HANDLING INFORMATION, SOLVING PROBLEMS AND TERMS USED IN SCIENCE PAPERS

During the moderation of a question paper, care is taken to try and ensure that the paper and its
individual questions are, in relation to the syllabus, fair as regards balance, overall difficulty and suitability.
Attention is also paid to wording to make questions as concise and yet as unambiguous as possible. In many
instances, Examiners are able to make appropriate allowance for an interpretation that differs, but acceptably
BIOLOGY FOR 2010 & BEYOND
so, from the one intended.
It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to Science subjects) will prove helpful to candidates as a
guide (i.e. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive). The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with
respect to the number of terms included but also to their definitions. Candidates should appreciate that the PASSING SENIOR SECONDARY O-LEVEL
meaning of a term must depend in part on its context.

1. Define (the term(s)...) is intended literally, only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being
BIOLOGY (5090) WITH A DISTINCTION
required.

2. What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s)...) normally implies that a definition should be
given, together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned,
especially where two or more terms are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment
NATURAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
intended should be interpreted in the light of the indicated mark value.

3. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument (e.g. a numerical answer that can
readily be obtained ‘by inspection’).

4. List requires a number of points, generally each of one word, with no elaboration. Where a given number
of points is specified, this should not be exceeded.

5. State and explain normally also implies conciseness; explain may imply reasoning or some reference to
theory, depending on the context.

6. Describe requires the candidate to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of
the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. In the
former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations
associated with the phenomena. In the latter instance, the answer may often follow a standard pattern
(e.g. Apparatus, Method, Measurements, Results and Precautions). In other contexts, describe and give
an account of should be interpreted more generally (i.e. the candidate has greater discretion about the
nature and the organisation of the material to be included in the answer). Describe and explain may be
coupled in a similar way to state and explain.

7. Discuss requires the candidate to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.

8. Outline implies brevity (i.e. restricting the answer to giving essentials).

BIOLOGY REVISION QUESTIONS
9. Predict implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making
a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given in the
question or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question. Predict also implies a THIS BOOKLET CONTAINS 72 STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
concise answer with no supporting statement required.

10. Deduce is used in a similar way to predict except that some supporting statement is required DESIGNED FOR CANDIDATES PREPARING
(e.g.)reference to a law/principle or the necessary reasoning

11. Suggest is used in two main contexts, i.e. either to imply that there is no unique answer (e.g. in FOR THEIR GCSE O – LEVEL EXAMINATIONS
chemistry, two or more substances may satisfy the given conditions describing an ‘unknown’), or to
imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a ‘novel’ situation, one that may
be formally ‘not in the syllabus'. BIOLOGY – 5090
12. Find is general terms that may variously be interpreted as calculate, measure, determine, etc.
13. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general working should be shown, especially
where two or more steps are involved.
14. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring
instrument (e.g. length, using a rule or mass, using a balance).
15. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by
calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula (e.g.
Young modulus, relative molecular mass).
16. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned,
making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of principle and about the
values of quantities not otherwise included in the question. COMPILED BY MR. CHISHA MJ.
17. Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be
qualitatively correct but candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some quantitative
Chipembi Girls Secondary School
aspects may be looked for (e.g. passing through the origin, having an intercept, asymptote or
discontinuity at a particular value). In diagrams, sketch implies that a simple freehand drawing is
acceptable; nevertheless, care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important
details.
 QUESTION 21
3 (a) Mark the first, one per line, any three from:
QUESTION 1 cleaner, at or near body temperature (A higher temp./warmer),
more CO2, less O2, more moisture AW (A saturated);;; [3]
Fig. 1.1 shows a parent plant (A) and two of its offspring (B and C). (Ignore pathogens)
(b) (external) intercostal muscles relax;
diaphragm relaxes;
ribs / thorax moves down/in;
diaphragm domes AW;
decreased volume/increased pressure; [max. 4]
(c) There are two routes to the two marks in this section
Route 1: respiration ;
production of carbon dioxide/removal of oxygen (A oxidation)/
release of energy or heat/release of water
(R produce/generate etc.)
(A points on equation in words or symbols – need not be balanced);
Route 2: named specific cell (e.g. RBC);
The effect of this cell on a the content of the air in the jar; [2]
(e.g. collects/carries away AW O2) (Ignore refs CO2 and RBCs
QUESTION 22
4 (a) iron/Fe;
(b) If the column headed ‘mammals’ is left blank, or if there is a clear, but inaccurate, attempt to
describe mammal (as opposed to human) RBCs, then all three marks are available for
correct statements re. bird RBCs .
All comparisons must be valid pairs (R oval v. biconcave)
(a) Name the type of reproduction shown in Fig. 1.1. Mark each line separately, (R refs. to haemoglobin/surface area)
………………………………………………………… [1] ( A longer) ( A shorter)
Any 3 from: nucleus + no nucleus, larger in size/smaller in size ,
Plants A, B and C eventually separate and then produce offspring of their own larger than WBCs +smaller than WBCs, oval/egg-shaped + round isc,
using this same method of reproduction. biconvex/not biconcave + biconcave, ( R spherical);;; [3]
(c) (i) capillary,; [1]
(b) State a disadvantage to the plant species of reproducing in this way. Any two from: blood cells in single file AW, running between body cells, walls
……………………………………………………………………………………… [1] thin/permeable/one cell thick, substances pass through (at C), vessels in the form of a
network,;; [2]
(c) State two commercial advantages of this type of reproduction. (ii) tissue fluid/ECF/lymph/plasma/interstitial fluid ( R blood); [1]
(iii) pulse beat + in arteries/arterioles;
1. …………………………………………………………………. greater pressure in arteries/lower pressure in veins;
ref. arteries or D nearer heart/pump/ventricle;
2. ………………………………………………………………….. [2] blood flows smoothly/no pulse + in veins/venules;
resistance offered by capillary network;
fluid lost from network; [max 3]
(d) With reference to structures D, E and F, explain how plant C is able to grow
before it becomes attached to the ground. QUESTION 23
(a) ovary (wall)/pericarp/stigma or style remains or scar; [1]
(A epi-/meso-/endo-)
structure D ……………………………………………………………………………… (b) ‘Mark explanation’ column only if stated ‘type of reproduction’ is correct for that plant
sexual for bean and maize;
………………………………………………………………………………..[1] (fruits or seeds) develop from flowers/ovaries/ref. fertilisation/pollination/ref. gametes or
meiosis;
structure E ………………………………………………………………………………. (A with ref. either bean or maize)
asexual for potato;
………………………………………………………………………………[1] (A no meiosis)
tubers develop from stems or buds (A roots)/only mitosis/no fusion/fertilisation/pollination/
gametes/not from flowers; [4]
structure F ……………………………………………………………………………. (c) bacteria or named;
in root nodules;
…………………………………………………………………………….[1] N2 fixing (or process described);
part of nitrogen cycle;
[Total: 11] (increases) nitrates in soil;
needed to make proteins/amino acids;
for plant growth; [max. 4]
QUESTION 18 QUESTION 2
8 (a) permeable/salts + water pass (R ‘permeable membrane’) ;
by diffusion ;
Fig. 2.1 shows three similar plant cells 5 minutes after being placed in different
Any two from: tough, flexible or elastic, supports cell, solutions, G, H and I. One of these solutions has a composition and water potential
maintains shape or a described shape ;; exactly the same as that of the cell sap in the cells. cell in solution G cell in solution
stops cell bursting ; H cell in solution I
creates turgor or described (with ref. part played by c.c.w.) ;
helps keep plant upright AW ; [max 5]
(b) partially/semi-/differentially/selectively + permeable ;
water enters (R water particles) ;
by osmosis ;
a turgor reference (look for ref. to part played by the membrane) ;
selective entry/selective passage ;
(of) salts/ions/minerals/or named (R particles/substances) ;
by active transport ;
ref. energy requirement ; [max 5]
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 19
1 (a) (i) xylem only shaded (A shaded on only one vascular bundle);
(ii) correctly named (Ignore ‘vessel’); [2]
(b) transpiration/evaporation;
water/vapour + lost from leaf/stomata/plant;
pulls/draws/pushes + water/solution (a) On one of the cells in Fig. 2.1, label clearly
(R sucks) OR water (from transpiration) must be replaced; (i) with the letter J, a structure made of cellulose,
ref. capillarity/root pressure AW/cohesion AW/adhesion AW; [max. 3] (ii) with the letter K, the part of the cell that would contain the nucleus. [2]
(c) diffusion (R if osmosis mentioned with diffusion, ignore active transport);
ref. concentration gradient; (b) Identify the solution that has a higher water potential than the cell sap.
through (cellulose) cell walls;
cell wall permeable;
solution …………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(A partially/selectively)
cell membrane is a p.p.m./allows molecules of dye to pass; [max. 3] ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(R if in osmosis context)
(d) osmosis/diffusion;
water leaves cells; Explanation ………………………………………………………………………………………
water loss from plant or from plant part named;
salt solution more concentrated than cell sap/ref. water potential
(R refs to quantity of water rather than concentration) gradient; …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [4]
plant wilts or described e.g. refs flaccidity/loss of turgor/of support ; [max. 3]
A drooping, R withering) (c) (i) On the cell in solution I, shade all the regions that would contain solution I.
QUESTION 20 [1]
2 (a) (i) substrate/s; (ii) Explain your answer to (i).
(ii) product/s; [2] ......................................................................................................
(b) (i) protein (A casein);
mark
(ii) protease/pepsin/proteolytic (A rennin if casein given above); ......................................................................................................
independently
(iii) (poly)peptides/peptones/proteoses (A amino acids); [3] .......................................................................................................
(this mark not available with casein/rennin option)
(c) graph rises;
reaches peak between 35 and 55 oC; ....................................................................................................... [3]
falls to zero between 50 and 80 oC; [3]
(A vertical drop, R incurving drop)
(d) (i) active site/place where substrate fits AW (R lock / key); [1]
[Total: 11]
(A region/area) (A place where reaction occurs)
( ii) lock and key (A words in a description); [1]
QUESTION 3 QUESTION 16

During heart transplant procedures, it is possible to keep the heart beating while it is 7 (a) discontinuous – valid example (such as eye colour, tall + dwarf peas, red hair,
being transported many miles from the donor to the patient. Fig. 3.1 shows albinism, sex)
diagrammatically how the heart is kept beating during transportation. (A labelled bar charts) ; [1]
continuous – valid example (A skin colour and labelled graph) ; [1]
(R eye colour)
(i) (discontinuous) few forms ;
distinct from one another/no intermediates AW ;
the result of inheritance ;
of genes ;
(ii) (continuous) many forms ;
small differences from one to the next/range ;
extremes at either end may show considerable difference ;
caused by genes + the environment ;
e.g. of environmental factor ; [max 5]

(b) mutation (in either (i) or (ii)) ; [1]

(i) (sickle cell) of gene ;
affecting haemoglobin (formation) ; [max 1]
(ii) (Down’s) of chromosome/one extra chromosome ; [max 1]
Fig. 3.1 [Total: 10]
(a) Identify structures L and M on Fig. 3.1.
L ................................................................. QUESTION 17
Either
M ................................................................ [2] 8 (a) R any points on an equation as question asks for a definition.
release (A provide/give/supply/evolve/liberate) ;
(b) Suggest two chemicals which must be added to the blood in the reservoir, and (R produce/manufacture/make/use/form)
explain your suggestions. energy ;
from named substrate/food substance (R food unqualified) ;
in a cell/mitochondria ; [max 3]
Chemical 1 (b) It must be clear each time which process is being described.
O2 + no O2 ;
........................................................................................................................ ref. to differing amounts of energy released ;
substrate completely broken down + not completely broken down
Explanation or ref. to all end products (CO2 & H2O + lactic acid/alcohol & CO2) ; [max 2]
........................................................................................................................... (c) yeast/bacterium/Lactobacillus/Streptococcus ;
sugar or named/fruit/grain or flour added/milk/grass/cabbage ;
........................................................................................................................... fermentation ;
release of CO2 + dough rising/CO2 + bubbles in beverage/
Chemical 2 clotting of milk/pH change/lactic acid production/taste effect/
........................................................................................................................ preservation (as appropriate for e.g. given) ;
bread manufacture/alcohol or named beverage/vinegar/
Explanation yoghurt/cheese/silage/sauerkraut (appropriate for e.g.) ;
........................................................................................................................... ref. controlled temperature/warmth for proving dough ;
(around 40 °C for yoghurt)
..........................................................................................................................[4] baking kills yeast or evaporates alcohol/
(c) Using your knowledge of the structure of the heart, explain why blood entering the beer or wine separated from yeast ; [max 5]
aorta
from the reservoir flows into the heart muscle and not into the left ventricle. [Total: 10]
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 9]
QUESTION 13
4 (a) (i) (Q) plasma ; [1]
(ii) 2 named ions (iron and calcium on syllabus) ;
QUESTION 4
iron + red blood cells/haemoglobin ;
calcium + ref. bones or teeth/blood clotting ; [3]
(A any others correct with function e.g. Mg activates enzymes/for RBCs, Na/K for impulse Fig. 4.1 shows two models of seeds which use the same type of seed dispersal.
transmission/ref. effect on cell membrane) (R N / I2 / S & any other elements)
(b) WBC correctly labelled ;
infected RBC correctly labelled (If several labelled, all must be correct) ; [2]
(c) (capillary) close to surface ;
thin/one cell thick ;
low blood pressure ; [3]
(A reverse arguments for artery)

QUESTION 14
5 (a) spongy wall/(spongy or uterus) lining/endometrium ; [1]
(R uterus/uterus wall)
(b) Ranges can be smaller than those given, max 1 if they give 19– 20 days for both.
A any one day within each range, but fertilisation must come before implantation. (a) Name the structure within which a seed develops.
(i) 14–20 days ;
(ii) 19–25 days ; [2] .................................................................... [1]
(c) necessary substances can diffuse across placenta ;
bloods might be of different groups ; (b) Suggest the type of seed dispersal shown.
mother’s blood pressure too great ; Explain how the structures in Fig. 4.1 are adapted for this type of dispersal.
ref. possible exclusion of potentially harmful substances ; [max 3]
(e.g. pathogens, R diseases)
type of dispersal …………………………………………………………………
(d) (i) below 32 °C (A correct stated range < 31°C) ;
above 35 °C (A correct stated range 36< °C) ; [2]
(Max 1 if no units, units need appear ONCE only)
(ii) If single, unqualified statements given, take them to refer to human. adaptation and explanation
The matching statement for reptile may appear in the question. ...............................................................................................................................
not dependent on temperature/develops at constant temperature ; *sex
inherited/determined at fertilisation ; ............................................................................................................................... [3]
*ref. to sex/(X) Y chromosomes ;
*ref. external v. internal development ; [max 3]
Fig. 4.2 shows the percentage of seeds of a particular plant that germinate at
(A develops in egg) (* R negatives such as ‘don’t hatch’)
[Total: 11] different

QUESTION 15
6 (a) Letters are NOT essential, but if used, they must be in plausible context.
(S/sun +) light (energy) ;
(T/trees +) trapped AW by chlorophyll (A plants) ;
photosynthesis ;
production of organic molecule or named ;
(A named, or symbols, on a balanced or correct word equation)
chemical energy ;
death of T/tree(s)/plants ;
(U/tree +) buried + subjected to pressure ;
(U/V/W +) fossil fuel ;
(U/V/W +) coal ;
(V/W +) mined/removed from ground AW ; (b) State two possible reasons why no more than 40% of the seeds germinate,
(W/X +) burnt/used in industry AW ; even at the optimum temperature. [2]
(X +) release of energy ; [max 7]
(d) Suggest three reasons why, after germination, many seedlings do not live to
(b) V or ref. mining AW + depletion of resources/scarring become mature plants. [3]
of countryside/damaging habitats (R erosion) ;
W/X or described + any two from:
oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, CO2, CO, particulates ;; [Total: 9]
greenhouse/global warming + CO2 ;
acid rain/effects of acid rain or CO or particulates ; [max 3]
[Total: 10]
QUESTION 5 QUESTION 10
1 (a) (A) plumule ;
In Fig. 5.1, curve P shows carbon dioxide uptake and release by a plant during a (B) testa/(seed) coat ; [2]
(b) (i) starch/protein/carbohydrate/fat or oil (R soluble CHO/aa’s) ; [1]
twelve-hour period between 12.00 hours and 24.00 hours. (Do not penalise in (ii) if (i) is blank)
(ii) enzyme/named enzyme (correct for storage product) ;
digestion/enzymes activated or need water/hydrolysis ;#
(large to) small molecules/*(insoluble) to soluble ;#
(A correctly named small molecule including glucose)
# OR broken down (ONE mark only) ;
(iii) *in solution ;
(Ignore refs to diffusion)
through phloem (look for idea movement/translocation) ;
ref active transport OR ref. leaving/entering + phloem/cells ;
(* once only, but can be awarded in (ii) in addition to ‘one mark only’ rule)
(iv) use correct for substance named anywhere in (b) ; [max 5]
(e.g. protein for growth, CHO/fat for energy [see 8E (a)]) (R storage)
(c) O2 into root ; out of leaf ;
OR CO2 into leaf ; out of root ; [2]
( A any underground structure)
OR for ONE mark max. water vapour out of leaf ;
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 11

2 (a) (G) kidney ;

(I) bladder (R gall bladder) ; [2]
(b) glucose ; [1]
insulin ;
from pancreas ;
Fig. 5.1 in blood ;
glycogen ; [max 3]
(a) Name the process mainly responsible for the shape of graph P from 12.00 (c) #F + blood/cells ;
hours to 16.00 hours. Any two from: more urea in H, more toxins in H, glucose only in F,
...................................................................................................................[1] amino acids only in F, qualified salt concentration in either ;;
H + urine ;
(b) (i) State the time at which there is no net movement of carbon dioxide into or Ref. O2/CO2 differences ; [max 4]
out of the plant. (# A reverse argument for alternative structure)
.......................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]
(ii) Explain the shape of the curve after this time. QUESTION 12
..........................................................................................................................
3 (a) (J) cuticle or described ;
(K) spongy (+ mesophyll) (ignore refs to lower epidermis) ; [2]
............................................................................................................................
(b) (i) one arrow (somewhere) leaving xylem (R any that pass through phloem) ;
passing into any mesophyll cell ;
(c) Name a factor that might cause the curve to appear like curve Q rather than entering air space in spongy mesophyll ;
curve P in Fig. 5.1. passing out of stoma ;
...............................................................................................................................[1] (sequence must be plausible) [max 3]
(ii) X placed where water enters air space/wall of mesophyll cell ; [1]
(d) On Fig. 5.1, draw a curve to show the uptake and release of oxygen by the (R X on guard cell)
(c) (i) N ;
plant during the same period of time.
(ii) O ; [2]
Label your axis in the spaces provided on Fig. 5.1. [4]
(d) evaporation (R transpiration) ;
fast(er) in high temperatures ;
[Total: 10] cools/removes heat ; [max 2]
[Total: 10]
QUESTION 8b
(b) insecticides + specific undesirable effect ;
fertilisers / sewage / domestic or nitrogenous waste + specific undesirable effect ; heavy
metal / inorganic, chemical or radioactive waste + specific undesirable effect ;gases from QUESTION 6
factories, car exhaust (Pb) or fossil fuel / SO2 / NxOy / soot 6 (a) Define a hormone. [4]
+ specific undesirable effect ; (b) Describe how the nervous system is involved in producing a named
CFCs / CO2 / methane / CO + specific effect ;
oil (spillage) + effect on wildlife ;
reflex action. [6]
litter / rubbish / noise / light + effect ; [max 5]
[Total: 10] QUESTION 7
QUESTION 9
7 (a) State where DNA is found and describe its importance in living
8O (a) light + producer / green plant AW ;
each organism uses energy ; organisms. [3]
or loses energy ; (b) Describe the causes of
none returned to producer / sun ; [max 3] (i) sickle cell anaemia,
(b) (i) food web is interlinked food chains / ref. many consumers [1]
(ii) Down’s syndrome. [3]
(ii) producer + plants (or named) ;
Consumers ; (c) Explain, with the use of a genetic diagram, how a child may be born
herbivores / primary or first order ; with a blood group different from that of either parent. [4]
carnivores / secondary or second order ;
ref. to relative numbers ;
QUESTION 8
ref. to relative biomasses ;
ref. to each trophic level controlling the numbers in neighbouring trophic levels ;
ref. to members all being in the same habitat / ecosystem ; [max 6] (a) State the disadvantages to the environment of deforestation. [5]
[Total: 10] (b) State examples of pollution caused by human activity and discuss the
effects of each example. [5]
QUESTION 7
7 (a) in nucleus / plasmids / chloroplasts / mitochondria ;
found in chromosomes / genes / contains genetic information ; QUESTION 9
(R contains genes)
can be copied / inherited / ref responsible for characters (characteristics) ; (a) Explain what is meant by the non-cyclical nature of energy flow. [3]
controls production of a protein ; [max 3]
(b) (i) Distinguish between a food chain and a food web.
(b) mutation (with ref. either sickle cell anemia or Down’s) ;
(sickle cell) genetic or ref. gene / allele / DNA / change in Hb molecule ; (ii) Explain the feeding relationships between the main groups of
(Down’s syndrome) one extra chromosome / 47 instead of 46 ; [3] organisms in a food web. [7]
(c) correct plausible genotypes of parents (A A,B,O,IA,IB,Io only) ;
(if they are linked by lines to the offspring, since they are then gametes and available
below)
phenotypes / blood groups of both parents (A ‘B’ as Group B etc.) ;
gametes correctly shown – either separated / in circles etc. / punnet square / linked
correctly by lines to offspring ;
offspring correctly identified + with different stated blood group / phenotype ;
any correct descriptive term (gametes / parents / genotype / children ) ; [max 4]
( A mother + father)
(Allow all marks on a written description)
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 8
8E (a) soil erosion / washed / blown ;
loss of humus in soil ;
desertification / ref. less rainfall / less transpiration ;
ref. leaching / flooding / loss of soil fertility ;
loss of species / habitats / qualified effect on food chains ;
loss of livelihood / resources / agricultural effects ;
global warming AW / CO2 increase / climate change AW ; [max 5]
QUESTION 10 (c) valve (if named, must be aortic / semi-lunar) ; closes (available with wrongly-named valve) ;
sending blood through coronary blood vessel / artery(ies) (R vein) ; [3]
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a seed before germination and Fig. 1.2 shows the same seed after [Total: 9]
it has become a seedling.
QUESTION 4
4 (a) fruit / pericarp / ovary / testa ; [1]
(b) wind / moving air ; (1)
(R any refs. to water dispersal)
ref parachute / helicopter wing AW ;
large surface area / light ;
buoyancy / holds seed in air or floats ; (max 2) [3]

(c) lack of water AW ;

lack of O2 (for whatever reason) ;
seed not viable / dormancy not complete AW / eaten ; [max 2]
(d) overcrowding / lack of light ;
unsuitable temperature ;
eaten ;
disease ;
unsuitable substrate / lack of ions or minerals / wrong pH ;
(A, here, ref. insufficient nutrients in soil = unsuitable substrate)
drought AW ; [max 3]
[Total: 9]
(a) Identify structures A and B.
QUESTION 5
5 (a) photosynthesis ; [1]
A .........................................................................................
(b) (i) 20.00 (hrs) / 8 p.m ; [1]
(ii) photosynthesis slows down ;
B ....................................................................................... [2] photosynthesis stops ;
respiration occurring (R respiration starts) ;
(b) (i) Suggest a food likely to be stored at C. carbon dioxide released from plant ; [max 3]
(c) (increased) temperature ; [1]
............................................................ ………………………. [1] (d) curve starting below 0 ;
crossing 20.00 hr line at 0 ;
finishing above 0 at 24.00 hrs ;
Explain how this food axis labelled correctly for line drawn (Ignore units) must be on Fig. 5.1 ;
If line is straight, only crossing and axes marks available.
(ii) is made available for the process of germination, A curve ‘upside down’ with axis labels reversed.
………………………………………………………………………………………… Last point available only on Fig. 5.1, award otherwise what is possible on a graph drawn
elsewhere. [4]
[Total: 10]
…………………………………………………………………………………………
QUESTION 6
(iii) travels to D in Fig. 1.2,
6 (a) chemical (R named hormone) ;
……………………………………………………………………………………….. produced by a gland (R specific named endocrine gland) ;
carried + by the blood ;
……………………………………………………………………………………….. affects a target organ (R specific target organ) ;
destroyed by liver ; [max 4]
(iv) is used at D. (b) stimulus or example ;
receptor / or described (R named sense organs) ;
(c) On Fig. 1.2, use labelled arrows to show where a named gas enters and leaves impulse / electrical pulse AW ;
sensory neurone or sensory nerve cell (R nerve) ;
the seedling during daylight hours. correct ref. to CNS for action described ;
……………………………………………………………………………………….. relay / intermediate neurone or nerve cell (A ‘interneurone’) ;
motor or effector neurone or nerve cell ;
……………………………………………………………………………………….. [2] effector or described (muscle or gland) ;
correct response for stimulus given / named reflex ; [max 6]
[Total: 10] [Total: 10]
SOLUTIONS
QUESTION 1 QUESTION 11
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the liver receiving chemicals from and sending chemicals to some
1 (a) asexual/vegetative ; [1] other organs.
(b) no variation or same genes as parent / no evolution / overcrowding / susceptible to
disease / no resistance to environmental change ; [1]
(c) one mark per line, mark the first given :
no wastage / offspring well established before separating (R chancy unqualified) ;
quick / only one parent needed ;
offspring of known characteristics / genetically identical AW ;
more profit AW ; [max 2]
(d) (D) photosynthesis ;
manufacture CHO or named CHO / amino acids (R food) ; [2]
(E) absorb water ;
ions / salts / minerals (R nutrients) ;
anchorage ; [max 2]

(F) carries / transports AW + *water / *salts ;

before roots develop AW ;
carries / transports AW + *sugars (R glucose) / *amino acids ;
correct functional ref. either xylem or phloem ; [max 3]
(* or allow ‘nutrients’ once only if neither of these marks is otherwise scored)
[Total: 11]
(a) Identify organs G and I.
QUESTION 2 G .............................................
2 (a) For each letter, if more than one cell labelled, all labels must be correct I ............................................... [2]
(i) label line (or otherwise indicated) J to / in / on cellulose cell wall
(R label lines that terminate on inner line of cellulose cell wall) ; (b) Name the carbohydrate travelling in the hepatic portal vein (E), and explain
(ii) label line (or otherwise) K to cytoplasm ; [2] how, on arrival in the liver, it is converted into a storage compound.

(b) solution G (A under explanation if solution line blank) [1] Named carbohydrate .................................................................................
water enters ;
*osmosis / diffusion ; explanation ........................................................................................................
*cell sap more concentrated / diffusion or osmotic or water potential gradient ;
increase in volume AW / pressure / turgor ; [max 4]
(* available with wrong or no solution identified)
..............................................................................................................................[4]

(c) (i) space between membrane and cell wall shaded on right hand diagram ; [1] (c) Describe how the composition of the contents of F and H differ in a healthy
(ignore shaded cell wall) person.
(ii) (These marks are available with no or wrong shading if they are in reasonable context) .................................................................................................................................
cell wall permeable ;
solution passes in ; .................................................................................................................................
correct ref. to partial permeability of cell membrane ; [3]
[Total: 11]
.................................................................................................................................
QUESTION 3 ................................................................................................................................[4]
3 (a) (L) right + atrium / auricle ;(M) pulmonary vein ; [Total: 10]
(b) (chemicals) *glucose ;*oxygen ; [2]
(explanation max 2 – each mark available once only either under glucose or

oxygen) for energy (R production) ;

during respiration ;
heart muscle / cells / tissue ; (max 2) [4]
(*A adrenalin; to stimulate heart muscle; insulin; for glucose absorption by heart cells;
Heparin; to stop blood clotting)
QUESTION 12
QUESTION 42
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a leaf.
6 A person is sitting in the shade reading a book when he looks at the bright sky to
see an aeroplane flying past. Explain the changes in
(a) the lens of the eye, [6]
(b) the pupil of the eye. [4]
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 43
7 (a) Outline the process of reproduction in a human female from the moment of
fertilisation to the time at which the placenta is formed. [4]
(b) (i) State and explain the special dietary needs of a pregnant woman. [3]
(ii) Describe the advantages of breast milk over bottled milk. [3]
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 44

8 Either (a) Explain how a plant supports itself in the upright position. [4]
(b) (i) Explain the process of wilting in a plant.
(ii) Describe the conditions in which wilting is most likely to occur. [6]
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 45

8 Or (a) Explain the consequences of deforestation in terms of its effects on

(a) Identify structures J and K. (i) soil stability,
J ................................................................................. (ii) climate,
(iii) local human populations. [8]
K ............................................................................... [2] (b) Explain how seeds are able to germinate in a soil lacking in nutrients. [2]
[Total: 10]
(b) (i) On Fig. 3.1, use arrows to show the pathway taken by water from its arrival in this
part of the leaf until it is lost into the atmosphere. [3]

(ii) Place a large X so that its arms cross as closely as possible to the point at which
evaporation of water is occurring. [1]

Fig. 3.2a shows the rates of transpiration for a particular species of plant at different air
temperatures.
QUESTION 41
Fig. 3.2b shows the air temperatures and the temperatures inside the leaf at point L
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a section through the heart. in Fig. 3.1
for the same plant during 24 hours

(a) (i) Identify blood vessels M, N and O in Fig. 5.1.

M ..........................................................................

N ..........................................................................

O ....................................................................... [3]

(ii) Name the type of tissue which forms the major part of the heart and name the Fig. 3.2c shows stomata as they appear in this leaf at three different times during the
day.
blood vessel which supplies this tissue with oxygen unless it is blocked by heart
disease.
type of tissue ..............................................................

blood vessel .............................................................. [2]

(b) On Fig. 5.1, draw, in the correct position, and label

(i) the semilunar valves,
(ii) the tricuspid valve,
(iii) the bicuspid (mitral) valve. [4]

(c) The four statements below describe some of the events that occur during the flow
of blood through the heart. By placing the numbers 1 to 4 in the boxes, indicate the
correct sequence of these events, starting immediately after deoxygenated blood
has entered the heart and ending as the blood is sent to the lungs.
(c) Using information provided in Fig. 3.2a and Fig. 3.2b, state which of the stomata
pores, M, N and O, in Fig. 3.2c, shows their appearance at the following times of day.
(i) 03:00 ...........................
(ii) 19:30 ...........................

(d) Suggest why the temperature inside the leaf never rises above 30 °C, even
though the air temperature rises much higher than this. [2]

[Total: 10]

[Total: 12]
QUESTION 13 QUESTION 40
4 Fig. 4.1 shows human blood containing pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. 4 Fig. 4.1 shows a town and surrounding countryside.

(a) (i) Name the liquid labelled Q in Fig. 4.1.

............................................................. [1]

(ii) Name two mineral ions which may be found in liquid Q and, for each ion, state its
function in the body. (a) State the term for the effects on the environment of the activities shown in Fig.
4.1.
ion 1 ................................................. function ...................................................... ............................................................................. [1]

ion 2 ................................................. function ..................................................... [2] (b) (i) Name a harmful gas released into the air by the factory.
(b) On Fig. 4.1, label
(i) a white blood cell, ....................................................................................... [1]
(ii) a red blood cell infected with the pathogenic organism. [2]
(ii) Describe a harmful effect of this gas.[1]
(c) The pathogenic organisms were introduced into the blood by a mosquito while (c) (i) Downstream from point X in Fig. 4.1, plants in the river grow rapidly and in
feeding. large numbers.
Suggest why the mosquito feeds from a capillary and not from an artery. [3] State two possible reasons for this. [2]
[Total: 9]
(ii) Explain why, between the town and point X, there are large numbers of bacteria
but very few plants and animals in the water. [4]
[Total: 9]
QUESTION 39 QUESTION 14
5 Fig. 5.1 shows changes in the uterus during the menstrual cycle.
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a tank containing animals and water plants.

Fig. 3.1
(a) (i) Name the pigment responsible for the green colour of the plants.

............................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the mineral ion which must be present for the manufacture of this pigment.
......................................................................................................................... [1] Fig. 5.1
(a) Identify R. ................................................... [1]
(b) (i) The animals supply the plants with a gas essential for the plants’ food
production. (b ) State the days when each of the following processes are most likely to occur
Name the gas and the process for which it is used. during the cycle.
gas ....................................................
(i) fertilisation ..................................................................................
process ............................................. [2]
(ii) implantation .................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest how the animals might benefit from the presence of these plants.[4]
For (c) Suggest and explain why blood must not pass directly from the mother to the
Fig. 3.2 shows a cell taken from one of the organisms in the tank. fetus during pregnancy, even though it contains substances necessary for fetal
development. [3]

Table 5.1 shows that temperature determines whether the eggs of a particular
species of reptile hatch into a male or a female.

Fig. 3.2
(d) (i) State the ranges of temperatures at which females are more likely than
(c) From which type of organism was this cell taken? Explain your answer.
type of organism males to hatch from the eggs.
explanation ……………………………………………………………………….. ......................................................... and .......................................................... [2]
[1]
(ii) State three ways in which the production of a male human child differs from the
production of the male form of this reptile.
[3]
[Total: 11]
QUESTION 15 QUESTION 38
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 show the flow of energy through a part of the carbon cycle.
2 Fig. 2.1 shows the structures involved in oxygen uptake in the lungs.

(a) Identify structures A, B and C in Fig. 2.1.

A ......................................................................................
Describe how energy flows through this part of the cycle by referring to what
happens at each of the points S to X. [7] B ......................................................................................
(b) Describe the harm to the environment caused by human involvement in the
cycle at V, W and X. [3] C ..................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]
(b) Each statement below describes a process that occurs during breathing.
QUESTION 16 Place a tick (✓) in the box beside each statement that describes a process
necessary to cause air to move in the direction shown in Fig. 2.1.
7 (a) what is meant by the terms
(i) discontinuous variation,
(ii) continuous variation?
Describe one example of each type. [7]
(b) State the causes of
(i) sickle cell anaemia,
(ii) Down’s syndrome. [3]
[Total: 10]
[2]
QUESTION 17 (c) Describe what happens to a molecule of oxygen as it moves from D to E in
Fig. 2.1. . [3]
8 Either (a) Define respiration. [3] (d) Table 2.1 shows the percentage of oxygen in the inspired air and expired air
(b) State how aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ. [2] of a healthy person.
(c) Describe a commercial use of anaerobic respiration. [5]
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 18

8 Or Describe the functions in a plant of Table 2.1

(a) cell walls, [5]
(b) cell membranes. [5] Suggest and explain how these figures might be different for a person whose
[Total: 10] diet had been deficient in iron over a period of several years.. [3]
[Total: 11]
 QUESTION 19

(b) Use the information from Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 to describe the function of these 1 Fig. 1.1 shows a plant in a beaker containing a solution of dye. Fig. 1.2 shows the
microorganisms in this process. [3] tissues of the same plant as they would appear if a cross section is taken at X.
cover which supports the stem solution of dye X cross section at X, magnified
(c) The enzyme which curdles milk can be obtained from the alimentary canal of a young
mammal. Suggest from which part of the alimentary canal the enzyme is obtained.
State a reason for your answer.
part of alimentary canal [2]

(d) Fig. 1.3 shows how milk is treated before it is used to make a cheese-like product P.
After this treatment, it undergoes a process similar to the one shown in Fig. 1.1. The
end-product has a flavour and texture similar to cheese, but it is considered to be
healthier to eat.

(a) (i) On Fig. 1.2, shade the tissue that would be most heavily stained by the
dye.[1]
(ii) Name this tissue ............................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain the processes occurring in the plant that cause the dye to move upwards
through the stem. [3]

(c) Describe the process responsible for the uptake of the dye into the roots of the
plant. [3]

(d) Suggest and explain what would happen to a plant if its roots are submerged in a
Fig. 1.3 concentrated salt solution for six hours. [3]
(i) Suggest which feature of the manufacturing process in Fig. 1.3 may make product P [Total: 11]
healthier to eat than cheese. [1]
(ii) State two possible harmful effects of eating cheese often and in large quantities. [2] QUESTION 20
[Total: 9] 2 In living organisms, enzymes may be used in reactions to convert large molecules
into smaller ones.

(a) State the term used for all

(i) molecules on which enzymes act, ....................................................................

(ii) molecules that are formed in a reaction. ............................................................ [2]

(b) For a chemical reaction that begins in the stomach, state

(i) the original large molecule, .................................................................................

(ii) the stomach enzyme involved, ...........................................................................

(iii) the smaller molecules formed. ......................................................................... .[3]

 QUESTION 37
Fig. 2.1 is part of a graph showing how the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
changes with increasing temperature. 1 Fig. 1.1 is a flow diagram which shows some of the stages in the manufacture
of a type of cheese.

Fig. 2.1
(c) Complete the graph in Fig. 2.1 to show how the rate of this enzyme-controlled Fig. 1.1
reaction changes as the temperature is increased from 20°C to 80°C. [3] Fig. 1.2 shows the changes in pH which occur during the first few hours of this
process.
(d) Fig. 2.2 shows diagrammatically how an enzyme-controlled reaction may occur.

(i) Identify region A on Fig. 2.2.

............................................................................ [1] Fig. 1.2

(a) Identify the type of microorganism added to the milk.
(ii) State the hypothesis illustrated in Fig. 2.2.
.......................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................... [1]
............................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]
(d) If the embryo’s mother had blood group A and its father had blood group B,
QUESTION 21
complete the grid below to show how the embryo could have blood group O. Use IA,
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a student involved in an experiment on breathing.
IB and Io to represent the alleles and clearly indicate any embryo that has blood
group O.

[4]
[Total: 8]

QUESTION 33
6 (a) State the differences between osmosis and active transport. [3]
(b) Describe an example of active transport in
(i) a plant and (a) State three ways in which the air in the jar will differ from atmospheric air. [3]
(ii) a human being. (b) Describe what occurs in the student’s thorax to cause air to be breathed out into
In each case, explain the importance of the transported substances. [7] the jar.[4]
[Total: 10] (c) By referring to the cells in the student’s body, suggest how the differences you
mention in (a) are brought about. [2]
QUESTION 34 [Total: 9]

7 (a) Describe the events that occur after the body temperature falls that will return
the body temperature to its normal level. [7]
(b) Explain what is meant by control by ‘negative feed back’. [3]
[Total: 10]

QUESTION 35

8 Either (a) Explain how mosquitoes are able to transmit diseases that affect
humans. [5]
(b) Describe the cause, symptoms and treatment of syphilis. [5]
[Total : 10]

QUESTION 36

8 Or (a) Describe the part played by artificial selection in the production of a

named economically important plant or animal. [6]
(b) With reference to a named example, explain why asexual reproduction in
plants is of commercial importance. [4]
[Total: 10]
QUESTION 22
4 (a) Name the mineral ion required for the manufacture of the pigment in red blood QUESTION 31
cells. 4 Dry mass is the mass of all chemicals, excluding water, present in a structure or
.................................................................................................................................. [1] organism. Some seeds were placed in an incubator at 25 °C and left to germinate and
grow in the dark for 5 days.
Fig. 4.1 shows some red and white blood cells from a bird. (All cells are drawn to the Table 4.1 shows dry mass in samples of the resulting seedlings.
same magnification.)

(b) By reference to Fig. 4.1, complete Table 4.2 to show three differences between
the red blood cells of birds and mammals.
(a) (i) Water is needed for germination. State another condition necessary for
germination.
(ii) Name the food storage region in a seed.
(iii) Explain why the total mass of the food storage region together with the
radicle and plumule is always less than the mass of the whole seedling. .[1]
(b) Explain the changes in mass over the first five days of
(i) the food storage region, [2]
(ii) the radicle and plumule. [2]
(c) If the seedlings were exposed to light from day 2 to day 5, suggest and
explain what would happen to the dry masses of
(i) the food storage region,
(ii) radicle and plumule. [4]
Fig. 4.3 shows human blood cells in a type of blood vessel (B) passing between
[Total: 11]
body cells.
QUESTION 32
5 Fig. 5.1 shows the development of a zygote into a fetus.

Fig. 4.3
(c) (i) Name the type of blood vessel labelled B and give reasons for your answer.
type of blood vessel
reasons [3] (a) State whereabouts in the female reproductive system structure C would be found.[1]
(b) Name the type of cell division occurring in Fig. 5.1.[1]
(ii) Name the liquid leaving the blood vessel at C. .................................................. [1] (c) Describe what happens to structure D to enable it to continue to develop into a fetus.
[2]
(iii) Using information from Fig. 4.3, explain why blood is under higher pressure at
point D than at point E. [3]
QUESTION 30 QUESTION 23
3 Fig. 3.1 shows how a blocked blood vessel in the heart can be by-passed using an 5 Fig. 5.1 shows the sequence in which a farmer grows three crops on the same
artificial blood vessel. piece of land over a number of years.

Fig. 5.1
(a) (i) Name the blocked blood vessel. (a) Name a structure always present as part of a fruit that is never present in a seed.
........................................................................... [2 .................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Identify structures P and Q on Fig. 3.1.
P ...................................................................... (b) Complete Table 5.2 to show whether each crop is produced as a result of
asexual or sexual reproduction. In each case, explain your answer by stating how
Q ..................................................................... [2] each is formed.
(b) Sometimes, instead of an artificial blood vessel being used for the graft, a vein is
taken from elsewhere in the patient’s body.
Suggest two ways in which a vein might not be as suitable for carrying blood to the
heart muscle as the blood vessel in the heart before it became blocked. [2]

(c) Fig. 3.2 shows the same blood vessel, as in (a)(i) but this time the blockage is
being treated with the use of a ‘stent’.

Fig. 3.2
(i) Name two components of the material that is causing the blockage at R. [2]
(ii) Suggest and explain why patients are given ‘anti-platelet’ drugs before inserting
the stent. [2]
[Total: 10] [4]
(c) Explain the importance, other than crop production, of including the bean plant in
the sequence shown in Fig 5.1.4]
[Total: 9]
QUESTION 24
QUESTION 29
6 (a) State the functions of the following structures: 2 Fig. 2.1 shows a comparison of water vapour loss by a plant growing in damp soil
(i) the kidneys, and a plant growing in dry soil.
(ii) the urethra. [5]
(b) Describe how a kidney dialysis machine performs the functions of the
kidneys in a patient with kidney failure. [5]

QUESTION 25
7 (a) Describe the part played in reflex actions by
(i) sensory neurones,
(ii) motor neurones and
(iii) relay neurones. [6]
(b) Describe how a reflex action differs from a deliberate action. [4]

QUESTION 26
8 Either Describe how energy from the sun is trapped by plants and is eventually
used for a person to move their arm. [10]

QUESTION 27
8 Or Describe the large-scale manufacture of a named antibiotic.
State reasons for any procedures you mention. [10]

QUESTION 28

1 (a) Describe how the products of fat digestion enter a person’s blood. [4]

Fig. 1.1 shows apparatus at the start of an experiment to investigate the

digestion of an emulsion of fat droplets in water by enzyme A. Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) State the term for the loss of water vapour by a plant. [1]
(ii) State the time of day when the total water vapour loss from the two plants taken
together is the greatest.
(b) (i) Explain the rise in the rate of water vapour loss between 08:00 and 10:00 by
the plant in damp soil. [4]

(ii) Suggest why the rate of water vapour loss from the plant in dry soil decreased
during the same period of time. [2]

(c) Suggest why the temperature of the plant in dry soil may be higher at mid-day
than that of the plant in damp soil. [2]
[Total: 10]

Fig. 1.1
The pH indicator is green in a pH of 7, blue when the pH is above 7 and red when it
is below 7. The apparatus is kept at 40 °C for 20 minutes during which time the
indicator changes from green to red.
(b) (i) State the identity of enzyme A.
(ii) Explain why the apparatus was kept at 40 °C.
(c) Name the products of digestion of the emulsion by enzyme A. [2]

(d) Describe the processes which led to the change in pH..[3]

[Total: 11]