11 3  x11 3 y1
Dividing by y11 3 x11 3 , we get
x  y11 3 y  x11 3 x1 y11 3 x11 3  y1

  
y11 3 x11 3 y11 3  x11 3 y11 3 x11 3 y11 3  x11 3
x y
 1/3  1/3  x12/3  y12/3
x1 y1
x y
 1/3  1/3  a 2/3 (from eqn–1)
x1 y1
above equation intersects x–axis at A  a2 3x11 3,0  , y – axis at B  0, a2 3 y11 3 

2 2
AB =  a 2 3  x12 3    a 2 3  y11 3 
2 2
=  a2 3   x12 3  y12 3 
= a4 3  a2 3 (from eqn–1)
= a6 3
= a2
= a = constant
Maths-IB 91
Angle between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves

 Angle between tangents drawn at intersecting points of two curves C1 and C2 is angle
between the curves C1 and C2
 If slopes of tangents drawn at intersecting points of curves is m1 and m2 and angle between
m1  m 2
the curves is 'θ' then tan  
1  m1m 2
 If m1=m2, the curves have common tangents, and touch each other.
 If m1.m 2  1 the curves intersects orthogonally..
1. Show that the curves y2 = 4(x+1), y2 = 36(9–x)intersect orthogonally.
Sol: y2 = 4(x+1), y2 = 36 (9–x)

 4(x+1) = 36 (9 – x)
x + 1 = 9 (9 – x)
x + 1 = 81 – 9x
x + 9x = 81 – 1
10 x = 80
x=8
y2 = 4 (x + 1)
y2 = 4 (8 + 1)
y2 = 4  9 = 36
y  6
intersecting points of given curves are
slope of tangent at 'p' to the curve y 2  4  x  1
dy
2y  4
dx
dy 4 2
   (first curve)
dx 2 y y
dy
y 2  36 9  x   2 y   36
dx
dy 36 18
   (second curve)
dx 2y y
2 1
slope of the curve y2 = 4(x + 1)at (2, 6) m1  
6 3
18
slope of the curve y2 = 36(9 – x)at (2, 6) m2   3
6
1
m1  m2    3  1
3
The given curves intersect orthogonally. Similarly we can prove at point Q(8,–6)
2. Show that the condition for the orthogonality of curves ax2 + bx = 1, a1x2 + b1y2 = 1is
1 1 1 1
- = -
a b a1 b1
Sol: Let intersecting point of given curves ax2 + bx = 1, a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 be

P(x1, y1)
 ax12 + by12 –1 = 0 , a1x12 + b1y12 – 1 = 0
x12 y12 1
 b 1 a b
b1 1 a1 b1
x12 y12 1
b  b1
 =
a1  a
= ab  a b .... (1)
1 1
slope of the tangent to the curve ax2 + by2 = 1 at P(x1, y1)

2ax + 2by2 . y1 = 0
2ax  ax
y1 = 
2by by
ax1
m1 = by
1
slope of the tangent to the curve a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 at P(x1, y1)
a1x1
m1 = b1x1
condition for orthogonality is m1 m2 = –1

ax1 a1x1
   1
by1 b1 y1
Maths-IB 93
aa1 x12
  1
bb1 y12
x12 bb1

y12 aa1
b1  b bb1
 from eqn---(1) 
a  a1 aa1
b1.aa1 – b.aa1 = –abb1 + ba1b1

a a1b1 – ba1b1 = aba1 – abb1
a1 b1 (a–b) = ab (a1–b1)
a  b a1  b1

ab a1b1
a b a b
  1  1
ab ab a1b1 a1b1
1 1 1 1
  
b a b1 a1
1 1 1 1
   
a b a1 b1
3. Find the angle between the curves x + y + 2 = 0, x2 + y2– 10y=0
Sol: x+y+2=0
x = – (y + 2)
x2 + y2 – 10y = 0
(– (y + 2))2 + y2 – 10y = 0
y2 + 4y + 4 + y2 – 10y = 0
2y2 – 6y + 4 = 0
y2 – 3y + 2 = 0
(y – 1) (y – 2) = 0
y = + 1 or y = 2
at y = 1, x = – (1 + 2) = – 3
at y = 2 x = – (2 + 2) = – 4
Intersecting points are (–3 , 1), (–4, 2)
slope of the tangent at (–3, 1) to the curvex + y + 2 = 0
1 + y1 = 0
y1 = –1
m1 = –1
x2 + y2 – 10 y = 0
differeintating both sides with respect to 'x'
2x + 2y . y1 – 10 . y1 = 0.
2 x
y1 
2 y  10
2   3
m2 
2  1  10
6 6 3
=  
2  10 8 4
If angle between two curves is , then
m1  m2
tan  
1  m1m2
1  3 4
 =  1   1  3 4 
4  3
4
=  43
4
1
=  7
1
 =  7
1
 = Tan–1  7 
 
4. Find the angle between the curves y2 = 4x , x2+ y2 = 5
Sol: y2 = 4x , x2+ y2 = 5
 x2 + 4x – 5 = 0
Maths-IB 95
(x + 5) (x – 1) = 0
x = –5 or 1
x = 1 y2 = 4  1
y2 = 4
y =  2
intersecting points of two curves 
y2 = 4x
2y . y1 = 4
4 2
y1 = 
2y y
2
slope of the first curve at    1 (m1)
2
x2 + y2 = 5
1 x
2x +2yy1 = 0  y 
y
slope of the second curve at
1
m2 =  2
If angle between two curves '' then
m1  m2
tan  
1  m1m2
1  12
tan  
 
1  1  12
3
2
  1  3
2
tan = 3
= tan–1 (3)
8
5. Find the angle between two curves x2 = 2(y+1) ; y =
x2  4
8
Sol: x2 = 2(y + 1), y =
x2  4
8
x2 + 4 = 
y
x2 =  8 – 4
y
8
 – 4 = 2 (y + 1)
y
8
= 2y + 2 + 4
y
8
= 2y + 6
y
4
=y+3
y
4 = y2 + 3y
y2 + 3y – 4 = 0
(y + 4) (y – 1) = 0
y = –4 or y = 1
x2 = 2 (1 + 1)
x2 = 2  2
x=  2
 intersecting points are and 
x2 = 2 (y + 1)
2x = 2y1
y1 = x
slope of the curve at m1 
8
y
x2  4
Maths-IB 97
8
y1 =   2x
2
x 2
4 
8
slope of the second curve at to the curve y  2
x 4
16  2 32 1
m2 =  
2 64 2
 22  4 
 1
m1  m2 =  2      1
 2
 the given curves intersect orthogonally.
6. Show that the curves 6x2 – 5x + 2y = 0, 4x2 + 8y2 = 3 touch each other at points
1 1
 , 
2 2
Sol: 6x2 – 5x + 2y = 0
6  2x – 5 + 2y1 = 0
y1 = 5 – 12x
5  12 x
y1 =
2
1
5  12 
1 1 2
slope of the tangent at   ,  to the first curve is m1 =
2 2 2
56 1
= =
2 2
4x2 + 8y2 = 3
4  2x + 8  2y.y1 = 0
8 x  x
y1  
16 y 2 y
1

1 1 2 1
slope of the tangent at  ,  to the second curve is m2  1
2 2 2 2
2
 m1 = m2
1 1
 the given curves touch each other at  , 
3 2
Maxima and Minima

Key concepts
 1st derivative test :
Let f be a differential function on an interval D, c  D, and f is defined in some
neighbourhood of c, suppose, c is a stationary point of f such that (c   , c   ) does not
contain any other stationary point for some   0 then.
(i) c is a point of local maximum, if f '(x) changes sign from positive to negative at x  c
(ii) c is a point of local minimum, if f '(x) changes sign from negative to positive at x  c
(iii) c is neither a point of local maximum nor a points of local minimum f '(x) does not
change sign at x  c
 2nd derivative test :
(i) x=c is a point of local miximum of 'f' if f '(c) =0 and f ''(c)  0, and local maximum
value of 'f' is f (c)
(ii) x=c is a point of local minimum of 'f' if f 1 (C) = 0 and f 11 (C) > 0 and local minimum
value 'f' is f (c)
(iii) the test fails if f '(c)  0 and f ''(c)  0
1. Find the maximum area of the rectangle that can be formed with fixed perimetre 20.
Sol: Let x and y denote the length and the breadth of a rectangle respectively . Given that the
perimeter of the rectangle is 20.
 2 (x + y) = 20 ........ (1) y
x + y = 10 ..................(2) x
area of the rectangle A = x.y. .............. (3)
A = x . (10 – x)  x + y = 10
A = 10 x – x2 ................ (4)
Maths-IB 99

dA
dx
 10  2 x 
dA
 0 10 – 2x = 0
dx
 2x = 10
 x = 5
x = 5 is the stationary point
differentiating (5) with respect to 'x'
d 2A
 2
dx 2
d 2A
0
dx 2
which is negative, therefore by second derivative test the area A is maximum at x = 5 and
hence y = 10 – 5 = 5, and the maximum area is A = x.y = 5 (5) = 25
2. The profit function P(x) of a company selling x items per day is given by
P(x) = (150 - x)x - 1600 . Find the number of items that the company should sell to get
maximum profit. Also find the maximum profit.
Sol: P(x) = (150 – x) x – 1600
= 150x – x2 – 1600
differintating both sides with respect to 'x'
dP
dx
 150  2 x 
dP
0
dx
 150 – 2x = 0
2x = 150
x = 75
Again differintating Eqn .... (1) with respect to 'x'
d2p
 2
dx 2
d2p
 2
dx 2
 The profit P (x) is maximum for x = 75
The company should sell 75 items a day to make maximum profit.
the maximum profitP (75) = (150 – 75) . 75 – 1600
= 75  75 – 1600
= 5625 – 1600
= 4025.
3. From a rectangular sheet of dimensions 30cm × 80cm four equal squares of side x cm
are removed at the corners, and the sides are then turned up so as to form an open
rectangular box. Find the value of x, so that the volume of the box is the greatest.
Sol: length of the box = x
x
breadth of the box x 80–2x x
height of the box x 30 30–2x
volume V = (80 – 2x) (30 – 2x) .x
= (2400 – 160x – 60x + 4x2) . x.
80
V = 4x3 – 220x2 + 2400x
dv
 12 x 2  440 x  2400 
dx
dv
 10
dx
x2 – 440x + 2400 = 0
3x2 – 110x + 600 = 0
b  b 2  4ac
x=
2a
=
110  1102  4  3 600
23
110  12100  7200

x=
6
Maths-IB 101
110  4900
=
6
110  70
=
6
110  70 110  70
=  6
=
6
180 40
= =
6 6
20
=  =
3
x = 30 b = 30 – 2  30
= – 30
b<0
 x  30
20
 x =
3
d 2v
  24 x  440
dx 2
20 d 2v 20
For x  
3 dx 2
 24   440
3
 = 160 – 440
 = – 280
d 2v
<0
dx 2
20
Volume of box is maximum at x =
3
4. A window is in the shape of a rectangle surrounded by a semicircle. If the perimeter
of the window is 20 ft. Find the maximum area.
Sol: The perimeter of window= 22 + 2y = x = 20
2y = 20 – (+ 2) x.
 2
y = 10 – x
2
 x2 x x
area  2 xy 
2 2y
 x2
A =  20    2   x   2x
2
2 x2
= 20    2  x 
2
dA 
 20    2   2 x   2 x 
dx 2
dA
0
dx
20 – ( + 2) + x = 0
x ( – 2 – 4) = – 20
x (– – 4) = – 20
x ( + 4) = 20
20
x=
 4
d 2A
= – ( + 2)  2+ 
dx 2
= – 2 – 4 + 
= –  – 4
d 2A
< 0
dx 2
20
area of the window maximum at x 
 4

A=2 y+ . x2
2
2y = 20 – ( +2)x
Maths-IB 103
20
2 y  20    2  
 4
20  80  20  40
2y 
 4
40
=
 4
 2
A = 2 xy  x
2
2
20 40   20 
=    
 4  4 2  4
1600  400  
= 2
2   4 
200  4   
=
  4  2
200
=  4
5. If the curved surface of right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius r is
maximum, show that the height of the cylinder is 2 r..
Sol: From  OAB
OA2 + AB = OB2
2
h
r +   = R2
2
2 O
R h
2
h2 2
r = R  A r
B
4
lateral surface area of cylinder= 2rh
h2
= 2  R 2  h
4
2  h
A =  4 R 2  h2
2
A =    h 4 R 2  h2
differintating both sides with respect to 'h'
dA 
  1. 4 R 2  h 2 
h.1. 2 h  

dh  2 4 R 2  h 2 
dA  4 R 2  h 2  h 2 
   
dh 2
 4 R  h 
2
 4 R 2  2h2 
     
2 2
 4 R  h 
dA
0
dh
 4 R 2  2h2 

    0 4R2 – 2h2 = 0
2 2
 4 R  h 
h  2 R.
Again differintating Eqn .... (1) with respect to 'h'

 4 R 2  h 2   2h   
2 R 2  h2  
  2h  
2
d A 
 2 2 
 2  2 4R  h
 
dh 2  4 R 2  h2 
 
 
 
 8 R 2 h  2 h 3  2 R 2 h  h 3 
=  2   4 R 2  h2  4 R 2  42  

 
 
 8 R 2 h  2h3  2 R 2 h  h3 
2
=    
2 2 2 2
 4 R  h  4 R  h 
4 h d2 A
=   0 at h  2 R 0
4 R 2  h2 dh 2
Lateral surface area of cylinder is maximum when h  2R

Maths-IB 105
6. A wire of length l is cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form of a
square and a circle. What are the lengths of the pieces of the wire respecrtively so
that the sum of the areas is the least.
Sol: Let square is formed with the wire of length x A B C
Let circle is formed with wire of length is l–x x l–x
x
side of the square =
4
2
x
area =  
4
circumfrance of the circle,2r = l – x
lx
r=
2
2
lx
area of the circle = r =   
2

 2 
2
x2 l  x 
sum of the areas, A = 
16 4
dA 2 x 2  l  x 
    1 
dx 16 4
dA
0
dx
2x 2 l  x  x lx
   0    0
16 4 8 2
  x  4l  4 x
  0  x   4   4l
8
4l
x
 4
dA 2 1  1
 
2 8 2
dx
1 1
  8  2 0
4l
 At x =
 4
we get minimum value of A
4l  l  4l  4l l
lxl
 4
 
 4

 4
Integration 127
Unit 6
Integration
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. The process of finding the function whose
derivative is given, is called as Integration.
Definition: Let E be a subset of R such that E contains a right or a left neighbourhood of each of its
points and let f : E  R be a function. If there is a function F on E such that F'(x) = f (x) xE, then
we call F an antiderivative of f or a primitive of f.
Indefinite Integral: Let f : I  R. Suppose that f has an antiderivate F on I. Then we say that f has an
integral on I and for any real constant c, we call F + c an indefinite integral of f over I, denote it by
 f ( x)dx and read it as 'integral f (x) dx'. We also denote  f ( x)dx as  f .

Thus we have  f   f ( x)dx  F( x)  c .
'c' is called a 'constant of integration'.

'f ' is called the 'integrand' and 'x' is called the 'variable of integration'.
d
Note: (i)
dx
 f ( x)dx   f ( x)
(ii)  f '( x) dx  f ( x)  c , 'c' is the constant of integration.

d
 dx f ( x)dx  f ( x)  c
d d
(iii)
dx
 f ( x)  c   g ( x)   g ( x)dx  f ( x)  c    f ( x)  c  dx  f ( x)  c
dx
(iv) y  f ( x )  dy  f '( x ) dx
Standard Formulae
n x n 1
1.  x dx  n 1
 c, n  1  dx   1.dx  x  c
128 Basic Learning Material - Maths II(B)
3
x2 x 2
 x.dx  2  c  x dx 
3
c
2
1 x3
 x
dx  2 x  c 2
 x dx  3
c
3 x4
 x dx  4  c
1 x ax
2.  x dx  log e x  c 3.  a .dx  log e a  c, a  0, a  1
x x
4.  e dx  e c 5.  sin x dx   cos x  c
2
6.  cos x dx  sin x  c 7.  sec x dx  tan x  c
2
8.  cosec x dx   cot x  c 9.  sec x tan x dx  sec x  c
10.  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  c
Examples
(i) d ( x 2 )  2 x dx (ii) d (t 2 )  2t dt
 x 3  y 3 .3 x 2 dx  x3 .3 y 2 dy
(iii) d ( x3 y 3 )  x3 .3 y 2 dy  y 3 .3 x 2 dx (iv) d 3  2
y   y3 
1  
11.  dx  sin 1 x  c   cos 1 x  c  cos x  sin x  
1 1
2 2
1 x
1  
12.  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c   cot 1 x  c  tan x  cot x 
1 1

2
1
13.  dx  sec 1 x  c   cosec 1 x  c  
 sec x  cosec x  
1 1
2
x x 1 2
14.  sinh x dx  cosh x  c 15.  cosh x  sinh x  c

2 2
16.  sech x dx  tanh x  c 17.  cosech x   coth x  c
18.  sech x.tanh x dx   sech x  c 19.  cosech x.coth x dx   cosech x  c

1
20.  dx  sinh 1 x  c  log e  x  x 2  1   c
1 x 2  
1
21.  dx  cosh 1 x  c  log e x  x 2  1  c
2
x 1
Integration 129
1
22.  1 x 2
dx  tanh 1 x  c  coth 1 x  c
23.  ( f  g )( x) dx   f ( x).dx   g ( x).dx  c

24.  a. f ( x) dx  a f ( x).dx  c where aR
Integration by the method of Substitution
Formulae
1.  f ' g ( x).g '( x).dx  f  g ( x)  c
f '( x)
2.  f ( x)
dx  log f ( x)  c
n 1
n  f ( x) 
3.   f ( x)  . f '( x).dx 
n 1
 c , n  1
 f ( x) 2  c
4.  f ( x). f '( x ).dx 
2
3
 f ( x) 2
5.  f ( x). f '( x).dx 

3
c
2
f '( x)
6.  f ( x)
dx  2 f ( x)  c
f (ax  b)
7.  f '(ax  b) dx  a
c
f '( x) 1
8. f 2
( x)
dx 
f ( x)
c
9.  tan x dx  log | sec x |  c   log | cos x |  c

10.  cot x dx  log | sin x |  c
 x
11.  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x | c  log tan  4  2   c
 x
12.  cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x | c  log tan  2   c   log | cosec x  cot x | c
1 1  x
13. a 2 2
dx  tan 1    c
x a  a
1 1 a x
14. a 2
x 2
dx 
2a
log
ax
c
1 1 xa
15. x 2
a 2
dx 
2a
log
xa
c
1  x x  a2  x2
16.  dx  sinh 1    c  log c
a2  x2  a a
1  x
17.  dx  sin 1    c
a x2 2  a
1  x x  x2  a2
18.  dx  cosh 1    c  log c
x2  a2  a a
x 2 a2  x
19.  a 2  x 2 dx  a  x 2  sinh 1    c
2 2  a
2 x 2
2 a2  x
20.  a  x dx  a  x  sin 1    c
2
2 2  a
x 2 a2  x
21.  x 2  a 2 dx  x  a 2  cosh 1    c
2 2  a
Examples:
ex x
1.  e x  1 dx  log e  1  c
1 log ax  b 1 2 ax  b 1 log 3  8 x
2.  ax  b dx  a
 c,  ax  b
dx 
a
 c,  3  8 x dx  8
c
ax e ax x e x
3.  e dx  a  c,  e dx  1  c
 cos(ax  b)  cos(9 x )
4.  sin(ax  b) dx  a
 c,  sin(9 x) dx  9
c
sin( ax  b) sin(2 x)
5.  cos(ax  b) dx  a
 c,  cos(2 x) dx  2
c
(2  3 x) n 1 (2  3 x)5
6.
 (2  3x) dx  n 3 1  c,  (2  3x) dx  53  c
n 4
2 tan(ax  b)
7.  sec (ax  b) dx  a
c
Integration 131
2  cot( ax  b)
8.  cosec (ax  b) dx  a
c
 cosec(ax  b)
9.  cosec(ax  b).cot(ax  b) dx  a
c
sec(ax  b)
10.  sec(ax  b).tan(ax  b) dx  a
c
3
2
(7  5 x) 3
 x 2
3   x dx  
11. 2  3 
 7  5 x dx 
5
c  2
1 2 3  9x  1 
12.  dx  c   x dx  2 x 
3  9x 9  
5x
log 4 
1 7  1 
13.  5x
dx 
5
c   x dx  log x 
4 
7 7
2x
2x 3
5
3
5
e  e x dx  e x 
14. e dx 
2
c   

5
1 1
15.  1  x dx  log 1  x  c,  1  x 2
dx  tan 1 x  c (understand the difference)
Solved Problems
1. Find  cot 2 x dx .
Sol.  cot
2

x dx   cos ec 2 x  1 dx 
  cos ec 2 x. dx   1. dx   cot x  x  c
 x 6  1
2. Find   dx .
 1  x 2 
 x 6  1  2 
Sol.   2
dx   ( x 4  x 2  1)  dx
 1 x   1  x2 
x5 x3
   x  2 tan 1 x  c
5 3
3. Find  1  x 4  3x3  2 x dx .

Sol. 1  x  4  3x 3  2 x   1  x  12  8 x  9 x  6 x 2 
 
 1  x  12  x  6 x 2  12  x  6 x 2  12 x  x 2  6 x 3  6 x 3  5 x 2  13 x  12
  1  x  4  3x 3  2 x  dx   (6 x3  5 x 2  13 x  12) dx
x4 x3 x2 3 x 4 5 x3 13 x 2
 6  5  13  12 x  c     12 x  c
4 3 2 2 3 2
4. Find  1  sin 2x dx .
Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  2sin x cos x dx
  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )  2sin x cos x dx   (sin x  cos x )2 dx
  (sin x  cos x ) dx   cos x  sin x  c
2 x3  3x  5
5. Evaluate  dx for x > 0 and verify the result by differentiation.
2x2
2 x3  3x  5  2 x3 3x 5 
Sol.  2x2 dx    2 x 2  2 x 2  2 x 2  dx
 3 1 5 
   x  .  x 2  dx
 2 x 2 
x2 3 5 x 21
  log | x |  . c
2 2 2 2  1
x2 3 5 x 1
  log | x |  . c
2 2 2 1
x2 3 5 1
  log | x |  .  c
2 2 2 x
Verification:
d  x2 3 5 1 
  log | x |  .  c 
dx  2 2 2 x 
2x 3 1 5 3 5
  .  (  x 11 )  x   2
2 2 x 2 2x 2x
x(2 x 2 )  3( x)  5 2 x3  3x  5
  . Hence verified.
2x2 2x2
Integration 133
x 2  3x  1
6. Evaluate  dx .
2x
x 2  3x  1  x 2 3x 1 
Sol.  2x
dx     
 2 x 2 x 2 x 
dx
1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1
   .x  .1  .  dx   x. dx   1. dx   . dx
2 2 2 x 2 2 2 x
1 x2 3 1 x 2 3x 1
 .  x  log | x |  c    log | x |  c
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
 2 3
7. Evaluate   1   2  dx .
 x x 
 2 3 x 21 1
Sol.  1  x  x2  dx  x  2 log | x | 3. 2  1  c  x  2 log | x | 3. x  c
 4 
8. Evaluate   x   dx .
 1  x2 
 4  1 x2
Sol.   1  x 2 
x  dx   x. dx  4  1  x 2  2  4 tan 1 x  c
dx
 1 2 
9. Evaluate   e x    dx .
 x x2  1
 x 1 2  x 1
Sol.   e 
x

2
x 1
 dx  e  log | x | 2 cosh x  c
 1 1 
10. Evaluate    dx .
 1  x 1  x 2 
2
 1 1 
Sol.   1  x 2
 2
dx  tanh 1 x  tan 1 x  c
1 x 
 1 2 
11. Evaluate     dx .
2
 1 x 1  x2 
 1 2  1 1
Sol.   1 x 2

1 x 2 

dx  
1 x 2
dx  2
1  x2
dx
 sin 1 x  2 sinh 1 x  c
2
12. Evaluate  elog(1 tan x)
dx .
log(1 tan 2 x ) 2
Sol. e dx   elog(sec x)
dx   sec 2 x dx  tan x  c  a log a x
x 
sin 2 x
1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x sin 2 x 1 2 1 2
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos2 x dx  2  tan x dx  2  (sec x  1) dx
1 1 1 1
  sec 2 x dx   1. dx  tan x  x  c
2 2 2 2
 3 2 1 
14. Evaluate     2  dx .
 x x 3x 
 3 2 1  1 1 1
Sol.     2  dx  3 dx  2 dx   x 2 dx
x x 3x  x x 3
1 x 21 1 1
 3.2 x  2 log | x |   c  6 x  2 log | x |  .  c
3 ( 2  1) 3 x
2
 x 1 
15. Evaluate    dx .
 x 
2
 x 1  x 1 2 x
Sol.   x  dx   x 2 dx
 
 x 1 2 x 12  1 1
2 
  2  2  2  dx     x 2  2.x 2  dx
x x x  x 
 
3
3 1
1  x 21 x2
    x 2  2.x 2  dx  log | x |   2. c
x  2  1 3
 1
2
1
1  1 4.
 log | x |   4.x 2  c  log | x |   c
x x x
 1 2 3 
16. Evaluate     dx .
 x 2
x 1 2 x 2 
 1 2 3  3  1
Sol.     2
dx  2 x  2 cosh 1 x    
x x 12 2x  2  x
3
 2 x  2 cosh 1 x  c
2x
Integration 135
 1 
17. Evaluate   cosh x   dx .
 x2  1
 1  1
Sol.   cosh x  2
x 1
 dx  sinh x  sinh x  c
 
1
18. Evaluate   sinh x  1
 dx .
 x2  1   2
 
 
1  dx   sinh x dx   1 dx
Sol.   sinh x  2 1
2 x2  1
 
x 1  
 cosh x  cosh 1 x  c
(a x  b x )2
a xb x
(a x  b x )2 a 2 x  b 2 x  2a x b x
Sol.  a xb x dx   a xb x
dx
 a2x b 2 x 2a x b x 
   x x  x x  x x  dx
a b ab ab 
 ax bx  ax bx
   x  x  2 dx   x dx   x dx  2 1. dx
b a  b a
x x
 a  b
   
b a
   2x  c
 a  b
log e   log e  
 b  a
20. Evaluate  sec2 x cosec2 x dx .

2
Sol.  sec x cosec 2 x dx   (1  tan 2 x )(cosec 2 x ) dx
  (cosec2 x  tan 2 x cosec2 x ) dx
  (cosec2 x  sec2 x ) dx
  cot x  tan x  c
Alternate method:
2 1 1
 sec x cosec 2 x dx   2
. 2 dx
cos x sin x
1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 dx   cos2 x.sin 2 x dx  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
cos 2 x.sin 2 x
 sin 2 x cos 2 x 
   dx
 cos 2 x.sin 2 x cos 2 x.sin 2 x 
 1 1 
   dx
 cos x sin 2 x 
2
  sec 2

x  cosec 2 x dx
 tan x  cot x  c
1  cos 2 x
1  cos 2 x
1  cos 2 x 1  cos2 x
Sol.  1  cos 2 x  2sin 2 x dx
dx 
 1 cos 2 x  1 1 
  2
 2 
dx    cosec 2 x  cot 2 x dx
 2sin x 2sin x  2 2 
1 1

2   
cosec 2 x  cot 2 x dx   cosec 2 x  cosec 2 x  1 dx
2

1 1

2  2

2 cosec2 x  1 dx   2(  cot x )  x 
x
  cot x  c
2
22. Evaluate  1  cos 2x dx .
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2sin 2 x dx
  2 sin x dx  2(  cos x)   2 cos x  c
1
cosh x  sinh x
1 cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
Sol.  cosh x  sinh x  cosh x  sinh x dx
dx   cosh 2
x  sinh 2 x  1
(cosh x  sinh x)(cosh x  sinh x)
 dx
cosh x  sinh x
  (cosh x  sinh x ) dx  sinh x  cosh x  c
Integration 137
1
1  cos x
1 1 1  cos x
Sol.  1  cos x dx   1  cos x  1  cos x dx
1  cos x 1  cos x
 2
dx   dx
1  cos x sin 2 x
 1 cos x 
  2  dx
 sin x sin x sin x 

  cosec2 x  cot x.cosec x dx 
  cot x  cosec x  c
1 1 1
Note: To evaluate  dx,  dx,  dx similar method can be used.
1  cos x 1  sin x 1  sin x
Integration by Substitution
Evaluate the following integrals:
ex
1.  e x  1 dx
Sol. Put ex + 1 = t  ex.dx = dt.
ex dt 1
 e x  1 dx   t   t dt
 log | t | log | e x  1| c
f '( x)
(OR)  f ( x)
dx  log | f ( x) |
Let f (x) = ex + 1  f '(x) = ex

ex f '( x)
 x dx   dx  log | f ( x) | log | e x  1| c
e 1 f ( x)
x2
2.  1 x
dx
Sol. Put 1  x  t  1  x  t 2   dx  2t dt  x  1  t 2
x2 (1  t 2 )2
 dx   ( 2t )dt
1 x t
 t 5 2t 3  2 4
2 2 4 2
 2 (1  t ) dt  2 (1  t  2t ) dt  2 t     2t  t 5  t 3
 5 3  5 3
2 4
 2 1  x  ( 1  x ) 5  ( 1  x ) 3  c
5 3
(sin 1 x) 2
3.  1  x2
dx
1
Sol. P u t sin -1(x) =t  dx  dt
1  x2
1 3 1 3
  (sin 1 x) 2 . dx   t 2 dt  t  (sin x)  c (or)
1  x2 3 3
n 1
n  f ( x)  1
  f ( x) 
1
f '( x) dx  , where f ( x)  sin ( x), f '( x) 
n 1 1  x2
1 (sin 1 x) 21 (sin 1 x)3
  (sin 1 x) 2 . dx   c
1  x2 2 1 3
1
4.  1  (2 x  1) 2
dx .
dt
Sol. Put 2 x  1  t  2.1.dx  dt  dx 
2
1 1 dt
 1  (2 x  1) 2
dx  
1 t2 2
1 1 1 1
  2
dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 (2 x  1)  c (or)
2 1 t 2 2
f (ax  b)
 f '(ax  b) dx  a
1 1 1 tan 1 (ax  b)
 dx  tan x   1  (ax  b)2 dx 
1  x2 a
1 tan 1 (2 x  1) 1
 2
dx   tan 1 (2 x  1)  c
1  (2 x  1) 2 2
x5
5.  1  x12 dx .
dt
Sol. Put x 6  t  6.x 5 dx  dt  x 5 dx 
6
dt
5 5
x x dx
 1  x12 dx   1  ( x6 )2 dx   1 6t 2
1 1 1 1
  2
dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x 6 )  c
6 1 t 6 6
Integration 139
3
6.  cos x sin x dx .
Sol. Put cos x  t   sin xdx  dt  sin xdx   dt
  cos3 x sin x dx   t 3 ( dt )
3  t4  (cos x ) 4 cos 4 x
   t dt        c
 4 4 4
 1
 1   x  
7.  1  x 2  .e x dx
1  1
Sol. Put x   t   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
 1  1  1
 1   x   x   1  x  
  1  2  .e x  dx   e  x   1  2
. dx   e t
. dt  e t
 e x
c
 x  x 
1
8.  sin 1 x 1  x 2
dx
1 1
Sol. Put sin x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
1 1 1
 dx   . dx
sin 1 x 1  x 2 sin 1 x 1  x2
1
 . dt  2 t  2 sin 1 x  c
t
sin 4 x
9.  cos6 x dx
sin 4 x sin 4 x 1
Sol.  cos6 x  cos4 x . cos2 x dx
dx 
n 1
 n  f ( x) 
  tan 4 x.sec2 x dx    f ( x)  . f '( x).dx  
 n  1 
tan 41 x tan 5 x
  c
4 1 5
2
10.  sin x dx
2 1  cos 2 x 1
Sol.  sin x dx  
2
dx   (1  cos 2 x ) dx
2
1 sin 2 x 
1   x  c

2  1. dx   cos 2 x. dx  2  2 
x2
11.  x5
dx
Sol. Put x  5  t  x  5  t   dx  2t dt and x  t 2  5  x 2  (t   5) 2  t 4  25  10t 2
x2 t 4  25  10t 2
 dx   .2t dt
x5 t
t5 10t 3 
 2 (t  25  10t ). dt  2   25t 
4 2
5 3 
5 3

 2
 x5   25 x  5 
10  
x5 

 5 3 
 
2 5 1 20 3
 ( x  5) 2  50( x  5) 2  ( x  5) 2  c
5 3
dx
12.  4  9x2
dx
1 1  1  x 
Sol.  4  9x 2
dx  
2
2  (3 x ) 2
dx   2 dx  sin 1   
 a 
 a  x2
 3x 
sin 1  
 2  1 1  3 x 
  sin    c
3 3  2
1
13.  1 4x 2
dx
1 1  1 1 1  x  
Sol.  1 4x 2
dx  
1  (2 x) 2
2
dx   a 2  x 2 dx  a tan  a  
 
 2x 
tan 1  
 1 1
  tan 1 (2 x)  c
2 2
1
14.  4  x2
dx
1 1 x  1  x 
Sol.  dx   dx  sin 1    c   2 dx  sin 1   
4 x 2 2
2 x 2  2  a  x2  a 
Integration 141
15.  4 x 2  9 dx
 x 2 a2 1  x  
4 x 2  9 dx   (2 x) 2  32 dx   x  a dx  2 x  a  2 sinh  a  
2 2 2
Sol.   
2x 9  2x 
4 x 2  9  sinh 1  
2 2  3

2
x 9  2x 
 4 x 2  9  sinh 1    c
2 4  3
16.  9 x 2  25 dx
 x 2 a2 1  x  
9 x 2  25 dx   (3x)2  52 dx   x  a dx  2 x  a  2 cosh  a  
2 2 2
Sol.   
3x 25  3x 
9 x 2  25  cosh 1  
2 2  5

3
x 25  3x 
 9 x 2  25  cosh 1    c
2 6  5 
17.  16  25x 2 dx
 x 2 a2  x 
2 2 2 
 
2 2 2
sin 1   
Sol.  16  25 x dx   4  (5 x) dx

a  x dx 
2
a  x 
2  a 
5x 16  5x 
16  25 x 2  sin 1  
2 2  4

5
x 16  5x 
 16  25 x 2  sin 1    c
2 10  4
x
18.  1 x 2
dx
x 1 2x  f '( x ) 
Sol.  1 x 2
dx 
2  1  x2
dx   f ( x ) dx  log | f ( x ) |  c 
 
1
 log |1  x 2 |  c
2
(log x )2
19.  x dx
(log x )2 2 1
 n  f ( x ) n 1 
   f ( x )  . f '( x ) dx 
Sol.  x dx   (log x) . x . dx  n 1 
(log x )21 (log x )3

  c
2 1 3
1
e tan x
20.  1  x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
1
e tan x tan 1 x 1
 1  x 2 dx   e . 1  x 2 . dx
1
  e t . dt  et  e tan x
c
sin(tan 1 x)
21.  1  x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2
sin(tan 1 x) 1 1
 1  x 2 dx   sin(tan x).1  x 2 dx
  sin t. dt   cos t   cos(tan 1 x )  c
3x 2
22.  1  x6 dx
Sol. Put x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt
3x 2 3 x 2 dx
 1  x6 dx   1  x3 2   dt 2  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x3 )  c
  1 t
2
23.  25  9 x 2
dx
 3x 
sinh 1  
2 1  5 2  3x 
Sol.  dx  2 dx  2  sinh 1    c
25  9 x 2 2
5  (3x) 2 3 3  5
3
24.  9x2  1
dx
 3x 
cosh 1  
3 1  1
Sol.  dx  3 dx  3  cosh 1 (3x )  c
9x2  1 2
(3x )  12 3
Integration 143
25.  sin mx cos nx dx

1
Sol. We have, sin mx cos nx  (2sin mx cos nx)
2
1
 sin( mx  nx)  sin( mx  nx) 
2
1

2
sin(m  n) x  sin( m  n) x 
1
  sin mx cos nx dx  
2
sin( m  n) x  sin( m  n) x  dx
1   cos( m  n) x  cos( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 
26.  sin mx sin nx dx

1 1
Sol. We have sin mx sin nx  (2sin mx sin nx)  cos( mx  nx)  cos( mx  nx) 
2 2
1
  sin mx sin nx dx  
2
cos( m  n) x  cos( m  n) x  dx
1  sin( m  n) x sin( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 
27.  cos mx cos nx dx

1 1
Sol. We have, cos mx cos nx  (2 cos mx cos nx )   cos(mx  nx )  cos(mx  nx ) 
2 2
1
  cos mx cos nx dx  
2
cos(m  n) x  cos(m  n) x  dx
1  sin( m  n) x sin( m  n) x 
  c
2  (m  n) (m  n) 
sin x
28.  sin(a  x) dx
sin x sin(( x  a)  a)
Sol.  sin(a  x) dx   sin( a  x)
dx
sin( x  a) cos a  cos( x  a ) sin a

 dx
sin( a  x)
 sin( x  a) cos a cos( x  a) sin a 

  dx
 sin( a  x) sin( a  x) 
  cos a  cot( x  a ).sin a  dx
 cos a  1. dx  sin a cot( x  a ) dx

 (cos a )( x)  (sin a) log | sin( a  x) |  c
1
29.  7 x  3 dx
1 log | 7 x  3 |
Sol.  7 x  3 dx  7
c
log(1  x)
30.  1 x
dx
2
log(1  x) 1 log(1  x)  c
Sol.  1  x dx   log(1  x).1  x dx  2
dx
31.  1  5x
dx
dx 2 1  5x
Sol.  1  5x
dx 
5
c
3 2
32.  (1  2 x ) x dx
3 2 2 5 x3 2 x 6 x3 x 6
Sol.  (1  2 x ) x dx   ( x  2 x ) dx  3

6
  c
3 3
sec2 x
33.  (1  tan x)3 dx
Sol. Put 1  tan x  t  sec 2 xdx  dt
sec2 x dt 3 t 31 t 2 1 1
 (1  tan x)3 dx  
 t3  t dt    2
 c
3  1 2 2t 2(1  tan x )2
3
34. x sin x 4 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 4  t  4 x 3 dx  dt  x 3dx 
4
3
x sin x 4 dx   (sin x 4 ).x 3 dx
dt 1 1  cos x 4
  sin t   sin t dt  (  cos t )  c
4 4 4 4
Integration 145
cos x Sol.
35.  (1  sin x)2 dx
Sol. Put 1  sin x  t  cos x dx  dt
cos x dt 2 t 21 1 1
 (1  sin x)2 dx   t2 
dt  t dt 
2  1
 
t 1  sin x
c
3
36.  sin x .cos x dx
1
1 1 4
3 3
(sin x) 3 3
Sol.  sin x .cos x dx   (sin x ) .cos x dx   (sin x ) 3  c
1 4
1
3
x2
37.  2x e dx
Sol. Put x2 = t  2x dx = dt
x2 2 2
 2x e dx   e x .2 x dx   et dt  et  e x  c
elog x
38.  x dx
1
Sol. Put log x  t  dx  dt
x
elog x log x 1 t t log x
 x dx   e x dx   e dt  e  e  c
x2
39.  1  x6
dx
dt
Sol. Put x 3  t  3 x 2 dx  dt  x 2 dx 
3
x2 x 2 dx 1 dt 1 1 1
 dx     sin t  sin 1 ( x3 )  c
1  x6 1  ( x3 )2 1 t2 3 3 3
2 x3
40.  1  x8 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 4  t  4 x 3 dx  dt  2.2 x 3dx  dt  2 x 3dx 
2
dt
2 x3 2 x3 dx 1 1 1 1
 1  x8 dx   1  ( x 4 )2   1 2t 2  2  1  t 2 dt  2 tan t  2 tan ( x )  c
1 1 4
x8
41.  1  x18 dx
dt
Sol. Put x 9  t  9 x8 dx  dt  x 8 dx 
9
dt
x8 x8 dx 1 1 1 1
dx  dx  9   dt  tan 1 t  tan 1 ( x 9 )  c
 1  x18  1  ( x9 )2  1 t2 9 1 t 2
9 9
e x (1  x)
42.  cos2 ( xe x ) dx
Sol. Put xe x  t  ( x.e x  e x .1) dx  dt  e x ( x  1)dx  dt  e x (1  x)dx  dt
e x (1  x) dt 2 x
 cos2 ( xe x ) dx   cos2 t   sec t dt  tan t  tan( xe )  c
cosec2 x
43.  (a  b cot x)5 dx
dt
Sol. Put a  b cot x  t  b(  cosec 2 x)dx  dt  cosec 2 xdx 
b
dt
cosec2 x 1 1
 (a  b cot x)5 dx   t 5b   b  t 5 dt
1 5 1 t 51 1 t 4 1 1

b  t dt  
b 5  1
  
b 4 4bt 4

4b  a  b cot x 
4
c
x
44. e sin e x dx
Sol. Put e x  t  e x dx  dt
x
e sin e x dx   sin t dt   cos t   cos(e x )  c
sin(log x)
45.  x
dx
1
x
sin(log x) 1
 x
dx   sin(log x). dx   sin t.dt   cos t   cos(log x)  c
x
Integration 147
1
46.  x log x dx
1
x
1 1 1 1
 x log x dx   log x . x dx   t . dt  log | t | log | log x | c
(1  log x) n
47.  x dx
1
Sol. Put 1  log x  t  dx  dt
x
(1  log x) n n 1 n t n 1 (1  log x )n 1
 x dx   (1  log x) . x dx   t . dt  n  1  n  1  c
cos(log x)
48.  x
dx
1
x
cos(log x) 1
 x
dx   cos(log x). dx   cos t. dt  sin t  sin(log x)  c
x
cos x
49.  x
dx
Sol. Put x  t  x  t 2  dx  2t dt
cos x cos t
 x
dx  
t
.2t dt  2 cos t dt  2sin t  2sin x  c
2x  1
50. x 2
 x 1
dx
Sol. Put x 2  x  1  t  (2 x  1)dx  dt

2x  1 1 1
x 2
dx   2 (2 x  1) dx   . dt  log | t |  log | x 2  x  1|  c
 x 1 x  x 1 t
ax n 1
51.  bx n  c dx
dt
Sol. Put bx n  c  t  (b.n.x n 1 )dx  dt  x n 1dx 
bn
ax n 1 1 n 1 1 dt
 bx n  c dx   bx n  c . ax dx   t . a. bn
a 1 a a
  . dt  log | t | log | bx n  c |  c1
bn t bn bn
1
52.  x log x log(log x) dx
1 d
Sol. Put log(log x )  t  (log x ) dx  dt
log x dx
1 1 1
 dx  dt  dx  dt
log x x x log x
1 1 1 1
 x log x log(log x) dx   log(log x) . x log x dx   t . dt  log | t | log | log(log x ) |  c
53.  coth x dx
cosh x
Sol.  coth x dx   sinh x dx  log | sinh x | c
1
54.  ( x  3) x2
dx
Sol. Put x  2  t  x  2  t 2  x  t 2  2  dx  2t.dt

1 1
 ( x  3) x2
dx   2
(t  2  3).t
2t dt
1
 2 2
dt  2 tan 1 t  2 tan 1 x  2  c
t 1
1
55.  1  sin 2 x dx
1 1 1  sin 2 x
Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  sin 2 x .1  sin 2 x dx
1  sin 2 x 1  sin 2 x
 2
dx   dx
1  sin 2 x cos 2 2 x
 1 sin 2 x 
   dx
 cos 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x 
2
   sec 2 2 x  tan 2 x sec 2 x  dx
tan 2 x sec 2 x
  c
2 2
Integration 149
x2  1
56.  x4  1
dx
 1
2 x 2 1  2 
x 1  x 
Sol.  4
x 1
dx  
2 2 1
dx
x x  2
 x 
1 1  1 
1 1 2 1  2 
2 x 
 x dx 
 x dx    2
dx
2 1 2 1  1 
x  2 x  2 22
x x x  2
 x
1  1
Put x   t   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
dt dt 1 t
 2
 2 2
 tan 1
t 2 t  ( 2) 2 2
 1
 x  2

1
tan 1  x  1 tan 1  x  1  c
  
2  2  2  2x 
 
dx
57.  cos 2
x  sin 2 x
dx sec2 x
Sol.  cos2 x  sin 2 x  sec2 x(cos2 x  sin 2x ) dx

sec2 x sec2 x
 dx   dx
1 1  2 tan x
2
(cos2 x  sin 2 x )
cos x
dt
Put 1  2 tan x  t  2sec2 xdx  dt  sec2 xdx 
2
dt
 2  1 1 dt  1 log | t |  1 log |1  2 tan x |  c
t 2 t 2 2
x2
58.  (a  bx)2 dx
dt ta 2 (t  a ) 2 t 2  a 2  2at
Sol. Put a  bx  t  b. dx  dt  dx  , x  x  
b b b2 b2
x2 (t 2  a 2  2at ) dt
 dx  
(a  bx)2 b2t 2 b
1  t 2 a 2 2at  1  1
 3  2
 2  2  dt  3  1  a 2t 2  2a  dt
b t t t  b  t
1  a 2 t 1  1  a2 
  t   2 a log | t |  3 t   2a log | t |
b3  1  b  t 
1  a2 
  ( a  bx )   2a log | a  bx |  c
b3  a  bx 
59.  1  cos 2x dx
Sol.  1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos2 x dx   2 cos x dx  2 sin x  c
cos x  sin x
60.  1  sin 2 x
dx
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x

Sol.  1  sin 2 x
dx  
sin x  cos 2 x  2sin x cos x
2
dx
cos x  sin x cos x  sin x

 dx   dx   1. dx  x  c
(sin x  cos x) 2 sin x  cos x
sin 2 x
61.  (a  b cos x) 2
dx
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

Sol.  (a  b cos x) 2
dx  
(a  b cos x )2
dx
dt t a
Put (a  b cos x)  t  b sin x dx  dt  sin x dx   cos x 
b b
2sin x cos x cos x.sin x dx
 2
dx  2
(a  b cos x ) (a  b cos x )2
t  a 1 dt 2  t a
 2 2
 2   2  2  dt
b t b b  t t 
2 1 2  2  at 21 
b 2   t
   at  dt  log | t | 
b 2  2  1
2  a 2  a 

b 2 log | t |  t   b 2 log | a  b cos x |  a  b cos x   c
Integration 151
sec x
62.  (sec x  tan x) 2
dx
Sol. Put (sec x  tan x )  t  (sec x tan x  sec2 x ) dx  dt

dt
 sec x(tan x  sec x) dx  dt  sec x (t )dx  dt  sec x dx 
t
sec x 1 dt dt
 2
dx   2  3
(sec x  tan x ) t t t
t 31 1 1
  t 3 dt   2  c
3  1 2t 2(sec x  tan x )2
dx
63. a 2
sin x  b 2 cos 2 x
2
dx sec2 x dx
Sol.  a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos2 x  sec2 x(a 2 sin 2 x  b2 cos2 x )

Put tan x  t  sec2 x dx  dt
sec2 x dx dt 1
 2 2 2
 2 2 2
 dt
a tan x  b a t b (at )  b 2
2
 at 
tan 1  

1  b   1 tan 1  a (tan x )   c
 
b a ab  b 
dx
64.  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
dx 1 sin(b  a)
Sol.  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)   sin(b  a) sin( x  a) sin( x  b) dx
sin ( x  a)  ( x  b) 
 dx b  a  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
sin(b  a) sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
1 sin( x  a) cos( x  b)  cos( x  a ) sin( x  b)

sin(b  a)  sin( x  a) sin( x  b)
dx
1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a) sin( x  b) 

  
sin(b  a)  sin( x  a) sin( x  b) sin( x  a) sin( x  b) 
dx
1

sin(b  a) 
cot( x  b)  cot( x  a) dx
1  log | sin( x  b) | log | sin( x  a) |  1 sin( x  b)

     log c
sin(b  a)  1 1  sin(b  a) sin( x  a)
dx
65.  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)
dx 1 sin(b  a)
Sol.  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)   sin(b  a) cos( x  a) cos( x  b) dx
1 sin  ( x  a)  ( x  b)
 
sin(b  a ) cos( x  a ) cos( x  b )
dx
1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b)  cos( x  a) sin( x  b) 

 
sin(b  a)  cos( x  a) cos( x  b)  dx

1  sin( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a) sin( x  b) 

  
sin(b  a)  cos( x  a) cos( x  b) cos( x  a) cos( x  b) 
dx
1

sin(b  a) 
 tan( x  b)  tan( x  a) dx
1

sin(b  a)
log | sec( x  a ) |  log | sec( x  b ) |  c
1  sec( x  a ) 
 log c
sin(b  a)  sec( x  b) 
sin 2 x
66.  a cos 2
x  b sin 2 x
dx
sin 2 x 2sin x cos x

Sol.  a cos 2 2
x  b sin x
dx  
a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x
dx
Put (a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x)  t   a 2 cos x ( sin x)  b 2sin x cos x  dx  dt

dt
2sin x cos x(  a  b) dx  dt  2sin x cos x dx 
ba
2sin x cos x 1 dt
 a cos 2 2
dx  
x  b sin x t ba
1 1 1 1
  dt  log | t |  log | a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x |  c
ba t ba ba
1  tan x
67.  1  tan x dx
sin x
1
1  tan x x dx  cos x  sin x dx
Sol.  1  tan x dx   cos
sin x  cos x  sin x
1
cos x
Integration 153
Put (cos x  sin x)  t  (  sin x  cos x) dx  dt

dt
  log | t | log | sin x  cos x |  c
t
cot(log x)
68.  x
dx
1
x
cot(log x) 1
 x
dx   cot(log x). .dx
x
  cot t.dt  log | sin t |  log | sin(log x) |  c
x x
69.  e .cot e .dx
Sol. Put e x  t  e x dx  dt
x x x x
 e .cot e . dx   cot e . e . dx
x
  cot t. dt  log | sin t | log | sin e | c
2x  3
70.  2
x  3x  4
dx
2x  3  f '( x) 
Sol.  dx  2 x 2  3 x  4  c   dx  2 f ( x) 
2  f ( x) 
x  3x  4
2
71.  cosec x cot x dx
Sol. Put cot x  t   cosec2 x dx  dt  cosec2 xdx   dt

2
 cosec x cot x dx   cot x cosec2 x.dx
3
1 t 2 2 3
  t (  dt )    t 2
dt    (cot x ) 2  c
3 3
2
72.  sec x log (sec x  tan x) dx

Sol. Put log(sec x  tan x )  t
1
 sec x tan x  sec2 x  dx  dt
sec x  tan x
sec x(tan x  sec x )
 dx  dt  sec x dx  dt
(sec x  tan x )
 sec x log (sec x  tan x ) dx   log (sec x  tan x ).sec x.dx

2
t 2  log(sec x  tan x )
  t. dt   c
2 2
3
73.  cos x dx
cos 3 x  3cos x
Sol. Put cos 3 x  4 cos3 x  3cos x  cos3 x 
4
3 cos 3 x  3cos x
 cos x dx  
4
dx
1 1  sin 3 x  1 3

4  (cos 3 x  3cos x ) dx  
4 3
 3sin x   sin 3 x  sin x  c
 12 4
74. x 4 x  3 dx
2 1 t2  3
Sol. Put 4 x  3  t  4 x  3  t  4.d x  2t dt  dx  t dt  x 
2 4
t2  3 t 1 2 2
 x 4 x  3 dx   4 . t. 2 . dt  8  (t  3).t . dt
1 4 2 1  t 5 3t 3  t 5 t 3
 (t  3 t ) dt    
8 8  5 3  40 8
5 3
( 4 x  3)5 ( 4 x  3)3 (4 x  3) 2
(4 x  3) 2
    c
40 8 40 8
1
75. a 2
 (b  cx) 2
dx
 b  cx 
tan 1 
1 1  a   1 1 1  x  
Sol.   a 2  x 2 dx  a tan  a  
 a 2  (b  cx)2 dx 
a c
1  b  cx 
 tan 1  c
ac  a 
Unit 7
Definite Integrals
The fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus

If f is integrable on [a, b] and if there is a differentiable function F on [a, b] such that F' =f, then
b b

a
f ( x) = F(b) – F(a). We call
 f ( x) dx , the definite integral of f from, a to b. 'a' is called the lower
a
limit, 'b' is called the upper limit of the integral.
The letter 'x' is called the variable of integration.
b b b a
Note: We write  F( x )a for F(b) – F(a). Also  F( x )a is not dependent on x and  F( x ) a    F( x ) b .
b b
The function f in  f ( x ) dx is called the 'integrand'. The numerical value of  f ( x ) dx depends
a a
on f and does not dependent on the symbol x. The letter 'x' is a "dummy symbol" and may be replaced
by any other convenient symbol.
Properties:
b b
1.  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
a a
2.  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
b a
3.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx
a b
b c b
4.  f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx , where a < c < b.

a a c
 a
2 f  x  dx, if f (  x)  f ( x)
a  0

5.  f ( x) dx  
a  0, if f (  x)   f ( x)


 a
2 f  x  dx. if f (2a  x)  f ( x)
2a  0
6. 
 f ( x) dx  
0  0, if f (2a  x)   f ( x)


Problems
 5
2
cos 2 x
1. Evaluate  5 5
dx .
0 2 2
sin x  cos x
 5
2
cos 2 x
Sol. Let I = 
0
5 5
dx .........(1)
2 2
sin x  cos x
5
  2

2 cos   x a a
2   
I =  5 5
dx   f ( x)dx   f  a  x dx
0 2 
  2 
   0 0 
sin   x  cos   x
2  2 
 5
2
sin 2 x
= 
0
5 5
dx .........(2)
2 2
cos x  sin x
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 5  5
2 2 2 2
cos x sin x
I+I=  0
5 5
dx + 
0
5 5
dx
2 2 2 2
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x
 5 5
 2 2 2

cos x sin x
2I =   5 5
 5 5
 dx
0
 2 
 sin x  cos 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 5 5
2 2 2
cos x  sin x
= 
0
5 5
dx
2 2
sin x  cos x

2
  
  1. dx   x 0 2  0
0
2 2
 
 2I  I
2 4
Definite Integrals 157
 5
2
cos 2 x 
I=  5 5
dx 
0 2 2
4
sin x  cos x

2
x 
2. Show that  sin x  cos x dx  2
0 2
log( 2  1) .

2
x
Sol. Let I =  sin x  cos x dx
0
a a

But 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx , where a 
0 2
here
   

2   x 
2   x
2 2
 I    

 0 cos x  sin x
dx
0 sin   x  cos   x
2  2 
   
2
 2 x 
   sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x  dx
0  
  
2 2
2 x
 
0
sin x  cos x
dx  
0
sin x  cos x
dx

2
 1

2  sin x  cos x dx  I
0

2
 1
I+I 
2  sin x  cos x dx
0

2
 1
I 
4  sin x  cos x dx
0
x 1 x 2t 1 t2 x
Put t  tan  dt  sec2 dx, sin x  2
, cos x  2
and sec 2  1  t 2
2 2 2 1 t 1 t 2

When x = 0, t = 0 and when x  , t  1 . Thus
2
 1 2x
2 sec 1
 2 2  2dt
I   dx  
4 1 x 4 0 2t  1  t 2
0 (sin x  cos x )  sec2 
2 2
1
 dt
 
4 0 ( 2)  (t  1) 2
2
1
 1 2  t  1   2  1  1  2  1
  log   log    . log  
4 2 2 2  t  1 0 4 2  2  1 2 2 2  2  1
 2 1 

2 2
log 
2 1 2 2
log  
2 1 .
 
2 2
n n
3. Show that  sin x dx 
0
 cos
0
x dx .

2
n
Sol. Let I =  sin
0
x dx

Let a  , f ( x)  sin n x  (sin x) n
2
n
    
f (a  x)  f   x  sin   x 
2   2 
 (cos x )n  cosn x
a a
We know that , 0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0
 
2 2
n n
  sin x dx 
0
 cos x dx
0
Hence proved.

3
sin x
4. Evalute  dx.
 sin x  cos x
6
  sin x
Sol. Let a  , b  , f ( x) 
6 3 sin x  cos x
   
Then, a  b  x    x    x
6 3 2 
 
sin   x
  2  cos x
 f ( a  b  x )  f   x  
2  cos x  sin x
   
sin   x  cos   x
2  2 

3
sin x
Let I   dx.
 sin x  cos x
6
b b
We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
 
3 3
sin x cos x
I dx  I   dx.
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
6 6
Adding them, we get

 
3 3
sin x cos x
I I   dx   dx
 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
6 6

3 sin x cos x 
2I      dx
  sin x  cos x sin x  cos x 
6

3
sin x  cos x
 dx
 sin x  cos x
6

3 
  
2 I   1. dx  [ x] 3   
 6
3 6 6
6

3
  sin x 
I  I   dx  .
6  2 12  sin x  cos x 12
6

x sin x
0
1  sin x

x sin x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
0
x sin x
Let a  , f ( x) 
1  sin x
(  x) sin(   x)
Then f (a  x)  f (  x) 
1  sin(   x)
(   x ) sin x

1  sin x
a a
We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0
 
x sin x (  x) sin x
I dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

 sin x  x sin x
I dx
0
1  sin x

  sin x x sin x 
    dx
0
 1  sin x 1  sin x
 
 sin x x sin x
 dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

sin x
I   dx  I
0
1  sin x

sin x
 I I    dx
0
1  sin x

1  sin x  1
 2 I   dx
0
1  sin x

  1  sin x 1 
 I     dx
2 0  1  sin x 1  sin x 

  1 
  1   dx
2 0  1  sin x 
 
 1 
  1. dx   dx 
2 0 0
1  sin x 

  1 1  sin x 
  x 0    dx 
2 0
1  sin x 1  sin x 

 1  sin x 
    dx 
2 0
cos 2 x 

2   1 sin x 
     dx
2 2 0  cos x cos 2 x 
2

2 

2 2 0
 
sec 2 x  sec x tan x dx 
2  
   tan x  sec x 0
2 2
2 
   tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0
2 2
2 
   0  ( 1)  0  1
2 2
2  2
I  (2)  
2 2 2

x sin x 2
 dx  
0
1  sin x 2
4
6. Evaluate  x x 2  1 dx .
1
4 4
1
Sol.
2 2
 x x  1 dx   x  1   2
. x dx
1 1
n 1
1
4
1  n  f ( x) 
  x2  1   2
.2 x dx    f ( x)  . f '( x)dx  
21  n  1 
4
 2 1 
1

1  x 1 2 
 


2  1 1 
 2 1
4
 3 
2
 1 x 1

  2

3 
2 
 2 1
1 2 3 1 3
   (42  1) 2  (1  1) 3    (15) 2 
2 3  2  3  
2
7. Evaluate  4  x 2 dx .
0
2 2
 x 2 a2  x
Sol.  4  x 2 dx   22  x 2 dx 
  a 2
 x 2
dx  a  x 2
 sin 1   
2 2  a
0 0
2
x 4 x
  4  x 2  sin 1 
2 2 2 0
2  2   0 
 4  4  2sin 1      4  0  2sin 1 0 
2  2   2 
= 0 + 2sin–1(1) – 0 – 0

 2  .
2

2
8. Evalute 

sin x dx .
2
 
2 0 2
Sol.   sin x dx   sin x dx   sin x dx

  0
2 2

0 2
sin(  x) dx     
   sin xdx    x  0  x   x, 0  x   x  x
2 2
 0
2
0

   sin x dx    cos x 0 2
 2
0   
  cos x      cos  (  cos 0)
2  2 
   
 cos 0  cos       0  1
  2 
= 1 – 0 – 0 + 1 = 2.
3
2x
9. Evaluate  dx.
2
1  x2
3
2x 2
3  f '( x) 
Sol. 2 1  x 2 dx   log 1  x    dx  log f ( x) 
 2  f ( x) 
= log 10 – log 5
 10 
= log   = log 2.
5

10. Evaluate  2  2 cos  d .
0
 

Sol.  2(1  cos ) d    4.cos2 d
0 0
2

   
 sin  
    2 
  2.cos   d    2.
0
 2  1 
 2 0

    
  4sin    4sin  4sin 0   4.
 2 0  2 

11. Evaluate  sin 3 x cos3 x dx.

0
Sol. Let I   sin 3 x cos3 x dx

0
a a
We have  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
 
 I   sin x cos x dx   sin 3 (   x) cos 3 (   x) dx

3 3
0 0
   sin 3 x cos 3 x dx   I
0
 I = – I  2 I = 0  I = 0.

  sin 3 x cos 3 x dx  0.
0
2
12. Evaluate  1  x dx.
0
2 1 2
Sol.  1  x dx   1  x dx   1  x dx
0 0 1
1 2
  (1  x)dx   (1  x ) dx  0  x  1  1  x  (1  x), 1  x  2  1  x  (1  x)  (1  x) 
0 1
1 2
 x2   x2 
  x     x  
 2 0  2 1
 1    4  1 
 1    (0  0)    2     1   
 2    2  2 
1 1
 1  2  2  1   1.
2 2

2
cos x
13. Evaluate  1 e x
dx.

2

2
cos x
Sol. Let I   1 e x
dx

2
  cos x
Let a   , b  , f ( x) 
2 2 1  ex
    cos( x)
f (a  b  x)  f     x   f ( x) 
 2 2  1  e x
cos x cos x x
  e
1 ex  1
1 x
e
e x .cos x

1  ex
b b
We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a a
 
2
cos x 2
e x .cos x
 I  dx  I   1  e x dx

1  ex 
2 2
Adding them, we get

 
2
cos x 2
e x .cos x
I I   dx   1  e x dx

1  ex 
2 2
 
 cos x e x .cos x 
2 2
cos x  e x .cos x
 2I      dx   dx
 
1  ex 1  ex  
1  ex
2 2
 
2
cos x(1  e x ) 2
 2I   dx   cos x dx

1  ex 
2 2
   
 2 I   sin x  2  sin  sin   
2 2  2
 2 I = 1 – (–1) = 2

2
cos x
 I 1 I   1 e x
dx  1.

2
3
x
0 x 2  16
3 3
x 1 2x
Sol.  dx   dx
0 x 2  16 2 0 x 2  16
3
1 
  .2 x 2  16 
2 0
3
  x 2  16  0
 32  16  02  16
=5–4
= 1.
1
2
15. Evaluate  x.e  x dx .
0
1 1
2 2
x x
Sol.  x.e dx   e . x dx
0 0
 dt
Put –x2 = t  –2x dx = dt  x dx 
2
Upper Limit : x = 1  t = –1 and Lower Limit : x = 0  t = 0
1 1
 x2   dt 
 x.e dx   et .  
0 0  2 
1
1 1 1
   et dt    et 
20 2 0
1 1 0 11 

2
 e  e      1
2e 
1 1 1 1 
    .
2e 2  2 2e 
5
1
1 2x 1
5 5
dx  2 2x 1
Sol. 
1 2x 1
dx  
 2 
1
5
  2x 1 
1
 10  1  2  1  9  1
= 3 – 1 = 2.
4
x2
0
1 x
4 4
x2  1 
Sol. 0 1  x dx  0 ( x  1)  x  1 dx
4
 x2 
   x  log x  1 
2 0
 42  0 
   4  log 4  1     0  log1
 2  2 
 8  4  log 5  0
  4  log 5
2
x2
18. Evaluate  x 2  2 dx .
1
2 2
x2  2 
Sol. 1 x 2  2 dx  1 1  x 2  2  dx
2 2
1
  1 dx  2  2
dx
1 1 x2    2
2
2  1 x 
  x 1   2. tan 1
 2 2  1
2  1 2  1  
  2  ( 1)   tan  tan 1 

2 2  2  
 1 
 3  2  tan 1 2  tan 1 
 2
4
19. Evaluate  2  x dx .
0
4 2 4
Sol.  2  x dx   2  x dx   2  x dx
0 0 2
2 4
  (2  x) dx   (2  x ) dx
0 2
2 4
 x2   x2 
  2 x     2 x  
 2 0  2 2
 4   16   4 
  4   0    8     4   
 2   2  2 
= 2 + [0 + 4 – 2]
=4

20. Evaluate
2
sin 5 x .

0
sin 5 x  cos5 x

Sol. Let I =
2
sin 5 x ........(1)
 0
sin 5 x  cos5 x
a a
We know that 
0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0
 

5
 sin 5   x  
2
sin x 2
2  2
cos5 x
I=  sin 5
x  cos5 x
  5  5 
dx  
cos 5
x  sin 5
x
dx ........(2)
0 0 sin   x   cos   x  0
2  2 
Adding (1) and (2),

 
2
sin 5 x 2
cos5 x
 II   dx   dx
0
sin 5 x  cos5 x 0
cos5 x  sin 5 x

2
 sin 5 x cos5 x 
 2I  0  sin 5 x  cos5 x cos5 x  sin 5 x  dx


 sin 5 x  cos5 x 
2
 0  sin 5 x  cos5 x  dx

2
 
  1.dx   x 0 2 
0
2
 
 2I  I
2 4

2
sin 5 x 
I   5 5
dx 
0
sin x  cos x 4

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Sol. Let I =  dx ........(1)
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x
a a
We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx
0 0
   

2 2 2

2 sin 2   x   cos 2   x 
sin x  cos x  2   2  dx
 I  sin 3
dx  I  
x  cos3 x      
0 0 sin 3   x   cos3   x 
 2   2 

2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
I  dx ........(2)
0
cos3 x  sin 3 x
Adding (1) and (2),
 
2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x 2
cos 2 x  sin 2 x
 I I   dx   dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x 0
cos3 x  sin 3 x

 sin 2 x  cos 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x 
2
2I  0  sin 3 x  cos3 x  cos3 x  sin 3 x  dx

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
  dx
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x

2
2I   0 dx  0
0
I0

2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
 
0
sin 3 x  cos3 x
dx  0.

2
dx
22. Evaluate  4  5cos x .
0
x 2dt 1 t2
Sol. Let tan  t  dx   cos x 
2 1 t2 1 t2
 
Upper Limit : x = 0  t = tan 0 = 0 and Lower Limit : x   t  tan  1
2 4
 2dt
2 1
dx 1 t2
  
0
4  5cos x 0  1 t2 
4  5 2 
 1 t 
1
2dt

0 4(1  t )  5 1  t 2 
2
1 1
2dt 1
 2 2
 2  2 2 dt
0
9t 0
3 t
1
1  3 t 
 2.  log
2(3)  3  t  0
1 4  1
 log    log 1   log 2
3 2  3

4
sin x  cos x
23. Evaluate  9  16sin 2 x dx .
0

4
sin x  cos x
Sol.  9  16sin 2 x dx
0
Put sin x – cos x = t (cos x + sin x) dx = dt

t2 = (sin x – cos x)2 = sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x
t2 = 1 – sin2x
 sin2x = – t2 +1 = 1 – t2
  
U.L.: x   t  sin  cos  0
4 4 4
L.L.: x  0  t  sin 0  cos 0  1

4 0
sin x  cos x dt
 dx  
0
9  16sin 2 x 1
9  16( t 2  1)
0
dt
 
1
16t 2  25
0
dt
  2 2
1 5   4t 
0
 1 5  4t 
 2(5) .log 5  4t 
 
 4 
 
1
1  5  4(1) 
 log1  log 
40  5  4(1) 
1  1
  0  log 
40  9
1 1
 .log
40 9
1 1 1
 .log 91  log 9  log 32
40 40 40
1
 log 3.
20

2
a sin x  b cos x
0
sin x  cos x

2
a sin x  b cos x
Sol. Let I =  dx ........ (1)
0
sin x  cos x
a a
We know that 0
f ( x) dx   f (a  x ) dx
0
    
a sin   x  b cos   x
2
2  2 
I dx
   
0 sin   x  cos   x
2  2 

2
a cos x  b sin x
I  dx ........ (2)
0
cos x  sin x
Adding (1) and (2), we get
 
2 2
a sin x  b cos x a cos x  b sin x
I+I=  dx   dx
0
sin x  cos x 0
cos x  sin x

2
a sin x  b cos x  a cos x  b sin x
 2I   dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
a (sin x  cos x)  b(cos x  sin x)
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2
(a  b)(sin x  cos x)
 dx
0
sin x  cos x

2

 (a  b) 1. dx  (a  b)( x) 0 2
0

2 I  ( a  b)
2

 I  ( a  b)
4

x
0
1  sin x

x
Sol. Let I =  1  sin x dx
0
a a
0 0
 
(  x) x
I   dx   dx
0
1  sin(   x) 0
1  sin x

  x 
 I    dx
0
 1  sin x 1  sin x 
 
 x
 dx   dx
0
1  sin x 0
1  sin x

1
  dx  I
0
1  sin x

1 1  sin x
 I I     dx
0
1  sin x 1  sin x
 
1  sin x 1  sin x
 2 I   2
dx   
0
1  sin x 0
cos 2 x

  1 sin x 
I     dx
2 0 cos x cos 2 x 
2


  (sec 2 x  sec x tan x) dx
20
 

2
 tan x  sec x 0

  tan   sec     tan 0  sec 0
2
 

2
 0  ( 1)  0  1   2  
2

x
 dx  .
0
1  sin x
1
log(1  x)
0
1  x2
1
log(1  x)
Sol. 
0
1  x2
dx
2 2 2 2
Put x  tan   dx  sec  d   1  x  1  tan   sec 

Upper Limit : x  1  tan   1    , Lower Limit : x  0  tan   0    0
4

1 4
log(1  x ) log(1  tan  ) 2
0 1  x2 dx  
0
sec2 
sec  d 

4
  log (1  tan ) d 
0

4
Let I   log (1  tan ) d 

0
a a
0 0

4
  
I   log 1  tan  4    d 
0

4
 1  tan  
  log 1  1  tan   d 
0

4
 (1  tan )  (1  tan ) 
  log 
0
1  tan   d 

4
 2 
  log  1  tan   d 
0

4
  [log 2  log(1  tan )] d 
0
 
4 4
 
0
log 2 d    log (1  tan ) d 
0

4
I  log 2  1. d   I
0
  
 I I  log 2.  0 4  log 2    0
 4

 2I  log 2
4

I log 2
8

x sin x
0
1  cos 2 x
a a
Sol. We know that  f ( x) dx   f (a  x) dx

0 0

x sin x
Let I =  1  cos
0
2
x
dx
 
(  x) sin(   x) (   x) sin x
I 2
dx   dx
0
1  cos (  x) 0
1  cos 2 x
  
 sin x  x sin x  sin x x sin x
I   2
dx   2
dx   dx
0
1  cos x 0
1  cos x 0
1  cos 2 x

sin x
I   dx  I
0
1  cos 2 x

sin x
 I I    dx
0
1  cos 2 x
Put cos x  t  sin xdx   dt
Upper Limit : x    t  cos   1 , Lower Limit : x  0  t  cos 0  1
1
 dt
 2I  
1
1 t2
1
 1
I 
2 1 1 t2
dt
 
  [tan 1 t ]11   [tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (1)]
2 2
       2
     
2  4 4  2 2 4

4
28. Evaluate  log 1  tan x  dx .
0

4
Sol. Let I   log 1  tan x dx
0
a a
0 0

4
  
I   log 1  tan  4  x  dx
0

4
 1  tan x 
  log 1  1  tan x  dx
0

4
1  tan x  1  tan x 
  log 
0
1  tan x  dx

4
 2 
  log  1  tan x  dx
0
  
4 4 4
  log 2  log 1  tan x  dx 
0

0
log 2 dx   log 1  tan x  dx
0

4
I   log 2 dx  I
0

4
 I I  (log 2)  1.dx
0

 2 I  (log 2)  x 0 4
  
2 I  log 2   0  log 2
4  4

I  log 2
42

4

  log 1  tan x  dx  8 log 2
0
Unit 8
Differential Equations
Definition: An equation involving one dependent variable and its derivatives with respect to one
independent variable is called as Ordinary Differential Equation.
dy
Ex:  5 x  cos x
dx
2 3
 d2y   dy  x
 2   3   e  4
 dx   dx 
Definition: If a D.E. contains one dependent variable and more than one independent variables,
then it is called as Partial D.E.
z z  2  2  2
Ex: x.  y  z,   0
x y x 2 y 2 z 2
where, z  f ( x, y ) where,   f ( x, y, z )
We learn about Ordinary D.E.

Definition: The order of a D.E is the order of the highest order derivative occuring in it.
Definition: The degree of a D.E is the largest exponent of the highest order derivative occuring in it
after the equation has been expressed in a form of a polynomial equation in derivatives.
(The exponent of x and y need not be an integer)
dy x1/ 2
1. 
dx y1/ 2 1  x1/ 2 
order = 1, degree = 1
2 5/ 3
d 2 y   dy  
2.  1 
   
dx 2   dx  
Differential Equations 177
3 2 5
 d 2 y    dy  
  2   1    
 dx    dx  
2 2 3/ 2
 d 2 y    dy  
3. 1   2   2    
 dx    dx  
2 3
  d 2 y  2    dy  2 
 1   2     2    
  dx     dx  
d2y dy  dy 
4. 2
 2  y  log  
dx dx  dx 
Order is 2 and Degree is not defined since the equation cannot be expressed as a polynomial
equation in the derivatives.
d2y
5.   p2 y
dx 2
2 2
 d3y   dy  x
6.  3   3   e  4
 dx   dx 
6/5
 d 2 y  dy  3 
7.*  2     6y
 dx  dx  
3
d 2 y  dy  5
 2     6 y 6
dx  dx 
The general form of an ordinary differential equation of nth order is
 dy d 2 y dny 
F  x, y, , 2 ,....., n   0
 dx dx dx 
Solution of a D.E: A solution of a D.E is a relation between dependent variable, independent variables
and along with some arbitrary constants satisfying the D.E.
General Solution :A solution of a D.E in which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order
of the D.E is called the general solution.
Particular Solution :A particular solution of a D.E is a solution obtained by giving particular values to
the arbitrary constants in the general solution.
Very Short Answer Type Questions:
1. Form the D.E corresponding to y  cx  2c 2 , where c is a parameter..
sol: Given: y  cx  2c 2 ............(1)
It has only one arbitrary constant
So differentiating once with respect to x, we get
dy
 c 1  0
dx
dy
Substituting c  in equation (1), ‘c’ gets eliminated
dx
2
 dy   dy 
 The required D.E is y    x  2  
 dx   dx 
2. Form a D.E corresponding to y  A cos 3 x  B sin 3 x where A,B are parameters.
Sol: Given: y  A cos 3 x  B sin 3 x ............. (1)
Since there are two arbitrary constants or parameters,
differentiating two times successively with respect to x, we get
dy
 3 A sin 3 x  3B cos 3 x
dx
d 2 y d  dy 
    9 A cos 3x  9 B sin 3x
dx 2 dx  dx 
= 9  A cos 3x  B sin 3 x 
= 9y [ from (1)]
d2y
 2  9 y is the required D.E, where A and B are eleminated
dx
d2y
 9y  0
dx 2
3. Find the order of the D.E. obtained by eliminating the arbitrary constants b and c from the
equation xy  ce x  be x  x 2
Sol: There are two arbitrary constants b and c in the equation
xy  ce x  be x  x 2 ...... (1)
So differentiating twice successively w.r.t. x, we get

dy
x.  y.1  ce x  be x (1)  2 x
dx
d 2 y dy dy
x 2  .1   ce x  be x  2
dx dx dx
d 2 y dy dy
x 2  
dx dx dx

 ce x  be  x  2 
= ( xy  x 2 )  2 [ from (1)]
d2y dy
 x. 2
 2  xy  x 2  2 is the D.E.
dx dx
 Order = 2.
4. Find the order of the D.E. of the family of all circles with their centres at the origin.
Sol.: The general equation of the circle with centre (0, 0) is
x2  y 2  r 2 ............ (1)
r2 is the arbitrary constant.
So, differentiating equation (1) only once, we get
dy dy
2x  2 y 0 x y 0
dx dx
 Order = 1.
5. Form the D.E. of the following family of curves where parameters are given in brackets.
(i) y  c( x  c) 2 ........ (1)
differentiating once w.r.t. x we get
dy
 c.2( x  c) ....... (2)
dx
(1) y c( x  c)2
Now  
(2)  dy  c.2( x  c)
 
dx
y xc
 
dy 2
dx
2y
  xc
dy
dx
2y
c  x
 dy 
 
 dx 
Substituting C value in (1) we get,
2
 2y   2y 
x   
y  dy      dy  
      dx  
dx
   
dy
x.  2y
dx 4. y 2
y  2
dy  dy 
dx  
dx
3
 dy   dy 
 y     x  2 y  4 y2
 dx   dx 
3
 dy  dy
    4 xy  8 y 2
 dx  dx
(ii) xy  ae x  be  x , a, b are parameters
Sol. xy  ae x  be  x .......(1)
Since there are two parameters, differentiating equation (1) twice sucessively w.r.t.x, we get
dy
x.  y.1  ae x  be  x
dx
dy
 y  ae x  be  x
 x. .........(2)
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
d 2 y dy dy
x. 2
 .1   ae x  be  x  xy [ from (1)]
dx dx dx
d2y dy
x. 2
 2.  xy  0 is the required differentiating equation
dx dx
(iii) y  a cos( nx  b) , a, b are parameters
Sol: y  a cos( nx  b)
Since there are two parameters, differentiating (1), twice sucessively w.r.t.x, we get
dy
  a sin( nx  b)  n .......(1)
dx
dy
   an sin( nx  b)
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t.x.
d2y
 a n cos(nx  b)  n
dx 2
 a n 2 cos(nx  b)
  n 2  a cos( nx  b) 
 n 2 y [ from (1)]
d2y
 2
 n 2 y is the required differential equation
dx
Solving Differential Equations:
Methods to solve first order, first degree D.E.
dy
The general first order, first degree D.E. contains the terms of , x and y.
dx
dy
So it is of the form, = F(x, y) where F is a function of x and y.
dx
Variables Separable Method:
If the given D.E. can be written in the form of f ( x ).dx  g ( y ).dy  0 , then its solution can be
obtained by integrating each term. This method of solving the D.E. is called variables separable method.
Long Answer Type Questions
dy
1. Solve : x  y 0
dx Note: After integration on both sides, write
dy
Sol. Given D.E is, x  y 0 the constant of integration, C, on
dx
dy any one side.
y  x
dx
 ydy   xdx
Integrating on both sides,we get
 ydy    xdx
y2 x2
   c
2 2
x2 y 2
  c
2 2
 x 2  y 2  2c , is the required solution
dy
2. Solve  e x y
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E:  e x y
dx
dy
  e x .e y
dx
dy
  e x .dx
ey
 e  y dy  e x dx
Integrating on both sides, we get

y
e dy   e x dx
 e  y  e x  c
 e x  e  y  c  0 is the required solution
dy y 2  2 y
3. Solve 
dx x 1
dy y 2  2 y
Sol. Given D.E is 
dx x 1
dy dx
 2 
y  2 y x 1
dy 1
 2
 dx
y  2y x 1
1
 2 dy  log | x  1|  c
y  2 y  12  12
1
 2
dy  log | x  1| c
 y  1  12
1 y 1 1
 log | | log | x  1|  log c
2 1 y 11
y
 log | | 2 log  x  1  c
y2
y 2
 log  log   x  1  c 
y2
y 2
 log  log  x  1  c 2
y2
y 2
  c 2  x  1
y2
2
 y  c 2  y  2  x  1 , is the required solution.
4. Solve y 1  x  dx  x 1  y  dy  0
Sol. y 1  x  dx  x 1  y  dy  0
 y 1  x  dx   x 1  y  dy
y 1  x  dy
 
 x 1  y  dx

1  x   y

dy
x 1  y dx

1  x  dx  1  y dy
x y
 
1  x dx  1 y
dy
x  y
1 x 1 y
    dx     dy
x x  y y
1  1 
     1dx     1dy
x  y 
   log x  x    log y  y   c
  log x  x  log y  y  c
 x  y  log x  log y  c  0 , is the required solution
5. Solve 1  x2 1  y 2 dx + xy dy = 0
Sol.  xydy   1  x 2 1  y 2 dx
ydy 1  x 2 dx
 
1 y2 x
ydy 1 x2 dx
    1
1  y2 x
L.H.S :
ydy
 1 y 2
1 2y  f 1 ( x) 
  dy   dx  2 f ( x ) 
2 1 y2  f ( x) 
1
 .2 1  y 2
2
ydy
 1 y 2  1  y
2
1  x2
R.H.S =  dx [  Put 1  x 2  t 2  t  1  x 2
x
dx  x2  t 2  1  x  t 2  1
  1  x2 .
x tdt
 2 xdx  2tdt  dx  x
tdt
  t. 2
t 1 dx tdt tdt
  
t2 x x.x x 2
 2 dt
t 1 dx tdt
 2 ]
x t 1
t 2 1 1
 2 dt
t 1
 t 2 1 1 
  2  2 dt
 t 1 t 1 
 1 
  1  2 dt
 t 1 
1 t 1
t log
2.1 t 1
1  x2 1 1  x2  1
 dx   log c
x 2 1  x2  1
Substituting LHS, RHS in (1), we get

 1 1  x2  1 
1  y 2    1  x 2  log c
 2 1  x 2  1 
1 1  x2 1
 1  y 2  1  x 2  log c
2 1  x2  1
2
2 1  2 x  1  x 2

1
 1  y  1  x  log   c 
1  x2  1

1  x2  1  2
2 2
 1 x 1  1  x2  1 1  x2  1  1  x  1
2
 x  x2
 x 
2
 1  y 2  1  x 2  log  c
 2

 1  x 2
 1   1  x  1
2
 1  x  1
2
 1  y 2  1  x 2  log x  log  1  x  1  c
2
6. Solve 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx  0
Sol. Given 1  x 2 dy  1  y 2 dx  0
 1  x 2 dy   1  y 2 dx
dy dx
 
2
1 y 1  x2

1 1
 dy    dx
1 y2 1  x2
 sin 1 y   sin 1 x  c
 sin 1 x  sin 1 y  c is the required solution.
dy 1  y 2
7. Solve 
dx 1  x 2
dy 1  y 2
Sol. 
dx 1  x 2
dy dx
 2

1 y 1  x2

dy dx
 2

1 y 1  x2
Tan 1 y  Tan 1 x  c , is the required solution.
dy
8. Solve  e yx
dx
dy
Sol.  e yx
dx
dy e y
 
dx e x
dy dx
 
e y ex
 e  y dy  e  x dx
  e  y dy   e  x dx
e y e x
  c
1 1
 e  y  e  x  c , is the solution.
Solve  e  1 ydy   y  1 dx  0
x
9.
Sol. Given  e x  1 ydy   y  1 dx  0
  e x  1 ydy    y  1 dx
ydy  dx
  x
y 1 e 1
Integrating on both sides, we will get

ydy  dx
  x ....................(1)
y 1 e 1
y
L.H.S:  y  1 dy
y 11
 dy
y 1
 y 1 1    1   1 
    dy   1     dy   1. dy     dy
 y 1 y 1    y 1    y 1 
 y  log | y  1|
dx dt dt
RHS: e x Put e x  t  e x dx  dt  dx   .
1 ex t
dt

t (t  1)
1 1 
    dt
 t t 1
 log t  log t  1
dx
e x  log e x  log e x  1  log c
1
substituting LHS, RHS in (1) we get the required solution as
y  log y  1   log e x  log e x  1  log c
 y  log  y  1  log e x  log(e x  1)  log c
 ( y  1)(e x  1)c   ex  1 ex 1 x 
y  log e    x  x  x  1  e 
 ex   e e e 
( y  1)(e x  1).c
 ey 
ex
 e y  c( y  1)(1  e  x )
Problems for Practice:
dy x3
1. Solve:  e x y  x 2e y Ans:
y x
e  e  c
dx 3
2. Solve: tan y dx  tan x dy  0 Ans: sin x.sin y  c
10. Solve 1  x 2 dx  1  y 2 dy  0
Sol.  1  x 2 dx   1  y 2 dy
 1  x 2 dx    1  y 2 dy
x 1 y 1 
 1  x 2  sinh 1 ( x)    1  y 2  sinh 1 y   c
2 2 2 2 
 x 1  x 2  y 1  y 2  sinh 1 x  sinh 1 y  2c
dy xy  y
11. Solve 
dx xy  x
dy xy  y
Sol. 
dx xy  x
dy y ( x  1)
 
dx x( y  1)
dy y x 1
  .
dx y  1 x
y 1 x 1
 dy  dx
y x
 y 1  x 1
    dy     dx
 y y  x x
 1  1
 1   dy  1   dx
 y  x
Integrating on both sides
 1  1
  1   dy   1   dx
 y  x
 y  log y  x  log x  c , is the required solution.
dy
12. Solve D.E. is  yx ____(1)
dx
Sol. Put y  x  t 2
differentiating w.r.t x
dy dt
 1  2t
dx dx
dy dt
  1  2t
dx dx
Subsituting in (1), we get
dt
1  2t t
dx
dt t  1
 
dx 2t
 t 1  2tdt
 dt    dx   dx
 2t  t 1

t.dt
2  dx
t 1 
t 11
2 dt = x
t 1
 t 1 1 
2   dt  x
 t  1 t  1
 1 
2  1  dt  x
 t  1
2 t  log t  1   x  c
 2  y  x  log y  x  1  x  c  t 2  y  x  t  y  x 

is the required solution of the given D.E.
Problems for Practice

dy
1. Solve:  1  e x y Ans: e  ( x  y )  x  c  0
dx
[Hint: put x  y  t ]
dy
13. Solve  (3 x  y  4) 2
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E. is  (3 x  y  4) 2 ___ (1)
dx
put 3 x  y  4  t
differentiating w.r.t ‘x’, we get
dy dt
3.1 + 0
dx dx
dy dt
  3
dx dx
Subsituting in (1), we get
dt
 3  t2
dx
dt
  t2  3
dx
 dt  (t 2  3)dx.
dt
 2
 dx.
t 3
dt
t  dx
2
3 
1
 dt   dx
t  ( 3) 2
2
1  t 
 tan 1    xc
3  3
1  3x  y  4 
 tan 1    x  c , is the required solution of the given D.E.
3  3 
dy
14. Solve  x tan( y  x)  1
dx
dy dt
Sol: Put y  x  t so that 1  .
dx dx
Therefore, the given equation becomes
dt
1  x tan t  1
dx
dt
(or)  x tan t.
dx
Therefoe, cot t dt  x.dx so that  cot t dt   x dx .
x2
Hence, log | sin t |  c
2
x2
i.e. log sin( y  x)   c , which is the required solution.
2
1  dy 
15. Solve sin    x  y
 dx 
1  dy 
Sol. Given D.E. is sin    x  y
 dx 
dy
 sin( x  y )
 __(1)
dx
Put x  y  t
differentiating w.r.t to ‘x’
dy dt
1 
dx dx
dy dt
  1
dx dx
Substituting in (1), we get
dt
 1  sin t
dx
dt
  1  sin t
dx
 dt  (1  sin t ) dx
dt
  dx
1  sin t
dt
 1  sin t   dx
 1 1  sin t 
    dt   dx
 1  sin t 1  sin t 
1  sin t
 dt   dx
1  sin 2 t
1  sin t
 dt   dx
cos 2 t
 1 sin t 
  2
 2 
dt   dx
 cos t cos t 
   sec 2 t  tan t sec t  dt   dx
  sec 2 t. dt   tan t sec t dt   dx

 tan t  sec t  x  c
 tan( x  y )  sec( x  y)  x  c , is the required solution of the given D.E.
dy
16. Solve :  tan 2 ( x  y )
dx
dy
Sol. Given D.E. is  tan 2 ( x  y ) ____ (1)
dx
Put x y t
differentiating w.r.t to ‘x’, we get
dy dt
1 
dx dx
dy dt
  1
dx dx
Substituting in (1), we get
dt
 1  tan 2 t
dx
dt
  1  tan 2 t
dx
dt
  sec 2 t
dx
 dt  sec2 t . dx
dt
  dx
sec 2 t
 cos 2 t dt  dx
2
 cos t dt   dx
1 cos2t
 dt   dx
2
1
 (1  cos 2t ) dt   dx
2
1  sin 2t 
 t  xc
2  2 
sin 2t
t
 2  xc
2
1 t=x+y
 t  sin 2t  2 x  2c , put
2
1
 x  y  sin 2  x  y   c  0
2

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Maths-IB 63

Lim e x  1 Lim sin x

Lim esin x  1 Lim sin x

Lim cos ax  cos bx

Lim 1  cos 2mx

Lim 1  cos 2mx Lt 2sin 2 mx

Lim sin(a  bx)  sin(a  bx )

CD C  D Lim sin( a  bx)  sin( a  bx)

Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks)

A. Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’

Short Answer Questions (4 Marks)

(1  x 2 )  (  x sin x  cos x   x 2 cos x

x(1  x 2 ) sin x  cos x  x 2 cos x  x 2 cos x

A. Differentiate both sides with respect to ‘x’

 A small change in x isx

Short Answer Questions (4 Marks)

1. Find dy , y for the following y  x 2  3 x  6  x  10,  x  0.01

2. Find dy ,  y for the following function y  cos x when x  60º ,  x  1º

3. Find dy ,  y for the following function y  e x  x , x  5,  x  0.02

given  x  100  2 ......(1)

Geometrical interpretation of the derivative

Equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) is

y  x12  y1x12  cx  cx1

cx  yx12  cx1  y1x12

cx  yx12  cx1  cx1  x1 y1  c 

3. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x4 – 4xat x = 4

 dy dy d 2b cos  sin 

equation of the tangent is

Sol: P (x1, y1) be the any point the on the curve x 2 3  y 2 3  a 2 3

differentiating both sides with respect to 'x'

y  x11 3  y1  x11 3   x  y11 3  y11 3  x1

x  y11 3  y  x11 3  x1 y11 3  x11 3 y1

Dividing by y11 3 x11 3 , we get

x  y11 3 y  x11 3 x1 y11 3 x11 3  y1

above equation intersects x–axis at A  a2 3x11 3,0  , y – axis at B  0, a2 3 y11 3 

Angle between two curves and condition for orthogonality of curves

1. Show that the curves y2 = 4(x+1), y2 = 36(9–x)intersect orthogonally.

Sol: y2 = 4(x+1), y2 = 36 (9–x)

slope of tangent at 'p' to the curve y 2  4  x  1

Sol: Let intersecting point of given curves ax2 + bx = 1, a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 be

slope of the tangent to the curve ax2 + by2 = 1 at P(x1, y1)

condition for orthogonality is m1 m2 = –1

b1.aa1 – b.aa1 = –abb1 + ba1b1

Maxima and Minima

differentiating both sides with respect to 'x'

110  12100  7200

differintating both sides with respect to 'h'

Lateral surface area of cylinder is maximum when h  2R

 f ( x)dx and read it as 'integral f (x) dx'. We also denote  f ( x)dx as  f .

'c' is called a 'constant of integration'.

(ii)  f '( x) dx  f ( x)  c , 'c' is the constant of integration.

14.  sinh x dx  cosh x  c 15.  cosh x  sinh x  c

18.  sech x.tanh x dx   sech x  c 19.  cosech x.coth x dx   cosech x  c

23.  ( f  g )( x) dx   f ( x).dx   g ( x).dx  c

5.  f ( x). f '( x).dx 

9.  tan x dx  log | sec x |  c   log | cos x |  c

3. Find  1  x 4  3x3  2 x dx .

Sol.  1  sin 2 x dx   1  2sin x cos x dx

  (sin 2 x  cos 2 x )  2sin x cos x dx   (sin x  cos x )2 dx

  (sin x  cos x ) dx   cos x  sin x  c

20. Evaluate  sec2 x cosec2 x dx .

  (cosec2 x  tan 2 x cosec2 x ) dx

22. Evaluate  1  cos 2x dx .