ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Assignment:- Of IC Engine Lab

Section:- G4 Mech “C”

Title: Types of Engine

Set by:-

1. Tefera Petros 1752/11

2. Kibreab Amanuel 1103/11

3. Kaleb Mengesha 1062/11

4. Kasim Hussein 1080/11

5. Helen Adugna 264/11

Submission date: May 26/2022 GC

Submitted to: Mr. Tamirat

Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Types of Engine
Following are the different types of engine:

*Types of Fuel Used

 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine
 Gas engine

*Number of Strokes per Cycle

 Four-stroke engine
 Two-stroke engine

*Classified by type of ignition

 Hot spot ignition engine

 Spark ignition (S.I.) engine
 Compression ignition (C.I.) engine

*Number of Cylinders

 Single-cylinder engine
 Two-cylinder engine
 Three-cylinder engine
 Four-cylinder engine
 Six-cylinder engine
 Eight-cylinder engine
 Twelve-cylinder engine
 Sixteen cylinder engine

*Classified by Valve arrangement

 L-head engine
 I-head engine
 F-head engine
 T-head engine

*Classified by Cooling System

 Air-cooled engine
 Water-cooled engine
 Evaporation cooling engine

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1. Classification Based On Number Of Cylinders
On the basis of the number of cylinders present in the engine, the types of engine are:

(i). Single cylinder engine: An engine which consists of single cylinder is called single cylinder
engine. Generally the single cylinder engines are used in motorcycles, scooter, etc.

(ii). Double cylinder engine: The engine which consists of two cylinders is called double
cylinder engine.

(iii). Multi-cylinder engine: An engine which consists of more than two cylinders is called multi
cylinder engine. The multi-cylinder engine may have three, four, six, eight, twelve and sixteen
cylinder.

2. Classification Based On Arrangement Of Cylinders

On the basis of arrangement of cylinders the engines classification is:

(i). Vertical engine: in vertical engines, the cylinders are arranged in vertical position as shown
in the diagram.

(ii). Horizontal engine: In horizontal engines, the cylinders are placed horizontal position as
shown in the diagram given below.

(iii). Radial engine: The radial engine is reciprocating type internal combustion engine
configuration in which the cylinders radiate outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of
a wheel. When it is viewed from the front, it resembles a stylized star and is called a ‘star’
engine. Before the gas turbine engine is not become predominant, it is commonly used for
aircraft engines.

(iv). V-engine: In v types of engine, the cylinders are placed in two banks having some angle
between them. The angle between the two banks is keep as small as possible to prevent vibration
and balancing problem.

(v). W type engine: In w type engines, the cylinders are arranged in three rows such that it forms
W type arrangement. W type engine is made when 12 cylinder and 16 cylinder engines are
produced.

(vi). Opposed cylinder engine: In opposed cylinder engine, the cylinders are place opposite to
each other. The piston and the connecting rod show identical movement. It is runs smoothly and
has more balancing. The size of the opposed cylinder engine increase because of its arrangement.

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3. Classification Based On Valve Arrangement
According to the valve arrangement of the inlet and exhaust valve in various positions in the
cylinder head or block, the automobile engines are classified into four categories. These
arrangements are named as ‘L’, ‘I’, ‘F’ and ‘T’. It is easy to remember the word ‘LIFT’ to recall
the four valve arrangement.

(i). L-head engine: In these types of engine, the inlet and exhaust valves are arranged side by
side and operated by a single camshaft. The cylinder and combustion chamber forms and
inverted L.

(ii). I-head engine: In I-head engines, the inlet and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder
head. A single valve actuates all the valves. These types of engine are mostly used in
automobiles.

(iii). F-head engine: It is a combination of I-head and F-head engines. In this, one valve usually
inlet valve is in the head and the exhaust valve lies in the cylinder block. Both the sets of valve
are operated by the single camshaft.

(iv). T-head engine: In T-head engines, the inlet valve located at one side and the exhaust valve
on other side of the cylinder. Here two camshafts are required to operate, one for the inlet valve
and other one is for the exhaust valve

4. Classification Based On Types Of Cooling

On the basis of types of cooling, the engines are classified as:

(i). Air cooled engines: In these engines, the air is used to cool the engines. In air cooled engines
the cylinder barrels are separated and metal fins are used which provides radiating surface area
that increase cooling. The air cooled engines are generally used in motorcycles and scooters.

(ii). Water cooled engines: In water cooled engines, the water is used for the cooling of engine.
Water cooled engines are used in cars, buses, trucks and other four wheeled vehicles, heavy duty
motor vehicles. An anti-freezing agent is added in the water to prevent it from freezing during
cold weather. Every water cooled engines has radiator for the cooling of hot water from the
engine.

5. Classification By Number Of Strokes Per Cycle

According to the number of strokes per cycle, the automobile engines are classified as

 Four-stroke engine.
 Two-stroke engine.

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Four stroke engine

The four-stroke completes a cycle of operations during the four-piston strokes, namely suction,
compression, power and exhaust. These four strokes require two revolutions of the crankshaft.
Thus, during every two revolutions of the crankshaft, there is only one power stroke of the
piston.

Two-stroke engine

The two-stroke engine completes a cycle of operations during the two-piston strokes. These two
strokes require one revolution of the crankshaft. Thus, during every one revolution of the
crankshaft, there is one power stroke of the piston. Therefore, a two-stroke engine produces
twice as much horsepower as a four-stroke engine of the same size, running at the same speed.In
the two-stroke engine, the intake and compression strokes, and the power and exhaust strokes are
in a sense combined. Two-stroke engines are used in motorcycles, Scooters. Four-stroke engines
are used in cars, trucks, buses.

6. Classification Based On Types Of Fuel Used

According to the type of fuel used the engines are classified into three categories

 Petrol engine (or Gasoline engine)

 Diesel engine
 Gas engine

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Petrol Engine

The petrol engine uses petrol for its running. Petrol or gasoline is a hydrocarbon, made up of
hydrogen and carbon compounds. Air-petrol mixture is sucked into the cylinder during the
suction stroke of the piston. The correct air-petrol mixture is obtained from the carburettor.

The mixture is compressed during the compression stroke, ignited during the power stroke and
the exhaust gases pushed out during the exhaust stroke. A spark plug is fitted at the top of the
cylinder which gives a spark to ignite the mixture.

Diesel Engine

In these types of engines, diesel oil is used for its running. Diesel oil is light, with low viscosity
and high cetane number. In the diesel engine, only air is sucked into the cylinder during the
suction stroke and compressed to high pressure, the compression ratio is as high as 22:1. Its
temperature also rises by about 1,000°F.

The diesel oil is injected by an injector at the end of the compression stroke which catches fire
and burns due to the high temperature of the compressed air. No separate ignition system is
required. The burnt gases expand pushing the piston down during the power stroke and finally,
the gases are pushed out during the exhaust stroke.

Gas Turbine

A gas turbine essentially consists of two sections-a gasifier section and a power section. The fuel
used in a gas turbine can be gasoline, kerosene, or oil. The gasifier section burns fuel in a burner
and delivers the resulting gas to the power section, where it spins the power turbine. The power
turbine then turns the vehicle wheels through a series of gears.

The gasifier consists of a compressor which has a rotor with a series of blades around its outer
edge. As the rotor rotates, the air between the blades is carried around and thrown out by
centrifugal force into the burner. Thus air pressure rises in the burner. The fuel is injected in the
burner where it burns and further raises the pressure.

7. Classification According To Method Of Ignition

A) SI engine:- A spark-ignition engine (SI engine) is an internal combustion engine, usually a
petrol engine, where the combustion cycle of an air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug.

B) CI Engine:- A CI engine is type of an internal combustion engine in which the fuel charge is
ignited by the heat of compression.

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8. Classification Based On Types Of Design
(i). Reciprocating engine: In reciprocating engine, there is a piston and cylinder, the piston does
reciprocating (to and Fro) motion within the cylinder. Due to the reciprocating motion of the
piston, it is called reciprocating engine. 2 stroke and four stroke engines are the common
examples of reciprocating engine.

(ii). Rotary engine: In rotary engine, the rotor does rotary motion to produce power. There is no
reciprocating motion. A rotor is present in the chamber which does rotary motion inside a
chamber. Wankel rotary engine, turbine engines are the rotary types of engine.

9. Classification Based On Engine Firing Order:

In engines, cylinders don’t fire in the sequence of 1-2-3-4-5-6 and so on as it could cause the
crankshaft to deform or break. So, manufacturers shuffle the combustion in such a way that it
creates power balance in the engine. The order or sequence in which the engine cylinders fire or
generate & deliver power is called the engine firing order. The manufacturers designate the
front-most or nearest to the radiator as the no.1 cylinder in an in-line engine. Thus, those
immediately behind are the no.2, 3, and so on.

The firing order of an engine depends upon the number of cylinders. However, it may vary from
engine to engine, depending upon its design. There is no uniform practice for numbering the
cylinders in V-type engines. In the case of an inline engine, the cylinder nearest the radiator is
designated no.1. the cylinder behind it is no.2 and so on. In V engines, the method of numbering
cylinders is not uniform. However, generally, it is the 1st on the front right-side bank.

Single & Twin Cylinder Engines:

Single-cylinder engines have only one power stroke for every two spins of the crankshaft. So, its
firing order is 1-1-1-1- and so on. A twin-cylinder engine uses a 180-degree crankshaft. This
means the pistons move in the opposite directions. When one piston moves up, the other moves
down in the cylinder. In this engine, the firing order is 1-2 and so on because the power stroke
occurs alternatively.

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3-Cylinder Engines:

A 3-cylinder engine has three crankpins 120 degrees apart from each other. In a 3-cylinder
engine, the order is 1-3-2, which creates power balance in cylinders. This is particularly true in
the case of multi-cylinder engines. If all the cylinders fire in the same sequence, it will put
excessive stress on the crankshaft from one end. It might result in breakage or twisting of the
crankshaft. To avoid it, manufacturers use non-sequential firing orders so that they will run much
smoother.

4-Cylinder Engines:

In the case of 4-cylinder engines, the crankpins are 90 degrees apart. So, manufacturers use 1-3-
4-2 or 1-2-4-3 as firing order for 4-cylinder engines.

A 4-cylinder engine has the following firing order –

4 cylinder in-line engine – 1-3-4-2 Or 1-2-4-3

4 cylinder horizontally opposed engine – 1-4-3-2

6 Cylinder Engines:

6-cylinder inline engine:

 1-5-3-6-2-4
 1-4-2-6-3-5
 1-3-2-6-4-5
 1-2-4-6-5-3
8 Cylinder Engines:

8 Cylinder inline engine: 1-6-2-5-8-3-7-4 or 1-47-3-8-5-2-6

8 Cylinder V engine:

 1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2
 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
 1-6-2-5-8-3-7-4
 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2
 1-8-7-3-6-5-4-2

As the number of cylinders increase, the number of possible combinations also varies
significantly. American V-8 engines employ three methods of numbering the cylinders. The
method shown in diagram A is most widely used. Most vehicles made by General Motors and
Chrysler use this method for numbering the cylinders.