Part 1 of 3 - Construction Technology

COURSE INFORMATION
School/Faculty: Civil Engineering/Engineering Page: 1 of 5

Program name: Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)
Course code: SEAA 3123 Academic Session/Semester: 2021/2022/1
Course name: Construction Technology, Contract and Pre/co requisite (course name None
Estimating and code, if applicable):
Credit hours: 3
Course synopsis This course emphasizes on the principles of construction in building and civil engineering works,
which consists of site preparation and layout, earthwork activities, construction of various building
elements such as foundations, floors, walls, and roofs. It also covers other important aspects in
construction i.e., formworks and scaffoldings. General concepts on industrialized building systems
including precast, pre-stressed and modular coordination in construction are also introduced. The
syllabus covers an introduction to the development process and construction contracts, types of
tenders, tendering process and the preparation of tender documents, strategy in tendering,
introduction to the methods of estimating and the preparation of the Bills of Quantities and project
estimating. At the end of the course, the students should be able to describe and distinguish the
various building elements, techniques and systems used in a construction and also to be able to
understand about contract and tendering process in construction as well as to estimate the cost of
the building elements. The students should also be able to demonstrate capability of working in a
team and some acquirement of contemporary knowledge.
Course Dr. Khairulzan b. Yahya
coordinator (if
applicable)
Course lecturer(s) Name Office Contact no. E-mail

1. Dr. Khairulzan Yahya M50-03-25 0197782760 khairulzan@utm.my
2. Dr. Eeydzah Aminudin M50-02-26 0177138111 eeydzah@utm.my
3. Ts. Baharin Mesir M46-316 0197785129 baharinmesir@utm.my
4. Ts Dr. Faridahanim Ahmad M46-343 0133509004 faridahanim@utm.my
5. Dr. Shaiful Amri Mansur M46-315 0137598509 shaifulamri@utm.my
6. Dr. Ain Naadia Mazlan C09-213 0134021004 ainnaadia@utm.my
7. Dr. Nur Izieadiana Abidin M50-02-09 0126273018 izieadiana@utm.my
8. Dr. Nadirah Darus M46-335 0139708427 nadirahdarus@utm.my
Prepared by: Certified by:
Name: Dr. Khairulzan Yahya Name: Mr. Abdul Rahim Abdul Hamid
Signature: Signature:
Date: 14/10/2021 Date: 14/10/2021

UTM CIDU.CI.V3.2020

Credit hours: 3
Mapping of the Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) to the Programme Learning Outcomes (PLO), Teaching & Learning (T&L)
methods and Assessment methods:
PLO **Taxonomies T&L methods ****Assessment

No. CLO* (Code) and methods
***generic skills
CLO1 Understand and explain the principle PLO7 C2 Lecture, active Asg, F, Pr
of sustainability and role of engineers (GCS) learning
on sustainable construction
CLO2 Describe and illustrate construction PLO1 C2 Project-based Asg, F, Pr
tools and techniques used in building (KW) learning, lecture,
and civil engineering works. active learning
Distinguish building elements and
effectively explain various types of
building elements, construction
techniques and plants used in
building and civil engineering works.
CLO3 Explain different types of tenders, PLO6 C2 Lecture, active Asg, T, & F
procurement methods, PWD (AD) learning
standard form of contract
CLO4 Estimate the cost of building and PLO2 C3 Project-based T, PR & F

prepare the bills of quantities of (THPA) learning, lecture,
building elements and civil active learning
engineering works through group
work activities and apply the
Standard Method of Measurement
for building works
This is the basic mapping required for the CI. Any added information is allowed (extra columns for weight or other
elements) provided this is made consistent for all CI at program/school/faculty level.
*Up to 5 CLO
Refer **Taxonomies of Learning and ***UTM’s Graduate Attributes for UG and Generic Skills for PG, where applicable
for measurement of outcomes achievement
****T – Test; Q – Quiz; HW – Homework; Asg – Assignment; PR – Project; Pr – Presentation; F – Final Exam etc.
Details on Innovative T&L practices:

No. Type Implementation
1. Active learning Conducted through in-class activities
2. Project-based learning Conducted through designated assignments and project to students in a group of
4 that require solutions involving the construction technologies and estimating.
Students are required to submit all the assignments and project in the form of
written reports.
UTM CIDU.CI.V3.2020

Credit hours: 3
Weekly Schedule:
Week 1 Introduction to Construction Industry and Sustainable Construction
Industrialised Building System
Week 2 Site layout – introduction and the importance of site layout
Information and preparation processes – entrance access, temporary road and parking
Temporary buildings, storage area, hoarding and preliminary works
Week 3 Introduction to construction plants and machineries
Earthwork – earthwork activities and types of plants and machineries
Week 4 Introduction to foundations
Shallow and deep foundations
Week 5 Temporary structures: Formwork and scaffolding.
Week 6 Building elements: floors, walls, roof, and ceiling
Week 7 External works: roads, paving, drainage, and turf
Assignment/Project Presentation
Week 8 Mid-Semester Break
Week 9 Introduction to contract
Contracting process.
Introduction to tender
Week 10 Type of tenders: Pre- qualification, open tender, selective /restricted tender, negotiation Tender
Tendering process and procedures
Strategy in tendering
Week 11 Contractor evaluation and selection
Estimating process
Introduction to estimating methods
Week 12 Contractor evaluation and selection
Contract administration
Types of construction contract
Week 13 Build-up rates: Introduction
Build-up rates: plants
Build-up rates: excavation
Week 14 Build-up rates: concrete
Introduction to building measurements
TEST 1
Week 15 Measurements of quantities for excavation
Measurements of quantities for concrete
Measurements of quantities for reinforcement
Transferable skills (generic skills learned in course of study which can be useful and utilised in other settings):
Team working
Written communication
UTM CIDU.CI.V3.2020

Credit hours: 3
Student learning time (SLT) details:

Distribution Teaching and Learning Activities
of student TOTAL
Learning SLT
Time (SLT) Guided Learning Guided Learning Independent Learning
Course (Face to Face) Non-Face to Face Non-Face to face
content
outline
CLO L T P O
CLO 1 15h 5h 19h
CLO 2 4h 16h 5h 24h
CLO 3 12h 16h 5h 32h
CLO 4 8h 24h 5h 36h
Total SLT 39h 56h 20h 115h
Continuous Assessment PLO (Code) Percentage Total SLT

1 Assignment 1 PLO1 10 As in CLO1,
(KW) CLO2
2 Presentation PLO7 5 1h 30m
(GSC)
3 Assignment 2 PLO6 10 As in CLO3
(AD)
4 Project PLO2 10 As in CLO4
(THPA)
5 Test 1 PLO6 (AD) 15 1h
PLO2 (THPA)
Final Assessment Percentage Total SLT
1 Final Examination PLO1 (KW) 50 2h 30m
PLO7 (GSC)
PLO6 (AD)
PLO2 (THPA)
Grand Total 100 120h
L: Lecture, T: Tutorial, P: Practical, O: Others
Special requirement to deliver the course (e.g: software, nursery, computer lab, simulation room):
None
Learning resources:
Text book (if applicable)
UTM CIDU.CI.V3.2020

Credit hours: 3
None
Main references
Chudley, R., Construction Technology, 5th Edition. Pearson, 2011.
Chudley, R., Advanced Construction Technology, 5th Edition 2002. Pearson, 2012
Ahamad Abdullah, Anggaran Kos Kerja Bangunan, Edisi Kedua. Pearson Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.,2006.
Alan Ashworth, Contractual Procedures in Construction Industry, 6th Edition, 2013
Additional references
Nunnally, S.W., Construction Method and Management, 8th Ed. Pearson Education, 2013
Peurifoy, R.L. and Schexnayder, C.J., Construction Planning, Equipment, and Methods. 8th Ed. McGraw Hill Education,
2010.
Brian Greenhalgh, Introduction to Construction Contract Management, 2017
Mastura Jaafar, Elementry Estimating for Building Works, Penerbit USM, 2013
Geddes, Spence, Estimating for Building and Civil Engineering, 9th Edition, Spon Press, 2013
Pratt, David. Fundamentals of Construction Estimating, Englewood, DELMAR CENGAGE Learning, 2010
Online
http://elearning.utm.my
Academic honesty and plagiarism: (Below is just a sample)

Assignments are individual tasks and NOT group activities (UNLESS EXPLICITLY INDICATED AS GROUP ACTIVITIES)
Copying of work (texts, simulation results etc.) from other students/groups or from other sources is not allowed.
Brief quotations are allowed and then only if indicated as such. Existing texts should be reformulated with your own
words used to explain what you have read. It is not acceptable to retype existing texts and just acknowledge the
source as a reference. Be warned: students who submit copied work will obtain a mark of zero for the assignment
and disciplinary steps may be taken by the Faculty. It is also unacceptable to do somebody else’s work, to lend your
work to them or to make your work available to them to copy.
Other additional information (Course policy, any specific instruction etc.):

-
Disclaimer:
All teaching and learning materials associated with this course are for personal use only. The materials are intended
for educational purposes only. Reproduction of the materials in any form for any purposes other than what it is
intended for is prohibited.
While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information supplied herein, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.
UTM CIDU.CI.V3.2020
WELCOME TO SEAA 3123
Construction Technology, Estimating and Contract

Lecture Plans
• Introduction to Construction Industry and Sustainable Construction
• Industrialised Building System
• Site layout – introduction and the importance of site layout, Information and preparation
17 Oktober 2021 Sunday 8.30 a.m - 4.00 p.m processes – entrance access, temporary road and parking, Temporary buildings, storage area,
hoarding and preliminary works
• Introduction to construction plants and machineries
• Assignment instruction [6 + 6 + 8]
• Earthwork – earthwork activities and types of plants and machineries
• Introduction to foundations - shallow and deep foundations
• Temporary structures - formwork and scaffolding.
30 Oktober 2021 Saturday 2.00 p.m – 10.00 p.m
• Building elements - floors, walls, roof, and ceiling
• External works - roads, paving, drainage, and turf
• Project instruction [10]
• Introduction to contract - contracting process
• Introduction to tender - type of tenders: Pre- qualification, open tender, selective /restricted
tender, negotiation tender
14 November 2021
8.30 a.m - 4.00 p.m• Tendering process and procedures
Sunday
• Strategy in tendering
• Contractor evaluation and selection
• Assignment Presentation and submission [2.5 + 2.5]
• Contractor evaluation and selection
• Contract administration - types of construction contract
4 Disember 2021 Saturday 2.00 p.m – 10.00 p.m
• Test [10]
• Project Submission
Hello! My name is Ain Naadia Mazlan, you can call me Dr
Naadia. I am a senior lecturer in construction management
and my research focus are
• value engineering,
• life cycle and
• human comfort level
Please contact me My email:

from 7.00 am – 7.00 p.m ainnaadia@utm.my
Please don’t contact me Or you can call and

from 7.00 p.m to 7.00 a.m WhatsApp at:
013 402 1004
Construction Estimating
Technology
- Build-up rates:
- Sustainable - Contracting - Contract
- IBS plants, excavation,
development process administration
- Site concrete - Introduction
- Types of to building
- Plant and - Temporary layout
contract measurements
machineries structure - Tendering - Types of
process tender - Measurements of quantities
- Building - Building - Strategy in
for excavation, concrete,
foundation element tendering
reinforcement
Contract
and
tendering
ASSESMENT
Overview of Construction Industry
Dr. Ain Naadia Mazlan

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SUB TOPICS IN OVERVIEW OF
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Definition: construction and project

Classification and categories
Characteristic and current scenario
Contribution
Stakeholders
Authorities involved
Law and legalities
Relevant process
DEFINITION
CONSTRUCTION
The art and science to form objects, systems, or
organizations
PROJECT
“ A series of activities with a specific purpose, a starting point
and a clear end point to effectively achieve a set of objectives
by using the limited resources provided “
(Punmia P.C. & Khandelwal K.K, 1989)
Construction
General
Classification •building
•Industrial/commercial
•infrastructure
Specialized
•Electrical work
•Air conditioning
•Plumbing
•Fire resistance
• Installation and maintenance
<a href='https://www.freepik.com/vectors/background'>Background vector created by brgfx -

www.freepik.com</a>
New Construction
Maintenance
Renovation
CATEGORIES
Demolition Rehabilitation
Petroleum & Gas
Industrial
Power
Transportation
Construction
Water Supply
Project
Category Infrastructure
Maritime & Environment
Structure
Geotechnical
Building Services
Facilities & Maintenance

Petroleum and Gas
Industrial
Power
Transportation
Water
Infrastructure
Maritime
Structure
Geotechnique
Building Services
Facilities and Maintenance
Building
Civil Engineering Works
CONSTRUCTION COMPONENT
Raw material
Plant &
Human Machineries
Resources
Component
Technology &
Technique Financial
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Environment
Site condition Design Physical
Law
Land
contour
Available
Physical Land size
facilities
Land shape Building

function
Environment
Law
Local Authority
Requirements (Local
Council)
Building
orientation Environment Building rule
Nearby land/building
Environment
Law
Law
• Legislation:
 Uniform Building By Laws 1984
 Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974
• Must comply with legal (Act 133)
requirements set by  The Federal Roads Act 1959;
the government  The Quantity Surveyors Act;

 The Registration of Engineers Act;
• Taking into account the  The Architects Act;
requirements and  The Malaysian Highway Authority Act;
regulations of the  The Construction Industry

Development Board Act;
agencies involved such  The Federal Roads Act 1984 ( private
as the Fire Department, management);
Local Council, IWK,  The Road Transport Act; and

 The Town Planners Act 1995
TNB and Telekom
Environment
Law
• The designer needs to
conduct a site visit to Site condition
see the physical
condition of the site. • Site consideration include
• Space
• Altitude
• Need to take into • Latitude and longitude positions
account the size of the • Soil Content
site, the condition of • Water content
adjacent buildings and • Nearby structures
the access road to the • Price
construction site. • Entrance

• Weather condition
• Wind
Characteristic and current scenario
CHARACTERISTIC OF CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
• Multi discipline, temporary organization
• Multiple industry regulations and laws
• Unique, transient and complex
• Many SME involved
• Disorganized organization
• Static project location
• Communication status
CHARACTERISTIC OF CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
• Inaccurate data
• Intensive labor force
• Fluctuations in production
• High product cost
• Products depend on demand
• Various technologies
LACK OF CO-ORDINATIONS
CONFLICT OF
INFORMATION !!
CURRENT SCENARIO OF CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
• Damage
• Low construction quality
• High cost
• Project delay
• Demand exceeds supply for building materials
• Shortage of local skilled manpower
• No comprehensive information regarding the

construction industry
Construction Industry & National Economy
The value of construction work
done in the second quarter 2021
grew 42.6 per cent (Q1 2021: -
10.5%) year-on-year basis,
amounting to RM28.2 billion
(Q1 2021: RM31.4 billion).
The Special trades activities

subsector registered a growth
at 75.0 per cent in the second
quarter 2021 as compared to the
same quarter last year.
Meanwhile, the other three

subsectors, namely Civil
engineering, Non-residential
buildings and Residential
buildings showed a growth
of 59.5 per cent, 37.0 per
cent and 18.0 per
cent respectively, as compared
with the same quarter 2020.”
Value of construction work done was dominated by Civil engineering
subsector since fourth quarter 2015 with 40.7 per cent share. Followed by
Non-residential buildings (28.2%), Residential buildings (22.6%) and
Special trades activities (8.6%).
The private sector continued to impel the construction activity with 53.7
per cent share or RM15.2 billion of the total value of construction work
done, as compared to the public sector with 46.3 per cent share (RM13.1
billion).
For the first half 2021, the value of construction work done
recorded RM59.6 billion, with a 8.7 per cent growth as compared to
same period last year.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
• The most important sector that is closely linked to other sectors

through fixed capital formation activities that form the basis of
production, income and employment opportunities
• Accelerate the growth of other industries such as cement

production, brick making, quarrying, timber processing and the
building steel industry.
• Supporting industries or services that depend on other industries

Stakeholders
INVOLVED PARTIES IN CONSTRUCTION?
OWNER/CLIENT
FUNDER/ BANK CONSULTANT
ENGINEER
SURVEYOR STAKEHOLDERS
CONTRACTOR
AUTHORITY
LABOUR FORCE
SUPPLIER
Construction Project Implementation Process
Construction Phase
Conceptual
Operation/ Activity Design

Maintenance
Construction
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
Occupation/
Maintenance
Post Contract
Construction
Tender
Pre Contract
Design
Each stage has a pre defined

Conceptual output.
Project Time
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
Project Conceptual Detail Construction Construction Operation
Feasibility Program
Phase Design Design Planning
Sketches
Data Specifi- Estimate As-Built
Output Report Drawings Drawings
cations Schedule Drawings
& Input
The Principle of Engineering
for Sustainable Development
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How do we go from here…
…to somewhere here?
Cost of pollution
What is Sustainability…?
"Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs".
(Gro Harlem Brundtland,1987)
It contains within it two key concepts:

• the concept of 'needs', in particular the
essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and
• the idea of limitations imposed by the state of
technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and
future needs."
Engineers and
Sustainable Development
• Engineers can help achieve sustainable development

by providing sustainable technological solutions
• However, the challenge of sustainable development

transcends traditional engineering approaches and
skills and requires a multidisciplinary approach
• Collaboration between engineers and other disciplines

is essential for providing sustainable solutions
Modern or ‘composite’ engineer:
Set of skills for engineering sustainability
Engineering for sustainable development:
The three dimensions
The challenge
• Translating the theory of sustainable

development into engineering practice
• Integrating technical, economic, environmental
and social considerations – sustainability
thinking
The scope of the challenge
Systems approach: Life cycle thinking
Addressing sustainability challenges:
Examples
• Measuring sustainability
• Designing for sustainability
• Optimising for sustainability
Conclusions
• The sustainability challenge is enormous

• Providing technological solutions is an
important part of achieving sustainable
development
• This requires integration of technical,
economic, environmental and social criteria
• The life cycle approach is essential
• Focusing on a limited number of sustainability
issues can lead to unsustainable decisions
Conclusions continue…
• To achieve sustainability, engineers will need

to combine ‘hard’ science with ‘soft’ human
values
• Therefore, multidisciplinary approach is
essential
• However, for this to happen, engineering
education and curriculum must change to
enable engineering sustainability
Industrialised Building
System
(IBS)
1
Definition
• The Industrialised Building Systems (IBS)
is a construction process that utilises
techniques, products, components, or
building systems which involve
prefabricated components and on-site
installation.
2
Introduction
o Industrialised building system (IBS) is a

construction system that is built using pre-
fabricated components.
o The manufacturing of the components is
systematically done using machine, formworks
and other forms of mechanical equipment.
o The components are manufactured off-site and
once completed will be delivered to construction
sites for assembly and erection.
Introduction
• All building components such as wall, floor slab,
beam, column and staircases are mass produced
either in factory or at site under strict quality
control and minimal on site activities
• Mechanisaton of the building processes
• Eg of completed building in Malaysia HUKM,
university Hospital, Selayang Hospital, Kuala
Lumpur Tower< IKEA Damansara
4
In Malaysia, Construction Industry Development
Board (CIDB) has classified the IBS system into 5
categories as follows:
o Precast concrete framed buildings

o Precast concrete wall buildings
o Reinforced concrete buildings with precast
concrete slab
o Steel formwork system
o Steel framed buildings.
Precast concrete framed buildings
Precast concrete wall building
Steel framed buildings
Structural Category of IBS
Based on CIDB:
Group 1: Pre-cast Concrete Framing,
Panel and Box Systems
 Includes precast concrete columns,
beams, slabs, walls
 3 D components eg balconies, staircases,
toilets, lift chambers, refuse chambers
 Lightweight precast concrete and
permanent concrete formworks
9
Group 1
Balcony
Beams
10
Pre- cast
Concrete
Components
11
Group 2: Steel Formwork Systems
 eg tunnel forms, tilt-up system

 beams/columns moulding and
 permanent formworks
12
Group 2
Tilt-up system
13
Group 3: Steel Framing Systems
 Steel framing system eg steel trusses,

columns, beams and portal frame system
14
Group 4: Prefabricated Timber
Framing Systems
 Prefabricated timber framing systems

consists of prefabricated timber
trusses, beams and columns
15
Group 5: Block Work Systems
 Blockwork system includes interlocking

concrete masonry unit (CMU)
 Lightweight concrete blocks
16
Pre-cast Concrete
 Concrete cast into
desired shapes prior
to placement in a
structure
17
Pre-cast Concrete
18
Prestressed Concrete
19
Erection
 The assembly of parts put together in different
ways to form the total building fabric
 The parts meet at joints or connections
 Joint refers to the space between components
whether or not they are in contact
20
Frame Joints
21
Precast Frame Joints
22
Advantages of Pre-cast concrete
system (1)
 High level mechanisation thus precision
 No delay due to bad weather and manpower
 Application of modular design in standardising
dimensions
 Work done concurrently at factory and at site thus
speed up construction
 Low site workers requirement due to simplified
construction methods
 Quality controlled and highly aesthetic end products
 Reduction of construction materials at sites
 Save costs
23
Advantages of Pre-cast concrete
system (2)
 Reduction / elimination of conventional timber

formworks
 Reduction / elimination of props
 Reduction of construction wastes
 Cleaner sites
 safer construction sites
 Faster completion of construction projects
 Cheaper total construction costs made possible
due to all of the above
24
Modular Coordination (MC)
 Is a concept of coordination of dimensions

and space in which building and
components are dimensioned and
positioned in terms of basic units or
modules known as 1M = 100mm
 MS 1064: 2001 – Malaysian Standard for
modular coordination
25
Why MC
 Provide a coherent method for coordinating the
position and dimension of components in the
planning and design of buildings
 Improve productivity in building industry. MC
facilitate achievement of industrilisation
 Provide guide to component sizes thus reduce
work on site eg trimming and shaping hence
reduce wastage and labour
 Standardisation simplify site operation by
rationalising setting out, positioning and
assembly of building components
26
Examples: IBS
 The construction of Police Station in
Senawang Negeri Sembilan:
Comprises of 1 unit of Police Station Office
Block, 4 units of Class F Quarters and 2
Units of Class G Quarters and the External
works
27
THE CONSTRUCTION OF QUARTERS G
 The Block comprises of 5 Storey Building
as shown in the picture
QUARTERS G
28
NUMBERS OF PANELS USED
Precast Wall Precast Slab
Level Block Block Block Block G2
G1 G2 G1
1 91 91 0 0
2 94 94 102 102
3 94 94 102 102
4 94 94 102 102
Upper 1 1 0 0
Roof
468 468 408 408 29
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS USING PRECAST PANELS
PILING
PILE CAP
cast insitu
STUMP cast insitu
GROUND BEAM cast insitu
FLOOR SLAB
cast insitu
COLUMN
INSTALLATION OF CONCRETE WALL PANEL

precast PROCESS REPEATED FOR
SUCCESIVE FLOOR
INSTALLATION OF FLOOR SLAB CONCRETE PANEL

precast
cast insitu CONCRETE TOPPING ON FLOOR SLAB 30

PILING WORK FOR FOUNDATION
31
PREPARATION OF PILE CAP (CAST INSITU)
32
PREPARATION OF COLUMN STUMP (CAST INSITU)
33
34
35
INSTALLATION OF ‘300 MM x 25 MM DIA.- DOWEL BAR’ AT GROUND BEAM
36
CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND BEAM (CAST INSITU)
Dowel
Bar
37
‘MOULD’ FOR THE PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL WAS FABRICATED IN
THE FACTORY ACCORDING TO THE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
INCLUDING REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
38
‘MOULD’ FOR THE PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL
39
CASTING PROCESS IN A FACTORY
40
41
42
WORK ON CASTING IN PROGRESS IN A FACTORY
43
COMPLETED WALL PANELS
44
PANELS TO BE TRANSPORTED TO CONSTRUCTION SITES
45
THE USE OF FULL TIME CRANE FOR THE HOISTING AND INSTALLATION OF PANELS
46
47
CAST IN SITU COLUMNS READY FOR PANEL INSTALLATION
COLUMNS ARE READY FOR THE INSTALLATION OF SUCCESSIVE PANELS
48
ONE CRANE AND 5 SKILLED WORKERS WERE USED FOR THE INSTALLATION
OF THE PRECAST CONCRETE PANELS
49
WORKS ON INSTALLATION OF WALL PANELS USING A CRANE
50
Installation of Precast Panels
DOWEL BARS WERE SLOT TO THE HOLE SLOT UNDERNEATH THE PANEL FOR CONNECTION
51
PANELS WERE HOIST THROUGH PROPER HOOKS AND FIXED
THROUGH THE PANEL CONNECTION SLOTS 52
TEMPORARY SUPPORT WRE USED IN WALL INSTALLATION FOR
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
53
THE USE OF PANEL-SUPPORT IS TO ENSURE THE VERTICALITY IN POSITIONING OF PANELS
54
55
CONCRETE JOINTS BETWEEN COLUMN AND WALL PANELS
CONCRETING OF THE JOINTS USING CONCRETE CHIPPING OF

GRADE 25
56
CROSS-SECTION OF PANEL JOINT DETAIL
57
GROUTING OF THE JOINTS BETWEEN WALL AND COLUMN
58
59
COMPLETED COLUMN/PANEL JOINT
GROUTING IN PROGRESS USING GROUTING
MATERIAL‘EMCRETE S’ 60
INSTALLATION OF PRECAST FLOOR SLAB PANEL
61
FLOOR SLAB PANELS FIXED TO POSITION
62
PREPARATION OF FLOOR SLAB CONCRETE TOPPING
(CAST INSITU)
ELECTRICAL CONDUITS AND RETICULATION PIPES ARE

INSTALLED AND FIXED INTO POSITION BEFORE CONCRETE
TOPPING WERE CARRIED OUT
63
COMPLETED FLOOR SLAB
64
ROOF TRUSS OF QUARTERS G
65
FINISHING AND FINAL TOUCH- UP
PAINTINGS
66
QUARTERS G NEARLY COMPLETION
67
INTERNAL VIEW OF QUARTERS G
LOUNGE
DINING
KITCHEN
68
OTHER EXAMPLE OF PRECAST
CONCRETE PANELS CONSTRUCTION
 Construction of Quarters in Audit Academy

in Negeri Sembilan
 More Types of Precast Panels were used

in the construction
69
Components delivered for this project
are as below:
Hollow Core Slab 1927.0 m2
Precast Plank 291.0 m2
Precast Balcony 16 nos.
Precast Beam 136 nos.
Precast Column 63 nos.
Precast Staircase 12 nos.

(Flight & Landing Elements)
Precast Parapet & Load 200 nos.
Bearing Walls 70
SOME COMPLETED PROJECT PHOTOS USING
PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE
71
SOME COMPLETED PROJECT PHOTOS USING
PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURE
Velodrome, Nilai
72
SOME COMPLETED PROJECT PHOTOS USING PRECAST
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
73
74
Issues And Challenges in the
Implementation of
Industrialised Building Systems
in Malaysia
• The IBS systems as mentioned
previously are not new in Malaysia. For
example, precast wall system has been
adopted in Malaysia as early as in the
late 60s.
• Even though the IBS

systems have been in
existence for a long
time but there are
still many unresolved
issues.
Issues in IBS
1. IBS as mass
construction method
• misinterpreted with negative

meaning as it is always
linked with industrialized
buildings that were built in
1960s.
• low quality buildings
• unpleasant architectural
appearances
2. Lack of involvement
from small contractors
• reluctant to adopt IBS system

and prefer to continue using the
conventional method of
construction.
• not willing to adopt mechanized
based construction system.
3. Lack of knowledge
and exposure to IBS
technology
• Lack of knowledge in
structural analysis and
design of pre-fabricated
components.
• Poor connection system.
• Steel framed buildings that
are designed to imitate the
conventional reinforced
concrete structural system
results in serviceability
problems.
Successful Implementation of IBS
Projects
• With the advanced knowledge
in computer aided design, IBS
buildings can be designed and
visualised analytically prior to
the actual construction.
• In relation to the advancement

in computer-aided design, IBS
buildings built in Malaysia in the
1990s have shown significant
improvement in terms
structural performance and
architectural aspects.
Challenges in the IBS
construction industry
1. Designing a Feasible
IBS System
• IBS system if properly

designed can deliver a more
efficient construction process.
• the challenge is to provide a
feasible and innovative IBS
system that is acceptable to
those involved with
construction as well as the
users.
• In order to achieve a
feasible IBS system, the
aspect of standardization
should be incorporated in
designing the system.
• The standardisation can

include the use of
standard connections,
standard beam and
column sizes.
• By implementing
standardization, many
errors in production or
erection due to
variability can be
reduced.
• Standardisation may
lead to improvement in
quality, decrease
variability and increase
the ease of
manufacturing.
2. Investment on Heavy
Equipment for
Mechanized Construction
System
• The successful IBS construction

system has some degree of
dependency to heavy and special
equipment such as cranes. The
high initial cost in setting up the
manufacturing plant as well as the
cost of transportation has reduced
the margin of profit.
3. Awareness
• In order for IBS system

to be understood and
used widely, the
challenge is to create
mechanism of awareness.
• The awareness
campaigns may include
seminars and short
courses.
4. Knowledge
• Specialized and additional
engineering knowledge will be
required to design, manufacture
and construct a good IBS
system.
• All parties involved from

designers to erectors must have
enough knowledge about the
pre-fabricated component based
construction.
Conclusions
 IBS features potential construction system for the
future with emphasis on quality, higher productivity
and less labour intensive.
 IBS provides the opportunity for the players in the

construction industry to project a new image of the
industry to be at par with other manufacturing-based
industry such as the car and electronic industries.
Past Year Questions
Part 1: Construction Technology

Define and elaborate the phrase of “Sustainable 2
1
Development”. marks
State four types of challenges in attaining ‘Sustainable 8
2
Development’ marks
Based on construction activities at any construction
10
3 phase, discuss five environmental impacts that may occur
marks
during the life cycle of construction.
The cost of building green as proposed in sustainable
approach might be higher than conventional. Explain the 7
4
role of Civil Engineer in order to promote sustainable marks
construction despite the higher cost?
Define and elaborate the phrase of “Sustainable 2
Development”. marks
Answer:
Definition: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of
the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs
(1 mark)
Elaboration: Sustainable development is the need for balancing and managing

the trade-offs between the three elements namely social, economic and
environmental progress. In other words, balancing people’s economic and social
needs with the preservation and enhancement of natural resources and
ecosystems
(1 mark)
State four types of challenges in attaining ‘Sustainable 8
Development’ marks
Answer
Brief explanation any 4 of the following challenges:
Cost & Profits

Processes
Materials
Products
Stakeholders
Supply Chain
Legislation
Environmental impacts
Based on construction activities at any construction
10
phase, discuss five environmental impacts that may occur
marks
during the life cycle of construction.
Answer:
Short explanation on any 5 of the impacts in the following on construction
activities at any construction phase
Materials
Energy
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Waste
Resource depletion
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Acidification
Biodiversity toxicity
The cost of building green as proposed in sustainable
approach might be higher than conventional. Explain the 7
role of Civil Engineer in order to promote sustainable marks
construction despite the higher cost?
Answer:
Definition: “Sustainable construction is a practice of creating structures and using
processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient”
(1 mark)
Elaboration: “High cost of building green may attribute to high initial cost for construction
which can be economically unattractive to contractor. However, building green is
important because currently, we have a very limited non-renewable resources” (2 marks)
#1 Example: “As civil engineer, cost management for building green must be planned
thoroughly, a good cost distribution can minimize the size of a building’s mechanical
systems, which saves money in the short and long terms” (2 marks)
#2 Example: “More sustainable way of construction such as using recycled building

material and recycling the project’s construction waste can also help in building green” (2
marks)
SEAA 3123
SITE LAYOUT & TEMPORARY BUILDINGS

REFLECTION
OVERVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
Definition (construction and project) Definition
Construction types (new, renovation, Composite engineer (chemistry,
maintenance etc) mathematic, environmental science,
ethic etc)
Construction component (material,
human resources, technology etc) Sustainable development component
(environment, economy, society)
Construction consideration (design,
physical, environmentl) Challenge of sustainable development
(cost & profit, process, product,
Stakeholder (engineer, local authority, environmental impact etc)
owner, government agency)
Phase (concept, design, construction,
operation etc)
Life cycle (concept, design, tender etc)
Contents
•Introduction
•Definition
•Knowledge of the site
•Planning Site Layouts
•Conclusion
•Problem Based Learning
–Proposed Site Layout
Introduction
• The construction of a building can be considered as
production with temporary ‘factory’
• The building site being the ‘factory’ in which the building
contractor will make the product
• The building site have to be carefully controlled so that:
– The operatives have the right machines in the most advantageous
position
– The materials stored so that they are readily available and not
interfering with general site circulation
– Adequate storage space for construction materials
– Site accommodation and facilities for staff
Definition
What is Site Layout?
Site Layout can be defined as:
Site Space Allocation for
• material storage
• working areas
• units of accommodation
• plant positions
• general circulation areas
• Access and egress for deliveries and emergency
services
Knowledge of the site
• It is important to acquire the knowledge of the
site before setting out the site layout.
• The knowledge about the site can be obtained
from:
• Contract document
• Site investigation
• Information from local authority
Knowledge from contract document:
• Plant schedule
– This can be prepared in the form of a bar chart and method statements
showing requirements and utilization which will help in deciding
equipment and space for plant accommodation will be needed on site
• Material Schedule
– Basic data can be obtained from the bill of quantities. The contractor can
predict the delivery periods and the amount of site space and/or
accommodation required.
• Labour summary
– Basic data obtained from the bill of quantities and pre-tender bar chart
programme to establish number of subcontract trades required. Also the
quantity and type of site personnel accommodation required.
Knowledge from site investigation:
• Access to site
– On and off-site access, road and rail facilities, distances involved
and bridge weight or height limitations on approach routes.
• Staff
− Travel distances, availability of local trade contractors, specialist
contractors, local rates of pay and facilities to be provided e.g.
site accommodation, catering, health and safety equipment.
• Temporary Services
– Available power and water supplies together with rates of
payment or services already on site, diversion required and the
time element involved in carrying out any necessary diversion
together with cost implications.
Knowledge from site investigation (Cont.):
• Security
– Local vandalism and pilfering record, security contractors
facilities, need for night security, fencing hoarding requirements
to prevent trespass and to protect people in the vicinity.
• Site clearance and demolition
– neighbouring properties, preservation orders, trees, demolition
problems and special insurance considerations.
• Ground composition
– General site conditions such as nature of soil, height of water
table, flooding risks, tidal waters
Knowledge from local authority (planning, highways,
building departments)
◦ Permission to develop
◦ To ascertain the viability of the proposal
◦ Access roads and facilities are adequate
◦ Proposed alteration and improvement are acceptable
◦ Follow outline approval
◦ Detail planning application is necessary
Site Work and setting out
Task of preparing for and setting out the building can
be grouped under three headings
◦ Clearing the site
◦ May involve demolition of existing building, grubbing out bushes and
trees, removal of soil
◦ Setting out the building

◦ Setting out a baseline from which the whole of the building can be set
out, position must be marked on site clearly
◦ Establishment of a datum level

◦ All levels in building should be taken from a fixed point (datum). The
measurement should related to an ordnance benchmark.
Planning site layouts
When planning site layouts the following must be
taken into account:
• Site Activities
• Efficiency
• Facilities & Accommodation
Planning Site Layouts
Site Activities
• The time needed for carrying out the principal activities can be estimated
i. the data obtained previously for preparing the material
e.g. rate of placing concrete will be determined by the output of the mixer
ii. labour requirements
e.g. speed of transporting the mix to the appropriate positions.
• Alternatives which can be considered are:
– More than one mixer, regulated supply of ready mix concrete or on large
contracts, pumping the concrete to the placing position
• All alternatives methods for any activity will give different requirements for
staff numbers, material storage, access facilities and possibly plant types and
numbers
Efficiency
• To achieve maximum efficiency the site layout must aim at
maintaining the desired output of the planned activities. This
will depend largely upon the following factors:
• Avoidance, as far as practicable of double handling materials
• Walking distance are kept to a minimum to reduce the non productive
time spent in covering the distance between working, rest and storage
areas
Efficiency (Cont…)
• Avoidance of loss by the elements
– provide adequate protection for unfixed material on site, thereby
preventing time loss and cost of replacing damage materials
– Proper store keeping arrangements to ensure that the materials are of
the correct type, in the correct quantity and are available when
required
Efficiency (Cont…)
◦ Avoidance of loss by theft and vandalism
– provide security arrangements by having adequate hoardings and
fences.
◦ Avoidance of loss due to pilfering by site staff
– provide adequate system of stores’ requisition and material checking
procedures
◦ Minimising on-site traffic congestion
– plan delivery arrivals,
– provide adequate parking facilities for staff cars and mobile machinery
when not in use,
– provide sufficient turning circle room for the type of delivery vehicles
likely to enter site
Facilities & Accommodation
The main contractor is obliged to provide a safe, healthy
place of work and safe system of work, plant and equipment
which are not a risk to health:
• A safe place of work
• Safe access and egress from place of work
• Safe system of work
• Safe items of plant and equipment
• Suitable and adequate training, supervision and instruction in the use
of equipment
• Suitable and appropriate PPE
• Material and substances which are safe to use
Facilities & Accommodation
Apart from legislative necessities, the main area of concern will
be sizing, equipping and assigned a location to the various units
of accommodations such as:
• Mess Hut
• Toilets
• First aid rooms
• Offices – Contractor’s supervisory staff, Clerk of work, Reception of
material or security
• Lock up store
• Storage compound for major materials
• Timber store and formwork fabrication area
• Reinforcement store and fabrication area
• Scaffold store
Facilities & Accommodation (Cont…)
• Car parking areas

• Plant and machineries area i.e. Tower crane, concrete deliveries, sand
and cement storage, and site mixer
• Fencing or hoarding
• Services
• Site Identification
See attachment for description of several selected facilities
Facilities & Accommodation (Cont…)
Conclusion
• The planning of a site layout in practice will depend

upon a number of factors such as the time and
money
• The need for careful site layout and site organization

planning becomes more relevant as the size and
complexity of the operation increases, and
especially where spare site space is very limited.
Problem Based Learning
Based on the site drawing given, prepare proper location
for each component
• Main gate •Site Office

• Hoarding Fencing •Access Road/ Traffic in Site
• Uncovered Storage Area •Tower Crane
• Covered Storage Area •Workers Mess / Rumah Kongsi
•Sign Board
• Car Park
•Guard House
CONSTRUCTION
PLANTS AND
MACHINERIES
WHY USE PLANTS AND
MACHINERIES?
• Increase rate of output

• Reduce overall building costs for large contracts
• Carry out activities which cannot be done
manually or to do them more economically
• Eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue
and increase productivity of manual workers.
WHY USE PLANTS AND
MACHINERIES?
• Maintain a planned rate of production

where there is a shortage of skilled or
unskilled labour
• Maintain the high standards often
required by present-day design and
specifications.
Manual rodding, sometimes the Popoff Inc. workers use a
only way to get the job done, self-propelled laser screed,
takes a lot of time and requires requiring minimal pushing
awkward postures and and pulling while producing
repetitive, high-pinch forces, as a higher quality finish in less
this worker is demonstrating. time.
CHOICE OF PLANT AND
MACHINERIES
The importance of making the right choice:

• Increase efficiency and
• profitability of the construction operation.
SELECTION
Selection depends on:

1. Size of operations
• How much excavation, how much concrete, how high the
lifting
• If proposed structure occupies the whole of site it could
eliminate the use of large batch concrete mixers,
dumpers and cement storage silos.
SELECTION
2. Type of operations
• New work or restoration.
3. Construction method
• Prefabricated or on site work.
4. Time allowed
• Contract period and finishing date.
.
SELECTION
5. Staff availability
• Competent person to select type of plant
• Plant operator must be a trained man
• Trained person for maintenance and schedule for the
plant maintenance must be followed.
SELECTION
6. Soil conditions
• Wet sites require plant with caterpillar
tracks
• Dry sites are suitable for track and
wheeled vehicles.
7. Access to site
• Congested town sites limit use of many
types of machineries and plant
• Allowable weight and height of
machineries to be transported to site.
SELECTION
8. Safety
• Governed by law eg Health and Safety at work
• Construction regulations
9. Noise emission
• Under health and safety at work provision is
made for the protection of workers against noise
• Local authority requirements
• The type of machineries prohibited
• Hours during which works may be carried out
• Level of noise permitted during specific hours.
DECISION ON BUYING
OR HIRING
• Advantage of buying
• Plant is available when required
• Cost of idle time caused by inclement weather, work being behind planned
programme or delay in deliveries of material will generally be less on owned plant
than hired
• Builders can apportion the plant costs to the various contracts using the plant.
DECISION ON BUYING
OR HIRING
• Advantage of hiring plants

• Hired as required and for short periods
• Hire firms are responsible for repairs and replacements
• Contractor is not left with expensive plant after completion of
contract
• Hire rates can include operator, fuel and oil.
ECONOMIC PROPOSITION
• Large items of plant need to be employed continuously and

not left idle for considerable period of time
• Careful maintenance
• Increase working life

• Plant failure cause serious delays
and disruptions of programme
CONSTRUCTION PLANT CLASSIFIC ATION
Small powered Earth moving Excavation plant

machinery/plant plant
Transportation Concrete mixers Scaffolding

plant and pumps
Small machinery/plant can be considered to be hand-held or

operated power tools with their attendant power sources
such as a compressor for pneumatic tools
Most hand-held power tools are operated by electricity or

compressed air, either to rotate the tool or drive it by
Small powered
percussion.
machinery/plant
Example: Some of these tools are also designed to act as
rotary/percussion tools. Generally, the pneumatic tools are
Pumps used for the heavier work and have the advantage that they
will not burn out if a rotary tool stalls under load.
Pneumatic tools
Electrically driven tools are, however, relatively quiet because
Power tools there is no exhaust noise, and they can be used in confined
spaces because there are no exhaust fumes.
Earth-moving plant is commonly used on construction sites to

transport and place excavated soil.
Before beginning earth-moving works, there must be a plan

for the amount of material that needs to be moved as well as
where it will be moved to.
Earth moving
plant
Earth-moving equipment covers a broad range of machines
Example: that can grade soil and rock, along with other jobs.
Bulldozer Earth movers and other heavy equipment help to speed not
only earth work but also materials handling, demolition, and
Tractor construction.
Scrapper Many types of heavy construction equipment are designed for

multiple functions, making them indispensable on job sites.
Excavation plants are a common item of plant that can be

used on construction sites to excavate and load most types of
soil. Before beginning of works, there must be a plan for the
areas that require excavating as well as where the excess
material will be stored.
Excavation plant Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other
materials with tools, equipment or explosives. It includes
Example: earthwork, trenching, wall shafts, tunneling and underground.
Excavator The difference between plant that is classified as earth-

moving equipment and excavating machines is very slight,
Trencher because a piece of plant that is designed primarily to excavate
will also be capable of moving the spoil to an attendant
Dragline transporting vehicle, and, likewise, machines basically
designed to move loose earth will also be capable of carrying
out excavation works to some degree.
To begin excavation, pieces of heavy equipment not designed

for roadways need to be moved to the construction area.
Hauling essential building supplies into a site on time can make

the difference between failure and success for any project.
Transportation
plant After the extensive process of moving equipment and supplies,
the project itself must be completed. Then, once finished,
Example: transportation equipment is just as valuable for hauling debris
during the cleanup phase of the construction project.
Lorry/truck
For all of these tasks on a job site, crews may utilize several
Tower/Mobile different types of hauling and material handling equipment —
crane depending on the needed application.
Hoist Almost every building project needs a type of hauler for

material handling or equipment transport.
The mixing and transporting of concrete and mortar mixes

are important activities on most building sites, from the very
small to the very large contract. The choice of method for
mixing and transporting the concrete or mortar must be
made on the basis of the volume of mixed material required in
Concrete mixers any given time and also on the horizontal and vertical
and pumps transportation distances involved.
Example: A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously to form

concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to
Drum type mix the components. For smaller volume works, portable
concrete mixer concrete mixers are often used. An alternative to a machine is
mixing concrete by hand.
Cement silo
Consideration must also be given to the use of ready-mixed
Concrete pumps concrete, especially where large quantities are required and/or
site space is limited.
A scaffold is a temporary frame, usually constructed from

steel or aluminium alloy tubes clipped or coupled together to
provide a means of access to high-level working areas as well
as providing a safe platform from which to work.
Scaffolding Two basic forms of scaffolding, namely the

• putlog scaffold with its single row of uprights or standards
set outside the perimeter of the building and partly
Example: supported by the structure,
• and independent scaffolds which have two rows of
Putlog scaffold standards.
Independent It should be stable and strong to support workmen and other

scaffold construction material placed on it.
Slung scaffold
Building
Foundations
Foundation systems
• The foundation system for a building is the critical link in the
transmission of building loads down to the ground.
• Bearing directly on the soil, the foundation system must:

 Distribute vertical loads so the settling of a building is either
negligible or uniform under all parts of the building.
 Anchor the building's superstructure to prevent uplifting due
to wind and earthquake forces.
Function
• Transfer loads to under layer ground
• Prevent the settlement
• Stabilize building position

Foundation systems
• The most critical factor in determining the foundation
system of a building is the type and bearing capacity of
the soil. Two areas to consider in foundations systems
include:
 BUILDING DESIGN
 FOUNDATION TYPES
Site Investigation -> Soil sample testing -> Determine

soil type -> Bearing capacity according to BS 5930:
1999
BS 5930: Code of Practise for Site Investigation
There are three general concerns with the design of foundation
systems:
1 SETTLING
2 WATER
3 FROST
SETTLING
• As a building bears down on the supporting
soil, some settlement is to be expected.
• A properly designed and constructed
foundation system should minimize
settlement Uneven or "differential" settlement
that can cause a building to shift out of plumb
causing cracks in the foundation, structure, or
finish.
• Extreme differential settlement can lead to
failure of a building's structural integrity.
• The cause of settlement is typically due to a
reduction in the volume of air voids in the soil.
WATER
• Ground water can create lateral pressure (called
Equivalent Fluid Pressure) and can penetrate
foundation walls and ground slabs below grade,
especially if they lie below the water table.
• In cohesive soles, ground water may rise through
capillary action and penetrate a building's ground
slab.
• Granular base materials and vapor barriers are
used to control capillary action.
• Dewatering a foundation site is often required
prior to beginning construction.
Factors for Foundation Design
Having ascertained the nature and bearing capacity of the
subsoil, the width of the foundation can be determined by one of
the following methods:
1. Calculating the total (dead + imposed) load per meter run of

foundation and relating this to the analysed safe bearing capacity
of the subsoil
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

= minimum foundation width
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
For example, if the total load is 40 kN/m and the subsoil safe
bearing capacity is 80 kN/m2, then the foundation width is: = 0.5
m or 500 mm
[Note: Safe bearing capacity is determined by obtaining the actual

bearing capacity by laboratory analysis and applying a factor of
safety.]
2. The minimum guidance as given in design tables, where
size of foundations are related to subsoil type, wall loading and
field tests on the soil.
Guide to strip foundation width relative to subsoil type

Roy Chudley & Roger Greeno (2005) Construction Technology Fourth Edition
SOIL
LOAD COST CONDITION TECHNOLOGY
LIVE LOAD/VARIABLE
ACTION
DEAD LOAD/PERMANENT
ACTION WIND LOAD
LOAD
MATERIALS PLANT/ MACHINERY
COST
CHEMICAL CONTENT
BEARING CAPACITY GROUND WATER LEVEL
SOIL
CONDITION
EXPERTISE SKILLED WORKERS
TECHNOLOGY
Foundation types
SHALLOW DEEP
• shallow foundations are • Deep foundations

considered to be bases transfer loads far below
whose width is greater the substructure.
than the depth of
foundation • These foundations
• Shallow foundations penetrate incompetent
transfer the load to soil soil until a satisfactory
at the base of the bearing stratum is
substructure reached.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow foundations transfer the load to soil at the
base of the substructure.
Characteristics of shallow foundations are they are

cheap and they require suitable soil.
Examples of shallow foundations are:

•Pad foundation
•Strip foundation
•Raft foundation
PAD
FOUNDATION
Isolated
• used to support single columns. This

is one of the most economical types of
footings and is used when columns are
spaced at relatively long distances
Combined Footings
Isolated
• constructed for two or more columns
when they are close to each other and
their foundations overlap
• Types of combined footing:

i.Rectangular Combined Footing
ii.Trapezoidal Combined Footing
iii.Cantilever Footing
iv.Mat Foundation
Combined
STRIP • Strip foundations are used where the
FOUNDATION soil is of good bearing capacity. The
size and position of the strip is directly
related to the overall width of the wall.
• The principle design features of a strip

foundation are based on the fact that
the load is transmitted at 45 degrees
from the base of the wall to the soil.
• The depth of a strip foundation must

be equal to or greater than the overall
width of the wall.
• Types of strip footing:

1- Normal
2- Narrow
3- Wide
The Difference between Strip
Footings & Pad Footings
• Strip footings are a far better solution than pad footings when
dealing with closely-spaced columns due to the way they are
rendered.
• Strip footings are also deemed the best option for light loads, such
as those found in residential properties of low-to-medium rises
because the strip footings can be used as a mass concrete footing.
• Structurally speaking, one of the big differences is that pad
footings are not formed by strips. Instead, as the name suggests,
they are formed by “pads”. Pieces of concrete, that can be shaped
as rectangles, circles, or squares, which subsequently support
single-point loads including structural columns or framed
structures.
• The intention of sustaining concentrated loads from the single-
point load means that the method of support varies from the strip
footing counterparts.
• This also makes pad footings a good option for ground beam
support.
RAFT • Consists of one footing usually
placed under the entire building
FOUNDATION area.
• Used when,
 soil bearing capacity is low,
 column loads are heavy single footings
cannot be used,
 piles are not used and
 differential settlement must be reduced.
• A raft foundation normally

consists of a concrete slab
which extends over the entire
loaded area.
 It may be stiffened by ribs or
beams incorporated into the
foundation.
• They are often needed on soft or
loose soils with low bearing
capacity as they can spread the
loads over a larger area.
Advantages & Disadvantages
• ADVANTAGES OF USING SHALLOW
FOUNDATION
Cost (affordable)
Construction Procedure (simple)
Materials (mostly concrete)
Labor (does not need expertise)
• DISADVANTAGES OF USING
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Settlement
Limit Capacity * Soil * Structure
Not suitable for irregular ground surface (slope,
retaining wall)
Foundation subjected to pullout, torsion, moment.
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile can be loosely defined as a column inserted in
the ground to transmit the structural loads to a lower
level of subsoil.
Piled foundations are not necessarily the answer to

all awkward foundation problems, but should be
considered as an alternative to other techniques
when suitable bearing-capacity soil is not found
near the lowest floor of the structure.
Examples of pile foundations are:

•Driven
•Bored
The unsuitability of the upper regions of a subsoil may be
caused by:
• low bearing capacity of the subsoil;
• heavy point loads of the structure exceeding the soil

bearing capacity;
• presence of highly compressible soils near the surface

such as filled ground and underlying peat strata;
• subsoils such as clay, which may be capable of moisture

movement or plastic failure;
• high water table.

DRIVEN PILE • Displacement piles are generally
FOUNDATION driven into the ground by holding
them in the correct position against
the piling frame and applying hammer
blows to the head of the pile.
• The piling frame can be purpose made

or an adaptation of a standard crane
power unit. The basic components of
any piling frame are the vertical
member that houses the leaders or
guides, which in turn support the pile
and guide the hammer onto the head
of the pile.
• Pile hammers come in a variety of

types and sizes powered by gravity,
steam, compressed air or diesel
BORED PILE • Sometimes referred to as replacement
piles, these are formed by removing a
FOUNDATION column of soil and replacing it with in-
situ concrete or, as in the case of
composite piles, with precast and in-
situ concrete.
• Replacement or bored piles are

considered for sites where piling is
being carried out in close proximity to
existing buildings or where vibration
and/or noise is restricted.
CONCRETE
STEEL
1 PRECAST
TIMBER
TIMBER + CONCRETE
2 SEMI PRECAST STEEL + CONCRETE
DRIVEN
IN SITU
ROTARY
BORED
Type of Piles
JETTING
HAMMERED
Pile materials
Pile Foundation – load transfer
Friction pile End-bearing pile
Weak soil Weak soil
Good bearing
capacity layer
Pile Testing
• To make sure the
design load for the pile
is sufficient
• Normally, minimum
number of testing is
one.
• Best position of pile will
be selected to be tested
• Load will be imposed
onto the pile for at least
50% or more from the
actual load
• The total load will be
remained impose onto
the pile for 24 hours
SEAA 3123
BUILDING ELEMENTS
1
BUILDING ELEMENTS
3 ROOF
4 CEILING
1 FLOOR
5
EXTERNAL 2 WALL
WORKS
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2
FLOOR
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3
FLOOR: CONTENT
TYPES OF FLOOR TYPES OF FLOOR…CONT

Solid Ground Floors Pre cast Concrete Floor
Suspended Timber Floors Pre cast Hollow floors
Ground Floor Composite Floors
Upper Floor Beam and Block Floors
Raised Access Floor Hollow Blocks & Waffle Floors
Partial Access
Full Access
FUNCTION
Strength and Stability
Durability
Fire Protection
Sound Insulation
Thermal Insulation FINISHES
Under floor Services Hard flooring
Soft flooring
• Various use of the building should be
Floor function taken account in the design work of
floor
• The main important function of all
the type of floor is that throughout
its life time, it should safely support
the loads placed on it and could
maintained its strength and stability
Strength • The load of floor is made up of:
• Dead load or “self-weight” of the floor
(including the weights of the various
and materials used in the construction of
the floor)
stability
• Superimposed load (weight of building
users, plus their belongings such as
furniture, equipment, or machinery)
5
• Generally, water tight ground
Floor function floors on solid base and
suspended floors secured by walls
and roof must be durable for the
life of the structure and require
slight maintenance, repair or
improvement.
• Durability and free from
maintenance of floors are rely on
the nature of materials applied
and the wear they are exposed to.
• The material used must have a
Durability reasonable life to avoid premature
replacement with resultant extra
cost and inconvenience
6
• An adequate degree of fire
Floor function resistance is required by a floor,
especially relates mainly to
multistory block of flat, and in
building where parts are in
different ownerships, where there
are many occupants or where
large quantities of combustible
goods are stored.
Fire • Large building usually are split by
Protection floor (compartment) to limit the
spread of fire.
7
• In multistory buildings it is sometimes
Floor function necessary to limit the amount of impact
noise transmitted through a floor to
rooms below. e.g. hotels and apartment
buildings.
• Sound transmission may be either
caused by direct impact or by airborne.
• Impact sound transmission occurs only
downwards generated by footsteps
and/or machinery. It is transmitted as
structure-borne vibration. Through
Sound materials of the floor and become air-

borne noise in the rooms below
• Airborne sound transmission occurs in
insulation both directions (vertical and horizontal).
The degree of airborne sound
transmission through floor depends on
weight and density of materials used.
8
• In some situation, it is important
Floor function that a floor should function in
such a way as to prevent loss or
gain of heat to the room above or
below it.
• There has various type of
controlling the thermal in the
building such electrically warmed
floor, radiant floor heating - dry
Thermal system hydronic and hot-water
heated floor.
insulation
9
• Floors are frequently used for the
Floor function distribution of electrical and
communications wiring -
especially in areas that are wide
and have few fixed partitions.
• If the needs for electrical and
telephone services are minimal
Under
and predictable, an economical
solution to the horizontal
distribution of these services is for
floor wiring in conventional conduits of
metal tubing that are cast into in-
services situ concrete floor slabs (or
screeds - where pre-cast slabs are
used).
10
Under floor
services
However, in most
commercial buildings
greater flexibility is
required to
accommodate wiring
changes that will occur
through the life of the
building.
There are several
alternative systems for
creating this flexibility:
• cellular raceways
• poke-through
systems
• raised access flooring
• under-carpet wiring
11
Pre cast hollow
Composite
Ground floor
Beam and Block
Upper floor
Pre cast
Suspended concrete
timber
POWERPOINT
TEMPLATE
Partial access
Solid ground
Hollow block
Full access and waffle
Raised access
Types of floors
Floor finishes
Like other interior finish components, floor finishes must also be selected with the
following in mind: combustibility, fire resistance ratings and the structural loads they
will place on the building. The finishing materials must be designed to deal with: skid
resistance, sanitation, noise reduction between floors and electrical conductivity.
Hard flooring material Soft flooring material

• Hard finish flooring materials (e.g. • The original resilient flooring was
concrete, stone, terrazzo, brick and linoleum - a sheet material made of
tile) are often chosen for their ground cork in a linseed oil binder
resistance to wear and moisture over a burlap backing.
• Being rigid and thus unyielding, they • Asphalt tiles were later developed as
are not comfortable to stand on for an alternative to linoleum.
extended periods of time • Most of today's resilient floor
• They also contribute to a live, noisy sheeting and tiles are made of PVC
acoustic environment often in combination with mineral
• However, many of these materials are reinforcing fibers.
so beautiful in their colors and • Thicknesses of these PVC materials
patterns, and so durable, that they are of the order of 3mm (slightly
are considered amongst the most thinner for light duty floorings, and
desirable types of flooring by slightly thicker if "cushioned").
designers and building owners alike • Most resilient flooring materials are
glued to the concrete or wood of the
structural floor.
13
WALL
15
WALL: CONTENT
CLASSIFICATION
Load bearing
Non Load bearing
MATERIAL
Timber
Block
Brick
Curtain wall
Pre cast panel
FUNCTION Metal/Alloys
Internal influences
External influences
Functional requirement
Internal Influences on the wall
• Warmth from heating appliances

via convection
• Radiation or conduction
• Vapor due to man’s way living
• Damp, due to condensation of

vapor and possible cooling due
to air conditioning
External Influences on the wall
• Heating of external surface area

by sunshine and warm air rising
up the facade
• Impact of rain and hail and

consequent running water and
penetration
• Drying and cooling by wind
• Dust and other particles
• Sound waves and vibration due

to traffic
Functional requirement
External wall Internal wall
• For strength and stability, • to partition or divide the

weather exclusion and floor area of a dwelling into
durability, thermal insulation, compartments or room
sound insulation, fire resistance
and appearance
19
Wall classification
LOAD NON LOAD

BEARING BEARING
WALL WALL
20
Load Bearing Walls
Transferring structural load from the

upper structure to the lower
structure
load bearing wall supported the load

from roof
Non-load Bearing Walls
• Walls in the building

Roof
that are not taking any
structural loads
Load
bearing
wall
Non load bearing
wall
01
TIMBER
02 03
BRICK BLOCK
WALL
MATERIAL
CURTAIN
METAL/
WALL
ALLOYS
04 PRECAST 05
PANEL
06
ROOF
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25
Functional requirement of a roof
26
Protect a building from the
WEATHER damaging effect of rain, wind,
PROTECTION snow and heat.
Ingress of rain and snow can

damage decorations and
structural damage to timber
and other materials due to
attack by fungus and insects.
Wind may be deflected around

a building, resulting in the
occurrence of suction on the
windward slope of a roof
27
Is necessary in order to provide a
STRUCTURAL means of support for the roof
covering
STABILITY The roof structure or framework
must be of adequate strength to
carry its own weight together with
the loads of wind, snow and foot
Joint deflect
traffic.
span too great
The strength of a roof depends on
the characteristic of the materials
from which it constructed and the
way they put together in the form
of a flat platform or some form of
triangulated frame.
Must take into account the span of
structural members. If the span of a
joist or other structural member is
too great, it will bend
28
GOOD The roof might be a major visual
element in the design of a
APPEARANCE building.
Three type of roof was classified

based on shape
Traditional rood shape
Traditional rood shape Modern roof shape
Different treatment
Different treatment Traditional rood shape

29
THERMAL
INSULATION
The roof constitutes a substantial
Thermal insulation for pitched roofs proportion of external surface
• Insulation above rafters area of a building and
• Insulation between ceiling joist
consequently has considerable
potential for heat loss
Roof insulation consists of either
Flexible materials ( such as glass-fiber
quilting )
Boards ( such as expended polystyrene )
Thermal insulation for roofs Loose granules ( such as perlite )
• Eaves ventilation for pitched roof
• Insulation above decking of flat roof
Thermal insulation for pitched roofs
30
The degree of sound insulation offered
SOUND by roofs of domestic building is usually
adequate to reduce external noise ( such
INSULATION as aircraft ) to an acceptable level
In areas which suffer from excessive

levels of noise interface, special forms
of roof construction may be necessary.
A concrete roof, being of dense

material, will provide a noise reduction
similar to that of typical brick or block
external walls.
Most domestic timber roof

constructions will provide a noise
reduction less than that of a brick or
block wall, but somewhat better than
of a single-glazed window.
31
A roof could contribute to the
spread of fire either: FIRE
Within a building
PROTECTION
Some factory roofs consist of a
covering material, separated by an
air space from a layer of insulation From one building to another
material. Fires within such
buildings could spread through Roof constructions are
the air space causing burning designated with two letter A
pieces of insulation material to fall
elsewhere in the building. (good) to D (poor) in
Measure design to combat this accordance British Standard
problem include : Test (BS 476: PART 3: 1958)
• Using non-combustible
insulation material • To resistance to external
• Restricting the area of air gap penetration from fire.
• Fixing the insulation in such a • To resistance to spread of
way that no air gap exists
flame over the outer
32
Pitched roof
DRAINAGE During heavy storms, large
SYSTEM quantities of water fall on a roof.
Water falling down the surface of
a pitched roof is collected at the
lower end in a gutter.
Flat roof
Flat roofs are designed and built
to slope slightly in one direction.
This slope is known as the ‘Fall” of
a roof. At the lower end of the fall,
a gutter and down pipe
33
ROOFING STYLE….
34
MANSARD
A couple planed hip roof.
CROSS GABLE ROOF

Pair of gable roofs set a right angles to each
other
HIP ON GABLE
A partial hip applied to the peak of gable roof
SHED
A roof that starts at the eaves of the existing
roof and continues at a lower pitch
GABLE
Two pitch roof, back to back,forming a
35
rectangular roof.
GAMBREL ROOF
A gable type roof with breaks in the
planes
PYRAMID
A hip roof built on a square base with
eaves of the same length
HIP AND GABLE

A combination hip and gable where the hip
end partially up the gable.
HIP WITH CROSS GABLE

A central hip with crossing gables.
36
Gable
A very triangular roof, the gable allows rain
and snow to run off easily.
37
Cross Gable
This is like the gable roof, but has two parts that cross.
38
Flat
A flat roof is exactly that - flat. It is easy to build and uses
few materials.
39
Mansard
A French gable roof. The difference is that the mansard has a
flat area at the top instead of being perfectly triangular.
These are common in French Chateau houses and Second
Empire style houses.
40
Hipped
A low-pitched roof that Cross Hipped
allows rain and snow to Similar to a hipped
run off easily, the hipped roof, but this roof
roof also allows for large has two parts that
eaves on a building. cross .
41
Pyramidal
A hipped roof that forms a pyramid shape.
42
Barrel vault
Barrel vault are commonly installed in commercial and
industrial buildings as well as large public buildings such as
hall and factory.
43
Shed
Similar to a gable roof, as it allows rain and snow to run
off easily. This is one of the easiest roofs to build.
44
Saltbox
Similar to a gable roof, but the two sides of
it are not symmetrical.
Gambrel
This roof looks more bell-like than triangular when viewed from the
side. It is like a flattened gable roof. Many farms have gambrel
roofs.
45
Roof Classification
• Roofs can be covered with many different materials. These can

be arranged into two groups:
1. Steep / Pitched roofs,
10°< angle of slope < 70° notes: angle of slope above 70 ° classified as wall
2. Low-slope / Low-pitched roofs (flat roof),

angle of slope < 10°
46
SIM ROOF
CREATE YOUR ROOF MAKE STORY ABOUT THE

BUILDING USER
47
CEILING
48
Content
Function of ceiling Types of ceiling
49
FUNCTIONS OF CEILINGS
• They help control the diffusion of light and sound about a room
• They may also play a part in preventing the passage of sound

vertically between rooms
• Ceilings are expected to resist the passage of fire
• They may also accommodate sprinkler heads for fire suppression
50
FUNCTIONS OF CEILINGS
Ceilings are frequently used to The visual impact of ceilings is
distribute: influenced by the following
• conditioned air aspects:
• artificial light • colour
• electrical energy
• texture
• water supply
• water supply for sprinkler systems • pattern
• water waste disposal • shape
• communications wiring
• Sound insulation
51
Suspended
Tightly
Ceilings
Attached
Ceilings
Exposed POWERPOINT
Structural and
Mechanical TEMPLATE
Interstitial
Components Ceilings
Types of ceiling
EXTERNAL WORKS
54
CONTENT
01 DRAINAGE
ROADS AND
02 PAVINGS
03 TREE & GRASS PLANTING -

SITE PROTECTION AND REINSTATEMENT
04 FENCING - SECURITY
Examples of External Works
56
Drainage
Drainage water includes:

• Surface water from roofs, yards, car parks and roads (drains)
• Sewage – domestic (toilets, kitchens, canteens)
– industrial sewage
The purpose of drainage is to discharge flow to a suitable outfall:

• For surface water – to nearby water
courses/river
• For sewage water – to sewerage
treatment plant or to septic tank
57
Principles of Good Drainage
• Materials should have adequate strength and durability

• Every part of a drain should be accessible to inspection and cleansing
• Drains should be laid in straight runs as far as possible
• Laid to an efficient gradient
58
Surface Water Drainage
Struts at 3 meters
centers
Rubble-pitching drain – Struts for depth of more than 1

meter
59
Surface Water Drainage
Rubble walling
Precast concrete drain

(1:2:4 conc.)
Rubble-pitching drain
60
Sewage Drainage
Pipes:
• Choice of pipes: most common is clay and concrete
• Size of pipe: design calculation
• Pipe bedding – design of correct bedding for pipe is
necessary before construction:
Bearing capacity of ground
superimposed load
61
Pipe laying
• Excavation to required depth and gradients

• Excavation need support eg shoring depending on depth and type of
soil
• Weak ground to be replaced with suitable well compacted granular
material
62
Manholes
• Access points for maintenance, removing obstructions

• Required at change of levels or directions
63
Manhole construction for sewage
64
Roads and Pavings
65
Road Junctions
66
Terminations
67
Road layout
• Considerations:
• Width of road according to traffic flow
• Major layout problem at junctions and terminations of cul-de-sac roads
• Triangulated sight lines – to provide clear view of approaching vehicles
• Suitable radius to manoeuvre – governed by vehicle types
• At cul-de-sac planned to allow vehicles to turn round
68
Road Joint Details
69
Road Joint Details
70
Rigid pavement
• Concrete construction usually reinforced

• No flexibility
• Joints are required at regular intervals to allow for expansion and
contraction due to temperature changes
71
Rigid pavement
Advantages:
• Properly constructed rigid pavement can give a long and
maintenance-free surface
• It can be used on weaker subgrades due to its own strength
72
Rigid pavement
Disadvantage:
• It tends to crack and break up easily with any settlement of support
• Ingress of water cannot drain through the layers
• Repairs are more difficult than flexible pavement therefore more
costly
73
Flexible Pavement
74
Flexible pavement
• Consists of suitable surface materials such as tar or bitumen-covered

stone,asphalt or similar materials
• Allow some deflection and movement that is why it is called flexible
75
Flexible pavement
Advantages:
• Easier to lay
• Able to deflect without cracking
• Top layer is virtually water-proof to protect the remainder layers
below from the effects of water and frost
• Patching and total replacement is easy
• Cheaper to construct
76
Flexible pavement
Disadvantages:
• The surface tend to wear more quickly than rigid surface
• Once punctured can peel off from next layer
• Require more maintenance
• Surface polishing by moving vehicles creating skidding problem
77
Road Construction
• Construction of roads and pavings to begin after the completion of

drainage system, service ducts and other utility ducts located below
the roads or pavements
78
Road Construction
• surfacing only to be
applied lastly after the
completion of other
construction
Crusher run for Pavings and Roads
79
Details of a Carriageway and Footway
80
Road Gully
• Means of connection to
drainage system
• Situated along the road
at intervals
81
Road Gully
82
Service Trench Detail
83
Site Protection and Reinstatement
• Planting of trees and grasses – prevent erosion of land and slopes

• Grasses and plants to be planted at the time when the risk of damage
or stunted growth is minimal
• Slopes to be covered with grass soon after the construction of the
slope
84

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COURSE INFORMATION

School/Faculty: Civil Engineering/Engineering Page: 1 of 5

Course lecturer(s) Name Office Contact no. E-mail

Prepared by: Certified by:

Date: 14/10/2021 Date: 14/10/2021

Program name: Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)

PLO **Taxonomies T&L methods ****Assessment

CLO4 Estimate the cost of building and PLO2 C3 Project-based T, PR & F

Details on Innovative T&L practices:

Program name: Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)

Program name: Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)

Student learning time (SLT) details:

Continuous Assessment PLO (Code) Percentage Total SLT

Program name: Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)

Academic honesty and plagiarism: (Below is just a sample)

Other additional information (Course policy, any specific instruction etc.):

Construction Technology, Estimating and Contract

Please contact me My email:

Please don’t contact me Or you can call and

Dr. Ain Naadia Mazlan

Definition: construction and project

• Installation and maintenance

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Maritime & Environment

Facilities & Maintenance

Site condition Design Physical

Land shape Building

Site condition Design Physical

Site condition Design Physical

requirements set by  The Federal Roads Act 1959;

the government  The Quantity Surveyors Act;

regulations of the  The Construction Industry

Local Council, IWK,  The Road Transport Act; and

Site condition Design Physical

construction site. • Entrance

• Multiple industry regulations and laws

• Unique, transient and complex

• Many SME involved

• Static project location

• Intensive labor force

• High product cost

• Products depend on demand

• Low construction quality

• Demand exceeds supply for building materials

• Shortage of local skilled manpower

• No comprehensive information regarding the

The Special trades activities

Meanwhile, the other three

• The most important sector that is closely linked to other sectors

• Accelerate the growth of other industries such as cement

• Supporting industries or services that depend on other industries

Operation/ Activity Design

Each stage has a pre defined

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It contains within it two key concepts:

• Engineers can help achieve sustainable development

• However, the challenge of sustainable development

• Collaboration between engineers and other disciplines

• Translating the theory of sustainable

• The sustainability challenge is enormous

• To achieve sustainability, engineers will need

o Industrialised building system (IBS) is a

o Precast concrete framed buildings

PLO Taxonomies T&L methods **Assessment