Unit 7: Transformers

Principle of operation
Equivalent circuit
Voltage regulation
Efficiency
Parallel operation

Dr. Venkata Ramana Vanjari

Assistant Professor
Department of EE
DTU
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 Need of Transformer
• Energy is generated at remote Locations
• Energy must be transmitted Over long distances
• Voltage is decided based on Power and Length of
Transmission
• As Power increases, higher Voltages are preferred
• As distance increases, higher voltages are preferred

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 Application of Transformer
• To step up and step down the voltage level in Electric
transmission, and distribution.
• Auto transformer — variable output
• Current transformer — measurement
• Potential transformer— measurement
• Isolation transformer — protection and isolation
• Protection transformer
• Power transformer
• Distribution transformer
• RF transformer
• High frequency transformer
• Constant voltage transformer (CVT)

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 Definition and Features
• Transformer is a device that transfers Electrical Energy from
one Electrical Circuit to another without an electric
connection between two circuits
• Works based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
and Lenz’s Law
• EMF Induced = Rate of Change of Flux
• Singly Excited Device
• Power and Frequency are Constant
• Static Device
• High Efficiency
Source: https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2012/11/an-ideal-transformer-is-shown-in.html

• Electrical Energy→Magnetic Energy → Electrical Energy

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 Basics
• Nature of EMF Induced
• Statically Induced EMF
• Dynamically Induced EMF
• Transformer action is because of statically induced EMF
• Magnitude of Statically EMF is based on F’s Second Law
• F’s second law states that EMF induced is proportional
to the rate of change of flux linkages
𝑑∅
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
• Direction is decided by Lenz’s Law
• Lenz’s Law states that “The induced electromotive force with different
polarities induces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in
magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that the original flux is
maintained through the loop when current flows in it”
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 Basics
• Statically Induced EMF
• Self-Induced EMF
• Mutual-Induced EMF
• Self-Induced EMF is the EMF induced in a coil due to the time-varying
nature of the current flowing in its own coil
• If the EMF is induced in another coil, then it is mutually induced EMF

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 Dot Notation
• Depends on Sense of Winding

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 Construction
• Important Components of Transformer
• Transformer Core
• Transformer Windings

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 Transformer Core
• Si Steel
• Low Reluctance and High Permeability (ability of a material to respond to how much
electromagnetic flux it can support to pass through itself within an applied electromagnetic field. )

• Low Hysteresis Coefficient (x=1.6)

• 4% Silicon is added to increase the resistance of the core and to
reduce eddy current losses
• If Si Content increases, the core becomes brittle
• Crystalline Structure
• Offers higher permeability if it is aligned horizontally to the
direction of flux
• CRGO Steel

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 Transformer Core
• B-H Curve for different Materials

• CRGO offers higher flux density compared to Si

• If B increases, A decreases for a given flux
• Size, Weight, and Cost decreases
• Stacking factor is the ratio of the net cross-sectional area of
the core to the gross cross-sectional area of the core.
• Net CSA =Gross CSA - (area because of insulation)

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 Types of Transformer Core
(Core and Shell Type)
Core Type Shell Type
• 2 Yoke and 2 Limb • 2 Yoke and 3 Limb
• Winding is surrounded by the core • Winding is Wound inside and core is outside
• Flux has a single magnetic path • Flux has two paths
• No Mechanical Support to the windings • As the entire winding is in core, there is proper mechanical support

• Interleaved Winding • Sandwitched winding

• More Leakage Flux (because of HV) • Less Leakage Flux

• Less amount of Insulation • More insulation

• More amount of Copper • Less Copper

• HV, Lesser Current applications • LV, Higher Current Applications

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 Ideal Transformer
• Permeability of the Core is Infinite (mmf=0, Iu=0)
• Iron Loss of the Transformer is Zero
• Resistance of Transformer is Zero
• No Magnetic Leakage flux in the transformer
• Magnetization Char. of transformer core is Linear

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Transformer with Finite Permeability

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