SIX STROKE ENGINES

A Seminar Report
On

SIX – STROKE ENGINE

Submitted to

Prof. Gian Bhushan

By

Savita Kumari
Mechanical
11916012

Department of Mechanical Engineering

National Institute of Techanology
Kurukshetra - 136119
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ABSTRACT

In an automobile, the engine is the primary source of propulsion and today

most engines are internal combustion engines (IC) Engines using either
gasoline or diesel as the primary fuel source. Combustion of these fuels in
the piston releases Heat Energy that is converted into mechanical energy.

An engine is a machine that converts energy from a fuel into mechanical

energy, creating something like this movement in the process. Engines -
such as those used to power vehicles - can be powered by a variety of
engines various fuels, especially gasoline and diesel in cars.

The search for an engine that has the same or more power with greater fuel
efficiency than existing ones began many years ago. The result of all this
research is a new engine concept, namely a six-stroke engine.

A lot of research is being done on this topic nowadays, and six types of
six-stroke engines have already been discovered. During each cycle in a
typical four-stroke engine, the piston moves up and down the chamber
twice, resulting in four total strokes, one of which is the power stroke that
provides the torque to move the vehicle. But in a six-stroke engine there
are six strokes, and of those there are two power strokes.

The name of the engine has nothing to do with the speed or anything like
that. This engine got its name because of its design. A six-stroke engine
gets its name from the fact that it is a hybrid of a two- and four-stroke
engine. The automotive industry could soon be revolutionized by a new
six-stroke design that adds a second power stroke, resulting in much more
efficiency with less pollution.

This article has covered a brief history and types of six-stroke engines, and
discussed the benefits of the six-stroke engine over other conventional
engines through various performance curves.
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CONTENTS
1. ENGINE
1.1 ENGINE
1.2 HEAT ENGINE
a) External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)
b) Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)
1.3 TYPES OF IC ENGINE
1.3.1 By number of strokes
a) Two-stroke engine
b) Four-stroke engine
c) Six-stroke engine
1.3.2 Depending on the engine type
a) Reciprocating engine
b) Rotary engine
1.3.3 Depending on the fuel used
a) Diesel engine
b) Petrol engine
c) Gas engine
1.3.4 Depending on the type of ignition
a) Compression ignition engine
b) Spark ignition engine
1.3.5 By number of cylinders
a) Single-cylinder engine
b) Multi cylinder engine
1.3.6 Depending on the cylinder arrangement
a) In-line engine
b) V engine
c) Counter-cylinder engine
d) W engine
e) Opposite piston engine
f) Radial engine
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2. INTRODUCTION > SIX-STROKE ENGINE

 SIX STROKE ENGINES
3. SYMBOLS USED
4. HISTORY OF SIX STROKE ENGINES
4.1 First category
4.1.1 Griffin six-stroke engine
4.1.2 Bajulaz six-stroke engine
4.1.3 Crower six-stroke engine
4.2 Second category
4.2.1 Beare head engine
4.2.2 Charge pump motor
5. VELOZETAS SIX-STROKE ENGINE
5.1 Theory
5.2 Changed engine parts
5.2.1 Fuel Tank
5.2.2 Materials Used For Engine Components
5.2.3 Camshaft/Crankshaft Sprockets
5.2.4 Cam Shaft Design
5.2.5 Valve Timing
5.2.6 Secondary Air Induction System
5.3 Working of Velozeta six stroke engine
5.4 Performance test results
5.4.1 Load test results
5.4.2 Pollution Test Results
5.5 Graphs:-
5.6 Compression of six stroke over four stroke
engines:
6. APPLICATION
7. ADVANTAGES
8. DISADVANTAGES
9. CONCLUSION
10. REFERENCES
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1. ENGINE

1.1 ENGINE
An engine is a complex unit in which different components are assembled
together and fuel is burned to generate power and energy. An engine is a
device which transforms one form of energy into another form. Normally,
most of the engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and
therefore they are called Heat engines.

1.2 HEAT ENGINE

Any type of engine which derives heat energy (chemical energy) from the
combustion of fuel or any other source and converts this energy into
mechanical energy by using any substance , which can then be used to do
mechanical work is called a heat engine.
Heat engine is widely used in automobile industries or we can say that
engine is the heart of an automobile.
 Heat engines may be classified into two main categories:
a) External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)
b) Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)

a) External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)

In this case, the combustion of fuel with atmospheric oxygen occurs
outside the cylinder of the engine. In this type of engine heat, which is
generated by burning of fuel is use to convert the water or other low
boiling temperature fluid into steam. This high pressure steam used to
rotate a turbine. In this engine we can use all solid, liquid and gases fuel.
These engines are generally used in driving locomotive, ships, generation
of electric power etc.
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Figure1: External combustion engine

b) Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)

In this case, the combustion of fuel with atmospheric oxygen occurs inside
the cylinder of the engine. The internal combustion engines group includes
engines that use mixtures of combustible gases and air, known as gas
engines, those that use lighter liquid fuel or spirits, known as gasoline
engines, and those that use heavier liquid fuels, known as oil, compression
ignition or diesel engines.
 The important applications of I.C. Engines are:
1) Internal combustion engines are used in road vehicles such as
scooters, motorcycles, buses, etc.
2) It is also used on airplanes.
3) The internal combustion engine is often used in motor boats.
4) Internal combustion engines find wide application in small machines
such as lawn mowers, chain saws and portable motor generators.

Figure2: Internal combustion engine

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1.3 Types of I.C ENGINE
IC The engine is widely used in the automotive industry, so it is also
known as the car engine. A car engine can be classified in many ways.

1.3.1 By number of strokes:

a) Two-stroke engine
In a two-stroke engine, a piston moves up and down once
within the cylinder and makes one crankshaft revolution
during a single fuel injection. This type of engine has high
torque compared to four-stroke engines. These are generally
used in scooters, pump sets, etc.

Figure3: Two-stroke engine

b) Four-stroke engine
In a four-stroke engine, the piston moves up and down within
the cylinder twice, completing two revolutions of the
crankshaft during a single fuel combustion. This type of
engines has a high average compared to two-stroke engines.
These are generally used in bicycles, cars, trucks, etc.
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Figure4: Four-stroke engine

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c) Six-stroke engine
In a six-stroke engine, the piston moves up and down within
the cylinder thrice, completing three revolutions of the
crankshaft during a single fuel combustion. This type of
engines has a high average compared to two-stroke engines.
These are generally used in bicycles, cars, trucks, etc.

Figure5: Six-stroke engine

1.3.2 Depending on the engine type:

a) Reciprocating engine (piston engine)
In a reciprocating engine, the compressive force created by
the combustion of fuel is applied to a piston (a device that is
free to reciprocate within the cylinder). The piston begins a
reciprocating motion (reciprocating motion). This
reciprocating motion is converted to rotary motion through
the use of a crankshaft. So, the crankshaft starts to turn,
causing the wheels of the vehicle to turn. These are commonly
used in all automobiles.

Figue6: Reciprocating engine

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b) Rotary engine (Wankel engine)
In the rotary engine, there is a rotor that can rotate freely. The
compressive force created by the burning of fuel is applied to
this rotor, causing the rotor to spin and start turning the
wheels of the vehicle. This engine was developed by Wankel
in 1957. This engine is no longer used in automobiles today.

Figure7: Rotary engine

1.3.3 Depending on the fuel used:

a) Diesel engine
These engines use diesel as fuel. These are used in trucks,
buses, cars, etc.

Figure8: Diesel engine

b) Petrol engine
These engines use gasoline as fuel. These are used in bicycles,
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sports cars, luxury cars, etc.

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Figure9: Petrol engine

c) Gas engine
These engines use CNG and LPG as fuel. These are used in
some light motor vehicles.

Figure10: Gas engine

1.3.4 Depending on the type of ignition:

a) Compression Ignition Engine
With these types of engines, there is no additional equipment
to ignite the fuel. In these engines, fuel combustion begins
due to the temperature rise during compression of the air.
Hence it is known as a compression ignition engine.
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Figure11: Compression ignition engine

b) Otto engine
In these types of engines, the ignition of the fuel begins with a
spark generated inside the cylinder by an additional piece of
equipment (spark plug). It is therefore referred to as an Otto
engine.

Figure12: Spark ignition engine

1.3.5 By number of cylinders:

a) Single cylinder engine
These types of engines have only one cylinder and one piston
connected to the crankshaft.
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Figure13: Single-cylinder engine

b) Multi-cylinder engine
In this type of engine, more than one cylinder and piston are
connected to the crankshaft.

Figure14: Multi-cylinder engine

1.3.6 Depending on the cylinder arrangement:

a. In-line engine
In this type of engine, the cylinders are arranged in a straight
line one behind the other along the crankshaft.
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Figure15: In-line engine

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b. V engine
An engine with two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to one
another and a crankshaft is referred to as a V engine.

Figure16: V engine

c. Counter-cylinder engine
An engine with two opposite banks of cylinders on a single
crankshaft (V-engine with 180° angle between the banks).

Figure17: Counter-cylinder engine

d. W engine
An engine like a V engine except with three banks of
cylinders on the same crankshaft, known as a W engine.

Figure18: W engine
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e. Opposite piston engine
In this type of engine there are two pistons in each cylinder,
with the combustion chamber located in the middle between
the pistons. In this engine, a single combustion process causes
two power strokes at the same time.

Figure19: Opposite piston engine

f. Radial engine
It is an engine with pistons arranged in a circular plane around
the central crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are
connected to a main rod, which in turn is connected to the
crankshaft.

Figure20: Radial engine

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2. INTRODUCTION > SIX-STROKE ENGINE
The term six-stroke engine describes two different approaches to the
internal combustion engine that have been developed since the 1990s to
improve efficiency and reduce emissions. In the first approach, the engine
captures the waste heat from the four-stroke Otto cycle or diesel cycle and uses
it to get extra power and an extra exhaust stroke from the piston
Cylinder. Designs use either steam or air as the working medium for the
additional power stroke. The extra stroke not only siphons power, but also cools
the motor, eliminating the need for a cooling system, making the motor lighter
and increasing efficiency by 40% over normal
Otto or diesel cycle. The pistons in this six-stroke engine move up and down six
times with each fuel injection. These six-stroke engines have 2 power strokes:
one with fuel, one with steam or air.
The current notable six-stroke engine designs in this class are the Crower six-
stroke engine, invented by Bruce Crower of the USA; the Bajulaz engine from
Bajulaz SA Company of Switzerland; and the Velozeta six-stroke engine built by
the College of Engineering, at
Trivandrum in India. The second approach for the six-stroke engine uses a second
opposed piston in each cylinder that moves at half the cyclic speed of the main
piston, giving six piston movements per cycle. Functionally, the second piston
replaces the valve mechanism of a
Conventional engine and also increases the compression ratio. Currently notable
six-stroke engine designs in this class include two independently developed
designs: the Beare Head engine, invented by Australian farmer Malcolm Beare,
and the German charge pump, invented
By Helmut Kottmann.
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3. SYMBOLS USED

1. TFC: - Total fuel consumption in Kg/Hr.

2. SFC: - Specific fuel consumption in Kg/Kwhr

3. BP: - Brake power in Kw

4. TDC: - Top dead center

5. BDC: - Bottom dead center

6. IVO: - Inlet valve opening

7. IVC: - Inlet valve closing

8. EVO: - Exhaust valve opening

9. EVC: - Exhaust valve closing

10. N: - Engine speed at final drive shaft to the wheel in rpm

11. P: - Load in Kg

12. T: - Time for 10 cc fuel consumption

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4. HISTORY OF SIX STROKE ENGINES
As already mentioned, there are two approaches to study six-stroke engines,
i.e. H. the first and the second. There are four types of engines that fall into
the first category of six-stroke engines and two types of engines that fall into
the second category.

4.1 First category:-

The engines that fall under this category are

4.1.1 GRIFFIN SIX-STROKE ENGINE:-

The Griffin engine was the first six-stroke engine to be developed in the
world. It was developed in 1883 by engineer Samuel Griffin. In 1886
Scottish steam locomotive manufacturers found a future in Griffin's engine
and they licensed the Griffin patents and marketed the engine under the
Kilmarnock name. They used this engine mainly to generate electricity.
Only two known examples of a Griffin six-stroke engine survive today. One
is in the Anson Engine Museum. The other was built in 1885 and was in the
Birmingham Museum of Science and Technology for a number of years but
returned to Bath and the Museum of Bath at Work in 2007
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Figure21: Griffin six-stroke engine

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4.1.2 BAJULAZ SIX-STROKE ENGINE:-

The Bajulaz six-stroke engine was invented in 1989 by the Bajulaz SA

Company based in Geneva, Switzerland. The Bajulaz six-stroke engine is
similar in design to a regular internal combustion engine. However, there
were modifications to the cylinder head with two additional fixed-capacity
chambers, a combustion chamber and an air preheating chamber above each
cylinder. The combustion chamber receives a charge of heated air from the
cylinder; Injection of fuel begins, at the same time it burns, which increases
thermal efficiency compared to burn-in
The cylinder. The high pressure achieved is then vented into the cylinder to
process the power or expansion stroke. Meanwhile, the air content of a
second chamber covering the combustion chamber is greatly heated by the
heat passing through the cylinder wall. This heated and pressurized air is
then used to power an additional stroke of the piston.
Engine benefits include a 40% reduction in fuel consumption, multi-fuel
capability and a dramatic reduction in pollution.

Figure22: Bajulaz six-stroke engine

4.1.3 CROWER SIX-STROKE ENGINE:-

This engine was invented in 2004 by Bruce Crower from California in the
USA. Bruce Crower is actually a race car mechanic with his own workshop.
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With its six-stroke engine, power is gained on the third and sixth strokes.
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The first four strokes of this engine are similar to a normal four stroke engine
and power is delivered on the third stroke. Shortly before the
In the fifth stroke, water is injected directly into the heated cylinder via the
injection pump of the converted diesel engine. The injected water absorbs
the heat generated in the cylinder and turns into superheated steam, causing
the water to expand up to 1600 times its volume and forces
The piston down for an extra stroke, i. H. the second working stroke. The
phase change from liquid to vapor dissipates excess heat from the engine.
Since a significant portion of the engine heat now exits the cylinder in the
form of vapor, there is no need for a cooling system cooler. Energy
dissipated by the radiant cooling system in conventional arrangements has
been converted into additional power strokes. In Crower's prototype, the
water for the steam cycle is consumed at about the same rate
Fuel, but on production models the vapor is recovered in a condenser for
reuse.

Figure23: Crower six-stroke engine

4.2 Second category:-

The engines that fall under this category are

4.2.1 BEARE HEAD ENGINE: -

Malcolm Beare 47 year old Australian wheat farmer is the inventor of this
six stroke engine. Actually, the name six-stroke engines was introduced by
Malcolm Beare. Beare has developed an innovative hybrid engine that
combines two-strokes on the top end with a four-stroke over the middle
section. So by adding four plus two equals six, he derived the name six-
stroke engines. Below the head gasket, everything is conventional in its
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design. So, a key advantage is that the Beare concept can be transferred to
existing engines without having to redesign or retool the bottom end and
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cylinder. But the cylinder head and its poppet valves are thrown away in this
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design. To replace the camshaft and valves, Beare used a short-stroke upper
crankshaft complete with pistons, driven at half engine speed by the chain
drive from the engine. This piston moves against the main piston in the
cylinder and if the bottom piston comes up four times, the top piston comes
down twice.

Figure24: Beare Head engine

4.2.2 CHARGE PUMP MOTOR:-

In this engine, which is designed in a similar way to the Beare head, a "piston
supercharger" replaces the valve system. The piston supercharger charges
the master cylinder while simultaneously controlling the intake and exhaust
ports, resulting in no air and fuel loss in the exhaust. In the master cylinder,
every revolution there is combustion as in a two-stroke engine and
lubrication as in a four-stroke engine. The fuel injection can take place in
the piston charger, in the gas transfer channel or in the combustion chamber.
It is also possible to load two working cylinders with one piston loader. The
combination of a compact design of the combustion chamber without loss
of air and fuel should give the engine more torque, more power and better
fuel consumption. It is claimed that the benefit of fewer moving parts and
design translates into lower manufacturing costs. Good for hybrid
technology and stationary engines. The engine should be suitable for
alternative fuels
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Since no corrosion or deposits remain on the valves. The six strokes are:
aspiration, recompression, gas transfer, compression, ignition and exhaust.
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Figure25: German charger pump Figure26: German charger

pump parts

NIYKADO six-stroke engine

This engine was designed, developed and patented in 2012 by Chanyil Cletus Anil,
owner of NIYKADO Motors, Kochi, India. He holds Indian patent number IN252642
granted by India in 2012. The engine has already undergone a first full-throttle round
of testing at the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune. This is the
only engine classified as a fully working prototype. The first May 25 prototype was
developed in 2004, which used only two valves. The second prototype, developed in
2007, was an improved four-valve design.
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5. VELOZETAS SIX-STROKE ENGINE

Mechanical engineering students from the College of Engineering at

Trivandrum made this six-stroke engine in 2006 as part of their B.Tech
project. After completing the course, they founded the Velozeta Company
with the help of the state and central government. They also got the patent
of this engine. In Velozeta's six-stroke engine, a four-stroke Honda engine
was experimentally modified to build the six-stroke engine. The first four
strokes of this engine are just like a conventional four-stroke engine. The
additional two strokes are for better scavenging and cooling of the engine,
which is provided by a secondary air intake system.

Figure27: Velozeta six-stroke engine

5.1 THEORY:-

There is only one small difference between the Crower six-stroke engine
and the Velozeta six-stroke engine. With the Crower six-stroke engine
and this engine, the first four strokes are the same as a conventional four-
stroke engine. In the Crowers engine, during the fifth stroke, water is
injected into the cylinder and turned into vapor that is used for
expansion, and the sixth stroke eliminates the expanded vapors through
the exhaust manifold. The difference here, however, is that in the fifth
stroke, instead of water, air is drawn from an air filter through a
secondary airline provided on the exhaust manifold into the cylinder. On
the sixth stroke, a mixture of this air and unburned gases is expelled
through the exhaust valve.
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5.2 CHANGED ENGINE PARTS:-

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5.2.1 Fuel Tank:

The Fuel tank in a six stroke engine has to be divided into two parts. One
part will contain fuel and other part will contain water.
The water used should be distilled and pure.

5.2.2 Materials Used For Engine Components:

The engine components are subjected to thermal stresses developed due to

injection of water into the superheated cylinder. The rapid temperature
changes can cause micro cracking or fracture of the engine components due
to continuous compression and expansion.
For this purpose the engine components are manufactured using thermal
resistant alloys like:
a) Silicon Carbide.
b) Zirconia.
c) Alumina-Tungsten Alloys.

5.2.3 Camshaft/Crankshaft Sprockets:-

In the six-stroke engine, the crankshaft rotates 1080 degrees for a 360 degree
rotation of the camshaft per cycle. Therefore, the corresponding sprockets
have a too thing ratio of 3:1. In the original four-stroke engine, the sprocket
teeth on the crankshaft and camshaft were in a 2:1 ratio. The 34-tooth
camshaft sprocket in the four-stroke engine was replaced with a 42-tooth
sprocket in the six-stroke engine. The camshaft sprockets were also replaced
from 17 teeth to 14 teeth to convert the four-stroke engine to a six-stroke.
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5.2.4 Cam Shaft Design:-

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In traditional four stroke engines the angular speed of the camshaft is half
of the crankshaft. The Cam rotates ones for every two revolutions of the
cam.
In six stroke engine the camshaft has been designed to turn one revolution
for every three revolution of the crankshaft.
The camshaft of 6-stroke engine contains three cams.
a) Intake Cam.
b) Exhaust Cam.
c) Water Injector Cam.

5.2.5 Valve Timing:-

The valve timing of the four stroke Honda engine has been changed. The
inlet valve opening (IVO) is 0° at TDC, same as that of the four stroke Honda
activa engine. Inlet valve Closes (IVC) at 20° after BDC, same as that of the
four stroke engine. Exhaust valve opens (EVO) 0° at BDC, which in the
original engine was 20° before BDC. Velozeta reduced this 20° advanced
opening of exhaust valve to extract maximum work per cycle. Exhaust valve
closes 10 degree before TDC in order to prevent the loss of air fuel mixture
through the exhaust valve. Two reed valves have been provided for the
proper working of the engine.
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5.2.6 Secondary Air Induction System:-

The secondary air induction system, supplies the air which is used during the fifth and
sixth stroke. During the fifth stroke air from the air filter (fig 24) is sucked into the
cylinder through the secondary air induction line. The reed valve (fig 22) opens to permit
the air flow. During the sixth stroke, the air is removed through the exhaust manifold (fig
13). The reed valve (fig 23) opens and the reed valve (fig 22) closes during this stroke.
The inlet valve remains closed during these strokes

5.3 WORKING OF VELOZETA SIX STROKE

ENGINE:-

The detailed working of the six stroke engine has been explained by using
figures 2-7, which give explanations regarding the each stroke. A detailed
label of the engine parts has been given in page (4). The working of the
engine is as follows. Also the detailed label of engine parts in the figures is
given allow.

Detailed Label of Engine Parts:-

1. Rings
2. Inlet Manifold
3. Cylinder Head
4. Cam shaft
5. Cam Lob No.1
6. Inlet valve
7. Sprocket 42T
8. Rocker Arm
8.1. Inlet Rocker arm
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8.2. Exhaust Rocker arm

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9. Head Cover
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10. Cam Lob no.3
11. Exhaust valve
12. Cam Lob No.2
13. Exhaust Manifold
14. Spark plug
15. Cylinder
16. Piston
17. Connecting rod
18. Timing Chain
19. Sprocket 14T
20. Crank
21. Secondary air induction unit
22. Reed valve (One way valve)
23. Reed valve (One way valve in Exhaust manifold)
24. Air filter
25. 42T sprocket holder
26. Bearing

First stroke (Figure31):-

During the first stroke the inlet valve (6) opens and air-fuel mixture from
carburetor is sucked into the cylinder through the inlet manifold (2).
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Figure 31: First Stroke

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Second stroke (Figure 32):-

During the second stroke, piston moves from BDC to TDC, both the inlet
valve (6) and exhaust valve (11) are closed and the air-fuel mixture is
compressed. The compression ratio of the modified engine is same as that
of the original four stroke Honda engine 9:1.

Figure 32: Second Stroke

Third stroke (Figure 33):-

During the third stroke, power is obtained from the engine by igniting the
Compressed air- fuel mixture using a spark plug (14). Both valves remain
closed. Piston moves from TDC to BDC.Figure4: Third Stroke
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Figure33: Third Stroke

Fourth stroke (Figure 34):-

During the fourth stroke, the exhaust valve (11) and the reed valve (23)
opens to remove the burned gases from the engine cylinder. Piston moves
from BDC to TDC.
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Figure 34: Fourth Stroke

Fifth stroke (Figure 35): -

During the fifth stroke, the exhaust valve (11) remains open and the reed
valve (23) closes. Fresh air from the air filter (24) enters the cylinder through
the secondary air induction line (21) provided at the exhaust manifold (13).
The reed valve (22) opens. Figure 6: Fifth Stroke 14

Figure 35: Fifth Stroke

Sixth stroke (Figure 36):-

During the sixth stroke, the exhaust valve (11) remains open. The air sucked
into the cylinder during the fifth stroke is removed to the atmosphere through
the exhaust manifold (13). The reed valve (23) opens and the reed valve
(22) closes.
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Figure 36: Sixth Stroke

5.4 PERFORMANCE TEST RESULTS:-

Two tests i.e., Engine load test and Pollution, test was conducted on the six
stroke engine and on the same four stroke engine from which the six stroke
was developed.

Experimental Procedure:-
The same engine was altered as four stroke and six stroke to perform the
experiments. Load test and pollution test were conducted. The load test was
conducted using brake drum dynamometer. The final drive shaft from the
engine to the wheel was used for loading during the experiment. The engines
were tested for 320rpm a n d 6 4 0 r pm under the same loading conditions.
The time for consumption of 10cc of the fuel was noted during the
experiment. The % vol. of CO in exhaust gas during idling was tested to
check the pollution level of the engines. The results of load test and pollution
test have been tabulated in table (1) and table (2) respectively.
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5.4.1 Load test results:-

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N P T4 T6 TFC4 TFC6 TFC

(rpm) (kg) (S) (S) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) Redn%

320 0 88 95 0.302 0.280 7.36

320 4 83 92 0.321 0.289 9.81

320 8 78 90 0.341 0.296 13.32

320 10.5 75 84 0.355 0.317 10.72

320 13.5 71 78 0.375 0.341 8.98

5.4.2 Pollution Test Results:-

5.5 GRAPHS:-
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Graph-1: Bp Vs TFC & SFC at 320rpm

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Graph-2: Bp Vs TFC & SFC at 640 rpm

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5.6 COMPRESSION OF SIX STROKE OVER FOUR

STROKE ENGINES:

The six stroke is thermodynamically more efficient because the

change in volume of the power stroke is greater than the intake stroke, the
compression stroke and the Six stroke engine is fundamentally superior to
the four stroke because the head is no longer parasitic but is a net contributor
to – and an integral part of – the power generation within exhaust stroke.
The compression ratios can be increased because of the absent of hot spots
and the rate of change in volume during the critical combustion period is
less than in a Four stroke. The absence of valves within the combustion
chamber allows considerable design freedom.

Main advantages of the six-stroke engine:

Reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40%:

An operating efficiency of approximately 50%, hence the large

reduction in specific consumption. The Operating efficiency of current
petrol engine is of the order of 30%. The specific power of the six-stroke
engine will not be less than that of a four-stroke petrol engine, the increase
in thermal efficiency compensating for the issue due to the two additional
strokes.

Two expansions (work) in six strokes:

Since the work cycles occur on two strokes (3600 out of 10800) or 8% more
than in a four-stroke engine (1800 out of 720), the torque is much more even.
This lead to very smooth operation at low speed without any significant
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effects on consumption and the emission of pollutants, the combustion not

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being affected by the engine speed. These advantages are very important in
improving the performance of car in town traffic.

Dramatic reduction in pollution:

Chemical, noise and thermal pollution are reduced, on the one hand,
in proportion to the reduction in specific consumption, and on the other,
through the engine’s own characteristics which will help to considerably
lower HC, CO and NOx emissions.

Multifuel:
Multifuel par excellence, it can use the most varied fuels, of any origin
(fossil or vegetable), from diesel to L.P.G. or animal grease. The difference
in inflammability or antiknock rating does not present any problem in
combustion. It’s light, standard petrol engine construction, and the low
compression ratio2n of the combustion chamber; do not exclude the use of
diesel fuel. Methanol-petrol mixture is also recommended.
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6. APPLICATION
1) Motor boats could offer a large market for this type of motor. Their
properties are perfectly matched to their use. In addition, the use of
fuels other than gasoline would greatly reduce the risk of explosion.
2) Use of non-fossil fuels of plant origin, natural gas and others, in a
simple, robust engine that operates with a minimum of adjustments
and is pollution-free.
3) Motor pumps, generating sets, stationary engines, etc. intended for
agriculture and industry.
4) Automobiles, trucks, construction and agricultural vehicles.
5) Many other applications can also be envisaged.

7. ADVANTAGES
1) Reduction of fuel consumption by at least 40%
2) Two extensions (working/power stroke) in six strokes
3) Drastic reduction in pollution (up to 65%)
4) Greater overall efficiency
5) Lower engine temperature and noise level
6) More air intake improves the cooling system
7) Better flushing and more extraction of work per cycle
8) Less inertia due to the lightness of moving parts
9) Less friction - so less wear
10) The six-stroke engine does not require any major modification
of the existing engines. All technological experiences and production
processes remain unchanged.
11) Cost comparable to that of a four-stroke engine
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8. DISADVANTAGES
1) Braking power and indicated power per cycle per cylinder are
comparatively lower
2) The engine size increases due to a large number of cylinders and
additional components
3) Higher manufacturing cost of six stroke engine
4) Injecting relatively cold water into a hot metal piston can damage it
over time from thermal expansion and contraction.
5) Cold climate anti-freezing measures would be needed in the water
reservoir.

9. CONCLUSION

There is, at this day, no wonder solution for the replacement of the internal
combustion engine. Only improvements of the current technology can help it
progress within reasonable time and financial limits. The six-stroke engine fits
perfectly into this view. Its adoption by the automobile industry would have a
tremendous impact on the environment and world economy, assuming up to 40%
reduction in fuel consumption and 60% to 90% in polluting emissions, depending
on the type of the fuel being used.

An allied with the so-responsive pickup and a wide spread of usable

power, makes the bike ridiculously easy to ride. You hardly need to use the
gearbox, just park it in top gear and ride. Even backing off the throttle in the
middle of a turn doesn’t require hooking down a gear — just crack it open when
you’re ready and feel the front wheel start to aviate on you. And hands-on
assessment of the six-stroke leads to some inescapable conclusions. The industry
trend away from cheaper two-stroke power in favor of costlier but cleaner four-
stroke engines in both Europe, Japan and South East Asia makes a concept like
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the Beare six-stroke, which offers the best of both worlds, project a strong case
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towards volume manufacture.

 SIX STROKE ENGINES

10. REFERENCES

1. www.sixstroke.com

2. Excerpts from Beare technology.

3. High speed internal combustion engines by John B. Heywood.

4. http://www.jack-brabham-engines.com/

5. http://wikipedia.com

6. www.SeminarsTopics.com
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