CM - Ass3 - Ug190554 - Heril Jain

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LAB TEST MANUAL
COARSE
AGGREGATES
UG190554- HERIL JAIN

LAB TEST MANUAL
Practical No: 1 Date: 10/9/2021

Sieve analysis
Aim: To determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by sieving.
1.1 Reference code:

IS:2386- Part 1: 1963 (reaffirmed in 2002) -Methods of tests for aggregates for concrete.
IS:383: 2016 – Specifications for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete.0
1.2 Apparatus:
Balance, Oven, Sieves of size 40mm, 31.5mm, 25mm, 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 6.3
mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm.
1.3 Sampling and selection of test specimens:

The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving.
This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of
100°C to 110°C.
The air-dry sample shall be weighed about 3000g (Kapchi).
1.4 Procedure:
STEP 1: Sample of 3 kg of Kapchi. s
STEP 2: Sample is sieved with variety of motions in the sieve set.
STEP 3: Separate the sieve set carefully, to avoid any lose of sample.
STEP 4: Measure the retained weight in each sieve.

LAB TEST MANUAL
1.5 Observation table:
IS sieve size Weight retained Cumulative Cumulative % Cumulative %

(gm) weight retained weight retained weight passed
25 24.66 24.66 2.14 97.86
20 404.68 429.34 37.29 62.71
16 381.41 810.75 70.43 29.57
12.5 279.21 1089.96 94.65 5.35
10 57.93 1147.89 99.71 0.29
6.3 3.25 1151.14 100 0
4.75 - - - -
Pan - - - -
Total 1151.4
Cumulative retained weight (%) = Cumulative weight / Weight of the Sample x 100
Cumulative Passing weight = 100 –Cumulative retained weight (%)
Fineness modulus = Σ of % cumulative weight retained up to 4.75 mm / 10
1.6 Significance:
The total possesses a large portion of the volume of the substantial. It is the stuff that the concrete
glue coats and ties together. The composition, shape & size of the aggregate all have significant
impact on the workability, durability, strength, weight & shrinkage of the concrete. Aggregates
can also influence the appearance of the cast surfaces.
1.7 Conclusion:
By looking at this test the aggregates passes through 25 mm to 6.3 mm sieves, whereas
aggregates don’t passess through 4.75 mm sieves. The main observation of doing this test was
to determine that the Kapchi is poorly graded.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Bulk density
Aim: To determine the bulk density of aggregates.
1.1 Reference IS Code:

IS:383: 2016 – Specifications for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete.
1.2 Apparatus:
Balance, Cylindrical metal measure, Measure, Tamping rod
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1: The test shall normally be carried out on dry material when determining the voids, but
when bulking tests are required material with a given percentage of moisture may be used.
STEP 2: The Metal cylinder must be weighed first.
STEP 3: Sample is delivered to the cylinder to the pinnacle and leveled to the pinnacle aspect
with a tamping rod. It is measured then.
STEP 4: The cylinder is emptied and one-third is filled with sand. 25 blows are given with a
taming rod. This is continued until the cylinder is filled. The sand is then levelled with the top
edge and measured.
STEP 5: Similar procedure is done for another fresh sample.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Particulars Unit Value

Volume of container Litres 15
weight of empty mould Kg 12.67
Weight of mould+ loose Kg 37.07
aggregates
Weight of mould+ Kg 38.13
compacted aggregates
Loose wt. of aggregates Kg 24.4
Compacted wt. of aggregates Kg 25.53
Loose bulk density = B/A

Compacted bulk density = C/A
1.5 Result:
Loose bulk density of Kapchi is 1.626 Kg/ltr.
Compacted bulk density of Kapchi is 1.702 Kg/ltr.
1.6 Significance:
The bulk density test is carried out to determine the volume or weight of the aggregates if
known; This is essentially used for dosing concrete to convert weight batches to volume batches
or vice versa.
1.7 Conclusion:
From the previous result, we can conclude that the voids in the loose coarse grain are more
than in the compacted coarse aggregate. Higher bulk density would result into fewer voids in
the aggregates.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Flakiness Index
Aim: To determine the combined flakiness index of coarse aggregates.

1.2 Apparatus:
Balance, Metal gauge, Sieves (As shown in specification)
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1. 200 Pieces of 16mm, 12.5mm, and 10mm are retained (only 20 pieces of each taken as
lack of sample and time constrain).
STEP 2. 200 pieces retained by sieve size of 16, 12.5 and 10 mm are taken as sample.
STEP 3. The pieces are passed through thickness gauge and the appropriate dimensions is noted.
STEP 4. The retained weight and passed weight are noted.
IS sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative % Cumulative %

retained(gm) weight retained weight retained weight passed
16 mm 106 71 66.9 33.1
12.5 mm 49.5 28.5 57.57 42.43
10 mm 25 12 48 52
Flakiness Index = ∑ Z =42.51

LAB TEST MANUAL
1.5 Results:
The sample has high percentage of flaky pieces this could be due to lack of sample.
1.6 Significance:
Flakiness index helps to find physical properties of coarse aggregates that have an effect on the
standard of concrete mixes.
1.7 Conclusion:
The sample is not making up to the standards therefore, the sample can’t be use for concrete.
The presence of flaky aggregates on the far side sure limits decreases compressive strength and
causes extreme harshness in concrete mixes. Flaky particles tend to lower the workability of
concrete mix which can impair the semipermanent durability.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Elongation Index
Aim: To determine the combined elongation index of coarse aggregates.
1.1 Reference IS Code

1.2 Apparatus:
Balance, Metal gauge, Sieves (As shown in specification)
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1. 200 pieces retained by sieve size of 16,12.5 and 10 mm are taken as sample.
STEP 2. The pieces are passed through thickness gauge and the appropriate dimensions is
noted.
STEP 3. The retained weight and passed weight are noted.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Passing through Retained Mass of Mass of X= E/A*100

IS sieves through IS aggregate for aggregate
sieves each sieve passing through
thickness gauge
16 12.5 106 100 94.33
12.5 10 49.5 25 50.50
10 6.3 35 10 40
Total mass 3180
1.4 Significance:
In the elongation index the properties of aggregates which affect the concrete mixes.
1.5 Conclusion:
Sample too less to make conclusion. The presence of elongated aggregates beyond certain
limits decreases compressive strength and causes extreme harshness in concrete mixes. The
particles tend to low the workability of concrete mix which may impair the long term
durability.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Water absorption & specific gravity
Aim: To determine specific gravity & water absorption of fine aggregates.
1.1 Reference code:

IS:2386- Part 3: 1963 (reaffirmed in 2002) -Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 3:
Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking [CED 2: Cement and Concrete].
1.2 Apparatus:
Balance, Oven, Wire basket and stout water tight container, kapchi and water.
1.3 Procedure:
Sampling and selection of test specimen:
Kapchi samples should be properly washed with water, after cleaning, the sample should be
kept in water for 24 hours and then dried in the saturated sun.
STEP 1: Measure 2000 g of S.S.D kapchi sample
STEP 2: Fill the bucket with water and put wire basket in it and measure the weight without
sample
STEP 3: Add the sample in wire basket
STEP 4: Dunk the wire basket in the bucket for 25 times and put the basket in the bucket.
STEP 5: Weight the sample with water and remove the sample and put it in oven for 24 hours.
STEP 6: Take the weight of the oven dried sample.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Particulars Value (g)
Weight of sample in saturated surface- dry conditions (A) 2000
Weight of wire basket fill with distilled water (B) 2135
Weight of wire basket contain sample & filled with distilled water (C) 802.5
Weight of oven dried sample (D) 1934
1.8 Calculation:
Specific gravity, water absorption shall be calculated as follow:

Specific gravity= D/A-(B-C)
Water absorption (% of dry weight)= 100(A-D)/D
1.9 Result:
Specific gravity= 2.92

Water absorption= 3.41
1.6 Significance:
This test helps to measure strength of the material, the strength of concrete depends on the ratio
of mass of water and the cement material. The ratio controls the volume and size of pores. It
determines the durability and the resistance both.
1.7 Conclusion:
The capacity of concrete depends on the strength of the aggregates, 70% of concrete is
occupied by the coarse aggregates. The maximum strength is the specified aggregate sample.
This aggregate are then used in construction to with stand crushing strong enough.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Crushing value
Aim: For determination of the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate, which passes
12.5 mm and retained on 10 mm.
1.1 Reference code:

IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical
Properties.
1.2 Apparatus:
Steel measure cylinder, cylindrical metal measure, sieves of 12.5 mm and 10 mm, Tamping
rod, Balance, Oven and compression testing machine, kapchi and water.
1.3 Procedure:
Sampling and selection of test specimen:
The material for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing a 12.5-mm IS Sieve and
retained on a IO-mm IS Sieve, and shall be thoroughly separated on these sieves before testing.
For other sizes, the material shall be separated on the appropriate sieves given in Table below.
STEP 1: The cylindrical steel cup is filled with 3 equal layers of aggregate and each layer is
tamped 25 strokes by the rounded end of tamping rod and the excess aggregate struck off,
using tamping rod as a straight edge.
STEP 2: The net weight of aggregate in the cylindrical steel cup is determined to the nearest
gram and weight of aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material.
STEP 3: The cup is fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the
test sample is added in thirds, each third being subjected to 25stokes from tamping rod.
STEP 4: The surface is level and the plunger is inserted so that it rests horizontally on the
surface. The whole assembly is then placed between the platens of testing machine and loaded
at a uniform rate so as to reach a load of 40 tone in 10 minutes.
STEP 5: The load is then released and all aggregate is removed from the cup and sieved on
2.36mm.
STEP 6: The fraction passing the sieve is weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (WB)

LAB TEST MANUAL
Observation table:
Sr. no. Particulars
1 Weight of sample (A)
2 Time taken to apply 40 T load
3 Weight retained on 3.34 mm sieve after crushing
(B)
4 Weight passing after crushing (C=A-B)(g)
5 Aggregate crushing value (C/A)*100%
1.4 Result:
The test was not performed completely.
1.5 Significance:
This test helps to measure strength of the material, the strength of concrete.
1.6 Conclusion:
The capacity of concrete depends on the strength of the aggregates, 70% of concrete is
occupied by the coarse aggregates. The maximum strength is the specified aggregate sample.
This aggregate are then used in construction to with stand crushing strong enough.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Impact value
Aim: This method of test covers the procedure for determining the aggregate impact value of
coarse aggregate.
1.1 Reference code:

IS: 2386 (Part IV)-1963 Methods of test for aggregate for concrete Part IV Mechanical
Properties.
1.2 Apparatus:
Sieves, measure, tamping rod, balance, oven, impact testing machine.
1.3 Procedure:
Sampling and selection of test specimens:
The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5-mm IS Sieve and is
retained on a IO-mm IS Sieve. The aggregate comprising the test sample shall be dried in an
oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110°C and cooled.
The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes
of the rounded end of the tamping rod. 12 IS : 2366 (Part IV) - 1963 further similar quantity of
aggregate shall be added and a further tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure shall finally be
fined to over tamped 25 times and the surplus aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as a
straight-edge. The net weight of aggregate in the measure shall be determined to the nearest gram
(Weight A) and this weight of aggregate shall be used for the duplicate test on the same material.
STEP 1. In a cylindrical container kapchi is filled in 3 layers and after filling each layer it is
tamped 25 times.
STEP 2. Weight of the sample is taken.
STEP 3. The sample is then put in container and hold with clamps provided
STEP 4. Then 15 blows are given with impact testing machine
STEP 5. The sample is then sieved in a 2.36 mm sieve
STEP 6. The retained and passed weight of the sample is taken

LAB TEST MANUAL
Sr. no. Mass of sample Retained in 2.36 mm Percentage retained

sieve
1 335 41.7 12.44
1.5 Calculation:
W2 percentage retained = (w2/w1)*100
1.6 Result:
Percentage retained is 12.44 %.
1.7 Significance:
The impact value for aggregate is an overall proportion of the opposition that the total
proposals in the occasion of an sudden impact. The higher the effect resistance of the total, the
bigger the total, the more resistance.
1.8 Conclusion:
The impact value of aggregates is which is less than 45%, the higher the value higher the
resistance.

LAB TEST MANUAL
FINE AGGREGATES

LAB TEST MANUAL

Sieve analysis test
Aim: To determine the particle size distribution of the sand also whether it is suitable for
preparing concrete mixture
1.1 Apparatus & Materials:

Sieves of 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 µ, 300 µ, 150 µ and Pan, shovel, Fine brush,
Mechanical sieve shaker, Weigh Balance.
1.1 Reference codes:

IS 2386 (PART I) – Method of test of Aggregates for Concrete
IS: 383-2016 – Specifications for coarse and fine aggregates.
1.2 Procedure:
STEP 1. Gather down the case of sand aggregates measuring as much as 200 grams.
STEP 2. Clean the sieves using a fine hair brush to ensure that the sieves are perfect and
furthermore dry them.
STEP 3. Stack the sieves on top of one another and add 200 grams of the sand accumulated as
displayed in fig.1.
STEP 4. Fix the sifters in the mechanical strainer shaker and let it shake for somewhere near 2
minutes as displayed in Fig.2. Dispense with the sieves from the mechanical strainer shaker
and hold the material in each sifter carefully.
STEP 5: Now put individually on the overloading machine and cautiously note every one of
the perceptions in perception table.

LAB TEST MANUAL
IS Weight Weight Cumulative Cumulative

Sieve retained retained % weight % weight
size (gm) by passed
adding
up (gm)
4.75 7.21 7.21 3.62 96.38
mm
2.63 12.24 19.45 9.77 90.23
mm
1.18 39.62 59.07 29.67 70.33
mm
600 µ 41.58 100.65 50.56 49.44
300 µ 73.49 174.14 87.48 12.52
150 µ 20.25 194.39 97.65 2.35
75 µ 4.67 199.06 100 0
Pan 0 199.06 100 0
Total 199.06
1.5 Calculation:
Fineness modulus = ∑ of % cumulative weight retained up to 150 µ = 278.75= 2.7875%
100 100
1.6 Result:
% of sand passing through 600 µ is 50.56 %. So therefore, for zone 2 range is 35-59 %
1.7 Significance:
The fineness modulus of the fine aggregates shown denotes the size of the particles which are
present in the sand. The sieve analysis shows the consistency with the design or confirmation
outputs.
1.8 Conclusion:
The fineness modulus of aggregates passing through 4.75 mm sieve to 150 µ happens to be
2.78 %, test gives an idea about the fineness of aggregates and is an approx.. proportion of the
avg. size of the particles in aggregates.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Bulk density test
Aim: The aim of the test is to determine the bulk density of fine aggregates.
1.1 Apparatus required:

Cylindrical metal measure, Weigh Balance, Tamping rod.
1.2 Reference codes: IS 2386 (PART I) – Method of test of Aggregates for Concrete
1.3 Procedure:
Loose sand weight:
STEP 1. Take the estimating chamber and fill the sand with the fine totals as shown in the first
photo.
STEP 2. Now, level the highest point of the chamber by turning the bar over it and gauge it.
STEP 3. The net not really settled and the mass not set in stone and the mass thickness is
determined in Kg/l.
Compacted weight:
STEP 4. Empty the chamber and fill it again with sand in three layers and after each layer play
out the packing utilizing the bar for multiple times as shown down.
STEP 5: The top layer ought to be stuffed and again pack the sand for multiple times utilizing
the bar. Presently, level the surface by turning the bar up and over as shown in the last photo at
down.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Particular Readings
Volume of metal cylinder 3.08479 L
Empty weight of metal cylinder 3.18 Kg
Weight of loose sand (W1) 8.162 Kg
Weight of compacted sand (W2) 8.40 Kg
1.5 Calculation:
Bulk density of loose sand = Weight of loose sand = 8.162 = 2.646 Kg/l
Volume of cylinder 3.08479
Bulk density of compacted sand = Weight of compacted sand= 8.402 = 2.724 Kg/l
Volume of cylinder 3.08479
Ratio of the bulk density of loose to compacted sand = 0.9714
1.6 Result:
Loose bulk density of sand = 2.646 Kg/l
Compacted bulk density of sand = 2.724 Kg/l
Ratio of the bulk density of loose to compacted sand = 0.9714
1.7 Significance:
The bulk density of the total relies on the shape, size and pressing of the particles, the evaluating
and the dampness content too.
1.8 Conclusion:
From the outcome it very well may be reasoned that the proportion of the mass bulk density of
free to compacted sand lies between the predetermined reach which is between 0.87 to 0.96. The
method helps to find the ratio of bulk density of loose to compacted sand which comes near 0.97.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Bulking of sand
Aim: The aim of the test is to determine the bulk density of fine aggregates.

Cylindrical metal measure, Weigh Balance, Tamping rod.
1.2 Reference codes: IS 2386 (PART I) – Method of test of Aggregates for Concrete
1.3 Procedure:
Free sand weight:
STEP 1. Take the measuring cylinder and fill the sand.
STEP 2. Now, level the highest point of the cylinder by sand and roll over the tamping rod on it
to level down the sand.
STEP 3. The net weight and bulk density both are observed, so now calculate the bulk density.
Compacted sand weight:
STEP 4. Take the sand which is tested and make it a bit moist by adding water and mix it, do
not make the sand too wet by adding too much water.
STEP 5. Take the measuring cylinder, fill it with sand up to 200 ml and then add water up to
250 ml.
STEP 6. Allow the water to totally enter the sand so that it can be a homogeneous combination.
STEP 7. Allow the blend to make due with some time and after the combination is settled
furthermore, take the readings.

LAB TEST MANUAL
1.4 Observation:
Initial reading = 200 ml Final
reading (After adding water) = 160 ml
1.5 Calculations:
Percentage of bulking = Initial level – 1 x 100 = 200 -1 x 100 = 25%
Final level 160
1.6 Result:
The bulking of sand percentage comes out to be 25%.
1.7 Significance:
Bulking of sand test is to find the actual and exact volume, with also the certain level of moisture
level present.
1.8 Conclusion:
This test helps to find the volume with the percentage of moisture level present. As the volume
of water increase with the presence of sand, the sand surface experiences tension and so that
volume increases. The bulking of sand percentage found by the test is 25%.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Specific gravity test
Aim: The aim of the test is to determine specific gravity of sand.
1.1 Apparatus and Materials:

A Compression testing machine, Compression plate.
1.2 Reference IS Code: IS 2386 (PART I) – Method of test of Aggregates for Concrete
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1. Measure the empty pycnometer.
STEP 2. Take test of sand weighing up to 500 grams and fill it in the pycnometer.
STEP 3. Now pour water in the pycnometer loaded up with sand at room temperature.
STEP 4. Ensure that the pycnometer is loaded up with water till top and there is no entangled
air. Weigh it again.
STEP 5. Transfer the sand to another vessel so that there is no aggregates left in pycnometer.
STEP 6. Now clean the pycnometer and fill the pycnometer to the top with water and gauge it
once more.
STEP 7. Make sure that the pycnometer is totally dry from outside and has no entangled air.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Particulars Readings
Weight of pycnometer- (W1) 668 g
W1+ sand (W2) 1168 g
W1+W2+ weight of water 1974 g
W4= W1+W2+W3 1654 g
S.G.= W2-W1 2.778
(W2-W1) - (W3-W4)
1.5 Calculations:
(W2-W1) = (1168 - 668) =2.778
[(W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4)] [(1168-668) – (1974 – 1654)
1.6 Result:
Specific gravity of fine aggregates is 2.778
1.7 Significance:
The test is to determine the specific gravity of sand or fine aggregates.
1.8 Conclusion:
The test helps to find the specific gravity of fine aggregates. The higher the value of specific
gravity higher the strength and vice versa. The specific gravity of sand is between 2.65 to 2.67.
Sand particles composed of quartz have S.G. from 2.65 to 2.67. Range of S.G. for inorganic clay
is 2.70 to 2.80.

LAB TEST MANUAL
CEMENT

LAB TEST MANUAL

Fineness of Cement
Aim: To determine fineness of cement by Blaine air permeability method..
1.2 Apparatus & Materials:

90µm Sieve cloth of woven stainless steel (As per IS 460-1985: Part 1and Part 3.) fitted in
cylindrical frame, Lid, tray, Balance, Brush.

IS code 4031 – part 2: 1999 determination of fineness by Blaine Air Permeability method.
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1. First, filter the sample that will be used as a sample for 2 minutes to remove any large
dry lumps in the cement.
STEP 2. Weigh 200g of sieved cement and sieve for 15 minutes in a 90m sieving stainless steel
cloth.
STEP 3. For a total of 15 minutes, rotate it clockwise and anticlockwise, linear back and forth;
left and right.
STEP 4. Weigh the residue and record it in the observation table.
STEP 5: Repeat the process twice more.
STEP 6: A difference of less than 0.3 between two readings indicates that your method of
performing this test is appropriate and valid.
STEP 7: The final fineness for the cement batch from which you took your cement sample is
the average of three fineness readings.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Samples W1= weight of W2= weight of %of fineness %of residue

sample(g) residue(g) =w1-
w2/w1*100
1. 200 14.85 92.57 7.43
2. 200 15.62 92.15 7.85
Average 200 15.23 92.36 7.64
1.5 Significance:
The fineness of concrete has a sizeable impact at the rhythm of hydration and accordingly the
pace of power growth.The fineness of the concrete supplements the pace of hotness
advancement. Better concrete has a bigger surface region for hydration and hence creates
strength speedier. As the fineness of the concrete will increment, so does the drying shrinkage of
the substantial, bringing about crevices in the shape.
1.6 Result:
Fineness of cement is 92.36%.
1.7 Conclusion:
Fineness of cement is 92.36%, Hence cement can be used in making concrete.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Standard Consistency Test
Aim: To determine the standard consistency of cement
1.1 Apparatus:
Vicat apparatus, Balance, Standard weights, Gauging towel, OPC Cement, Oil

IS - 4031 part 4: Determination of consistency of standard cement paste.
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1. In a mixing bowl, combine 400 gm cement and water (26-32 percent of cement weight).
A cement paste is made, and after it has been thoroughly mixed, it should be put into the mould
within three to five minutes. (The time should be counted from the moment the cement is
moistened.)
STEP 2. The paste should be properly mixed before being placed into the vicat apparatus's
mould, which should then be thoroughly vibrated toaccomplish full compaction and the removal
of air voids.
STEP 3. Place the mould on a non-porous, lubricated surface to make it easierto remove the
paste later. The top surface of the mould is smoothed using a trowel after it has been filled.
STEP 4. With the filled mould resting on a non-porous plate beneath the plunger, lower the
plunger until it just touches the surface of the cement paste, then release it, allowing the plunger
to penetrate the paste.
STEP 5. Repeat the operation with varying amounts of water until the desired penetration is
obtained.
1.4 Observation and calculation:

P = (w/c)*100
1.5 Result:
The required water content for consistency is 29.5 % of weight of cement.
1.7 Significance:
The test decides the amount of water expected to make concrete glue.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Deciding the water content material of concrete with this test helps inside the appearance of
concrete glue for fate research on concrete the utilization of various tests.
1.8 Conclusion:
The wanted cement's water content is 29.5 percent, which is within perfect limits, as a result it is
able to be applied to make concrete.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Initial and Final setting time of cement.
Aim: To determine initial and final setting time of cement.

Vicat apparatus, Balance, Gauging trowel, OPC 53 gradecements, Potable water, Oil

IS– 4031 Part 5: Determination of initial and final setting time of cement
1.3 Procedure:
Sampling and selection of material:
STEP 1. Take 400 gm of cement in a container and produce a paste using 0.85 times the amount
of water needed to give the paste a standard consistency (31%), taking care that the measuring
time is not less than 3 minutes and not more than 5 minutes, and that it is completed before any
signs of hardening appear.
STEP 2. The gauging time should be calculated from the time water is poured to dry cement to
the time the apparatus mould is filled.
STEP 3. Mould should be set on a non-porous plate and fully greased so that the cement paste
may be easily removed later. To ensure adequate paste filling, the mould and plate should be
extensively vibrated to remove air spaces and compact the paste.
STEP 4. Once the mould has been filled, the top surface is thoroughly smoothed with a trowel.
The test should be repeated every 5 minutes.

LAB TEST MANUAL
Initial Setting Time:
STEP 5. Place the mould and non-porous plate under the needle C and lower it until it contacts
the surface of the paste, then release it to penetrate the paste. The needle will initially
completely puncture the paste.
STEP 6. Repeat the test until it is unable to pierce the paste beyond 5.0 + 0.5 mm measured
from the mould's bottom. The first setting time is calculated as the time spent between the
addition of water to dry cement and the point at which it fails to penetrate the paste, which is 5.0
+ 0.5 mm.
STEP 7. In place of the needle C, use the annular attachment F. When the attachments fail
to produce an impression on the cement's surface, the cement is deemed set
STEP 8. The interval elapsed between the addition of water in dry cement to the attachment
failing to produce a mark on the surface of cement paste is considered the final setting time.
1.4 Observation and Calculation:
Initial Setting Time = 97 minutes.

Final Setting Time = 164 minutes.
1.5 Result:
The initial setting period of cement is 97 min and final setting period is 164 min.
1.6 Significance:
The initial setting time of cement is at which it starts losing its plasticity and very last placing
time is a point at which it is absolutely hardened.
The Initial Setting time is much important for its transportation and location of concrete and very
last setting time is for the time at which it's far safe for the removal of formwork.
1.7 Conclusion:
The initial and final putting instances are inside the suited variety. As result, the cement can be
applied to make concrete.

LAB TEST MANUAL

Soundness of Cement
Aim: To determine soundness of cement.
1.1 Apparatus:
Le-Chatelier apparatus, Balance, Gauging trowel, Water bath, Vernier callipers, OPC 53 grade
cements, Potable water, Oil

IS – 4031 part 3: determination of soundness of cement.
1.4 Procedure:
STEP 1. First, lubricate the mould and glass sheet, then fill it with cement paste containing 0.78
times the standard consistency of cement found in the consistency test (31 percent). Taking care
to keep the edges together while it is being filled. To remove air spaces, compact the o paste.
STEP 2. Cover the top surface with another glass sheet, lay a weight on top, and immerse the
entire assembly in water at 27 + 2. o C for 24 hours. The apparatus should not be disturbed. o
Remove the apparatus and use Vernier o calipers to measure the distance between indicator
points. After taking the reading, immerse the entire assembly in boiling water for another 3 hours.
STEP 3. Remove the mould and allow it to cool before measuring the distance between the
indicator points. The difference between these points represents cement expansion.
1.5 Observation table and Calculation:

Parameters Unit 1 2 3
Indicator reading 24 Mm 17 19 18
hours.
Indicator reading Mm 18 20 19
after boiling
Mean value mm 1 1 1
The mean of the difference of the indicator value is: 1+1+1/3 = 1 mm.

LAB TEST MANUAL
1.6 Specification:
Initial setting time is ≥ 30 min
Final setting time is ≤600 min
The results should be stated to an interval of 5 min.
1.7 Result:
The average variation in reading is of 1 mm.
1.8 Significance:
The initial setting season of concrete is while it starts to lose its ease, and the last putting
time is while it's miles totally hardened. The first setting time is significant for transportation
and metropolitan arrangement, simultaneously as a definitive setting time is intended for
when it is protected to eliminate formwork
1.9 Conclusion:
Thus, the steadiness of cement is beneath the specified limits (<10mm).

LAB TEST MANUAL

Compressive Test
Aim: To Determine the compressive strength of cement.
1.1 Apparatus:
Cube Moulds, Vibration Machine, Tampering Rod, Gauging Trowel, Weigh measuring,
balance, Measuring cylinder, Oiling brush, Compression testing machine, Vernier Caliper
Cement (OPC Grade 53) (90 μ sieve passing), Standard Sand, Water, Oil

IS – 4031 -6 (1988) – Methods of physical tests for hydraulic cement.
1.3 Procedure:
STEP 1. On a non-porous tray, combine 200 grammes of cement and 600 grammes of normal
sand, each 200gm of which is from a different zone, and mix them (dry) for 1 minute with a
trowel.
STEP 2. Add 800 grams of water equal to (P/4+3.0) percent of the total weight of cement
and sand.
STEP 3. All of the moulds should be oiled completely, and all screws should be
tightened. In the mortar mixer, fully combine cement, sand, and water to make mortar.
The mixing time should be between 3 and 5 minutes.
STEP 4. Immediately after mixing, mortar is poured into 70.6 mm, 70.6 mm and 70.6 and then
tamping the mortar with a tamping rod is recommended.
STEP 5. For 2 minutes, compact the cubes on the vibrating table.
STEP 6. After vibration, the mould is removed using a base plate and the top surface of the mould
is smoothened with a trowel. Moulds are stored in a wet environment for 24 hours following
vibration.
STEP 7. After 24 hours, remove the cubes from the moulds and immediately place them in a clean,
fresh container. water and keep it there until it's time to test it.

LAB TEST MANUAL
1.4 Observation table and Calculation:
The compressive strength of cement after 7 days.
Sample no. Area of the Weight of the Maximum Compressive

sample(g) sample(g) Load at failure strength
(KN) (N//mm2)
1 4983 770 140.49 28.2
2 5105 780 106.19 20.81
3 5006 715 104.03 20.78
The average compressive strength of cement after 7 days 23.26 N/mm2.


(KN) (N//mm2)
1 4963 805 182.85 36.86
2 5084 830 223.57 43.99
3 5977 830 187.15 37.61


(KN) (N//mm2)
1 5069 827.5 130.2 25.69
2 5048 830.5 166.35 32.97
3 4886 816.5 193.78 39.68
1.5 Result:
The average compressive strength of cement after following days:
• 7 days – 23.26 N/mm2
• 21 days – 39.49 N/mm2
• 28 days – 32.78 N/mm2

LAB TEST MANUAL
1.6 Significance:
Concrete hydrates when water is conveyed to it and attachment and robustness is displayed. It
ties together the totals by means of grip. Compressive force is the fundamental insights needed
for blend format. By this check, the principal rate and the amount of cement might be overseen.
1.7 Conclusion:
As the period of test will build the compressive power will increment.

CM - Ass3 - Ug190554 - Heril Jain

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

LAB TEST MANUAL

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 1 Date: 10/9/2021

Aim: To determine the particle size distribution of coarse aggregates by sieving.

1.1 Reference code:

1.3 Sampling and selection of test specimens:

STEP 1: Sample of 3 kg of Kapchi. s

STEP 2: Sample is sieved with variety of motions in the sieve set.

STEP 4: Measure the retained weight in each sieve.

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

1.5 Observation table:

IS sieve size Weight retained Cumulative Cumulative % Cumulative %

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 2 Date: 10/9/2021

Aim: To determine the bulk density of aggregates.

1.1 Reference IS Code:

STEP 2: The Metal cylinder must be weighed first.

STEP 5: Similar procedure is done for another fresh sample.

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

1.4 Observation table:

Particulars Unit Value

Loose bulk density = B/A

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 3 Date: 10/9/2021

Aim: To determine the combined flakiness index of coarse aggregates.

1.1 Reference IS Code:

STEP 4. The retained weight and passed weight are noted.

1.4 Observation table:

IS sieve size Weight Cumulative Cumulative % Cumulative %

Flakiness Index = ∑ Z =42.51

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 4 Date: 10/9/2021

Aim: To determine the combined elongation index of coarse aggregates.

1.1 Reference IS Code

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

1.4 Observation table:

Passing through Retained Mass of Mass of X= E/A*100

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 5 Date: 10/9/2021

Aim: To determine specific gravity & water absorption of fine aggregates.

1.1 Reference code:

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

1.7 Observation table:

Particulars Value (g)

Weight of sample in saturated surface- dry conditions (A) 2000

Weight of wire basket fill with distilled water (B) 2135

Weight of oven dried sample (D) 1934

Specific gravity, water absorption shall be calculated as follow:

Specific gravity= 2.92

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 6 Date: 10/9/2021

1.1 Reference code:

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

Practical No: 7 Date: 10/9/2021

1.1 Reference code:

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

1.4 Observation table:

Sr. no. Mass of sample Retained in 2.36 mm Percentage retained

UG190554- HERIL JAIN

UG190554- HERIL JAIN