STEFFI ANNE D. CLARO TH.

10:00 AM-1:00 PM (2MKTG-1)

BSBA-MARKETING MANAGEMENT

Assignment in the Life and Works of Rizal:

Using both printed and electronics media, research on the current relationship between China and
the Philippines. Consider the economic, political, and social factors. Discuss the impact of Chinese
culture on contemporary Philippine society and compare it with the impact of Chinese culture on
19th century Philippines.
THESE ARE THE FACTORS OF POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND
PHILIPPINES:
a. Imperial China and Precolonial Philippine States
Before Spain colonized the Philippines, Imperial China acknowledged the existence of several
Precolonial Philippine kingdoms and the Chinese Emperor received embassies from Filipino
Datus, Rajahs, and Sultans.
b. Establishment of official diplomatic relations
Prior to the 1970s, the Philippines government maintained a close relationship with the
Kuomintang-ruled Taiwan (Republic of China), and saw China (People's Republic of China) as a
security threat. It began considering normalizing relations with China at the start of the 1970s; the
two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1975, with the signing of the Joint
Communiqué by leaders of the two countries.
Over the 34 years, China–Philippines relations in general have attained a smooth development,
and also remarkable achievements in all areas of bilateral cooperation.
c. High level visits
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, there has been frequent exchange of high-level
visits between China and the Philippines. Philippine Presidents Marcos (June 1975), Corazon
Aquino (April 1988), Ramos (April 1993), Estrada (May 2000), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
(November 2001 and September 2004), and Benigno Aquino III (August–September 2011) have
visited China. Premier Li Peng (December 1990), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 8th
National People's Congress Mr. Qiao Shi (August 1993), President Jiang Zemin (November 1996),
Premier Zhu Rongji (November 1999), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 9th National
People's Congress Mr. Li Peng (September 2002), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the
10th National People's Congress Mr. Wu Bangguo (August 2003), President Hu Jintao (April
2005) and Premier Wen Jiabao (January 2007) visited the Philippines.
d. Major agreements
During President Jiang Zemin's state visit to the Philippines in 1996, leaders of the two countries
agreed to establish a cooperative relationship based on good-neighborliness and mutual trust
towards the 21st century, and reached important consensus and understanding of "Shelving
disputes and going in for joint development" on the issue of South China Sea. In 2000, China and
the Philippines signed the "Joint Statement Between China and the Philippines on the Framework
of Bilateral Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century", which confirmed that the two sides will
establish a long-term and stable relationship on the basis of good neighborliness, cooperation,
mutual trust and benefit. During President Hu Jintao's state visit to the Philippines in 2005, both
countries are determined to establish the strategic and cooperative relations that aim at the peace
and development. During Premier Wen Jiabao's official visit to the Philippines in January 2007,
both sides issued a joint statement, reaffirming the commitment of taking further steps to deepen
the strategic and cooperative relationship for peace and development between the two countries.
In April 2007 President Arroyo attended the annual meeting of the Boao Forum for Asia. In June
2007 she visited Chengdu and Chongqing, and in October, she attended Shanghai Special
Olympics and made a side trip to Yantai, Shandong Province. In January 2008, Speaker of the
Philippine House of Representatives De Venecia visited China. In August, President Arroyo
attended the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games and made a side trip to Chengdu.
In October Arroyo attended the Asia-Europe Summit Meeting in China and made a side trip to
Wuhan and Hangzhou. Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives Nograles went to
Nanning for the 5th China-ASEAN Expo and paid a visit to Kunming and Xiamen. Vice President
De Castro attended the 9th China Western International Exposition in Chengdu. In November De
Castro attended the 4th World Cities Forum in Nanjing and visited Anhui and Shanghai. In
December, President Arroyo went to Hong Kong to attend the Clinton Global Initiative Forum-
Asia Meeting. China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs of the
Philippines set up a consultation mechanism in 1991, and 15 rounds of diplomatic consultations
have been held since then. Apart from reciprocal establishment of Embassies, China has a
consulate general in Cebu, and established a consulate office in Laoag in April 2007. The
Philippines has consulates general in Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu and
Hong Kong.
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Philippines, have signed a joint letter to
the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.
e. Military relations
In April 2002, Philippine Secretary of Defense Reyes visited to China. In June, Philippine naval
fleets visited China for the first time. In September, Chinese Vice Chairman of the Central Military
Commission, State Councilor and Defense Minister Chi Haotian visited the Philippines. In 2004,
Narciso Abaya, Chief of the General Staff of Philippine Armed Forces (AFP) and Secretary of
Defense Avelino Cruz paid visits to China respectively, and both sides established the mechanism
of annual Defense and Security Consultation. In May 2005, Xiong Guangkai, Deputy Chief of the
General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) visited the Philippines and held the
first Defense and Security Consultation with Philippine Defense Undersecretary Antonio Santos.
In May 2006, Chief of the General Staff of AFP Gen. Denga visited China. In October, Philippine
vice Secretary of Defense Santos visited China and both sides held the second round of Defense
and Security Consultation. Also in October, North China Sea Fleet visited the Philippines,
conducting a joint non-traditional security exercise. In May 2007, Zhang Qinsheng, Deputy Chief
of the General Staff of PLA visited the Philippines and both sides held the Defense and Security
Consultation for the third time. Chinese Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, State
Councilor and Defense Minister Cao Gangchuan, paid a visit to the Philippines in September.
MY ANSWER REGARDING THE IMPACT OF CHINA-PHILIPPINES POLITICAL
RELATIONS DURING THE EARLIER-19TH CENTURY AND THE IMPACT OF CHINA-
PHILIPPINES POLITICAL RELATIONS IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURY:
The impact of China-Philippines political relations during the 19th century as compared to the 20th
and 21st century was positive in many ways. The Philippines’ relations to China have been a lot
stronger during the 20th and 21st century by signing major agreements between the presidents of
China and the Philippines, by doing major visits vice versa, and by making military relations. The
presidents of the Philippines who visited China are notable ones like Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon
Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, and Benigno Aquino III. The
presidents and higher officials of China who visited the Philippines are Premier Li Peng
(December 1990), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 8th National People's Congress Mr.
Qiao Shi (August 1993), President Jiang Zemin (November 1996), Premier Zhu Rongji (November
1999), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 9th National People's Congress Mr. Li Peng
(September 2002), Chairman of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress
Mr. Wu Bangguo (August 2003), President Hu Jintao (April 2005) and Premier Wen Jiabao
(January 2007). Meanwhile, the relationship between the Philippines and China during the earlier
up to the 19th centuries were a little bit harder in that time because there were few people who were
joining the political relations at that time. The Philippines built kingdoms in order to be
acknowledged by the Imperial China. The Philippines only built an embassy when the Philippines
have already been acknowledged by China and the Chinese emperors.
THESE ARE THE FACTORS OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND
PHILIPPINES:
a. Trade and commerce
Since Song dynasty times in China and precolonial times in the Philippines, evidence of trade
contact can already be observed in the Chinese ceramics found in archaeological sites, like in Santa
Ana, Manila. During Ming and Qing dynasty times in China and Spanish colonial era in the
Philippines, the Philippines through Manila has had centuries-long trade contacts with cities such
as Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen in Fujian province and Guangzhou and Macau in Guangdong
province, especially as part of the Maritime Silk Road trade, then connected with the Manila-
Acapulco Galleon Trade that ensured the export of Chinese trade goods, such as chinaware, across
Spanish America and Europe in the Spanish colonial empire and the constant supply of Spanish
silver into the economy of China as observed in the later dominance and widespread use of the
Spanish silver dollar coins in the Ming and Qing dynasty coinage and its general acceptance as a
de facto standard of trade across the Far East around the 16th to 19th century. In 1567, the Spanish
trade port in the city of Manila in the Philippines as part of the Spanish colonial empire was opened
which until the fall of the Ming dynasty brought over forty million Kuping Taels of silver to China
with the annual Chinese imports numbering at 53,000,000 pesos (each peso being 8 real) or
300,000 Kuping Taels. During the Ming dynasty the average Chinese junk which took the voyage
from the Spanish East Indies to the city of Guangzhou took with it eighty thousand pesos, a number
which increased under the Qing dynasty as until the mid-18th century the volume of imported
Spanish pesos had increased to 235,370,000 (or 169 460,000 Kuping Tael). The Spanish mention
that around 12,000,000 pesos were shipped from Acapulco to Manila in the year 1597 as part of
the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade while in other years this usually numbered between one and
four million pesos.
Bilateral trade volume in 2007 was US$30.62 billion. From January to October 2008, bilateral
trade volume reached US$25.3 billion, an increase of 1.4% as compared with the same period last
year. By the end of September 2008, the actually utilized value of accumulative investment from
the Philippines to China reached US$2.5 billion. China's transformation into a major economic
power in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the bamboo network, a
network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share
common family and cultural ties.
In 1999, China's Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Agriculture of the Philippines
signed the Agreement on Strengthening Cooperation in Agriculture and Related Fields. In 2000,
relevant government agencies signed an agreement whereby China offers the Philippines US$100
million credit facility. In March 2003, China's aid project the China-Philippines Agricultural
Technology Center was completed. With its successful trial planting in the Philippines, China's
hybrid rice and corn have been growing over large areas in the country. In 2004, both sides signed
the Memorandum of Understanding on Fisheries Cooperation. In January 2007, Chinese and
Philippine Ministries of Agriculture signed Memorandum of Understanding on Broadening and
Deepening Agriculture and Fisheries Cooperation.
In August 2003, the two countries signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in
Constructing the Northern Luzon Railway Project. In April 2005, the two countries signed the
Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the field of Infrastructure between the Ministry
of Commerce of the People's Republic of China and the Department of Trade and Industry of the
Republic of the Philippines.
b. Official Development Assistance (ODA)
During the respective visits of Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to the People's Republic of
China and Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to the Philippines, the two agreed to a significant
increase of Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the People's Republic of China as part
of Xi's Belt and Road Initiative. However, concerns were soon raised over the terms and conditions
of the ODA funding and the lack of transparency over the details of the details. As of 2018, the
delivery of that aid had also stalled, with few firm commitments put in place by the Xi
administration. Despite this, the Duterte administration continued to make the relationship a major
part of its economic agenda.
MY ANSWER REGARDING THE IMPACT OF CHINA-PHILIPPINES ECONOMIC
RELATIONS DURING THE EARLIER-19TH CENTURY AND THE IMPACT OF CHINA-
PHILIPPINES ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURY:
My explanation regarding the impact of China-Philippines economic relations during the 19th
century is that there is trade contact between China and Philippines during the Song Dynasty of
China and precolonial times in the Philippines. During the Ming and Qing Dynasty of China and
the Spanish colonial era in the Philippines, there are also trade contacts between Manila and other
cities in China. That trade is called Maritime Silk Road trade and then connected with the Manila-
Acapulco Galleon Trade. In the 20th and 21st century, the China-Philippines economic relations
occur through bilateral trade. The bilateral trade volume in 2008 increased by 1.4% from the year
2007. China has already become a major economic power in the 21st century. The Philippines and
China signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Constructing the Northern
Luzon Railway Project and the Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the field of
Infrastructure in the 21st century. The two memorandums helped the Philippines to have progress
in building the infrastructure projects because China is the country that will help the Philippines
in building infrastructure projects. Also occurring during the 21st century, Presidents Duterte and
Xi Jinping agreed to a significant increase of Official Development Assistance. However, there
are concerns regarding the Official Development Assistance. Despite of that, Duterte and Xi
Jinping still continued the relationship between the Philippines and China as a major part of its
economic agenda.
THESE ARE THE FACTORS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND
PHILIPPINES:
a. Bilateral agreements
The cooperation in the fields of culture, technology, judiciary, and tourism between the two
countries achieves continuous progress. So far, the two sides have signed 11 two-year action plans
of cultural cooperation. The joint committee of scientific and technological cooperation has held
13 sessions, during which 244 research projects have been confirmed.
The major bilateral agreements between the two countries are as follows: Scientific and
Technological Cooperation Agreement (1978), Cultural Cooperation Agreement (1979), Civil
Aviation and Transportation Agreement (1979), Memorandum of Understanding on Sports
Cooperation (2001), Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Information Industry
(2001), Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Crackdown on Transnational
Crimes (2001), Treaty on Extradition (2001), Pact on Cooperation Against Illicit Traffic and Abuse
of Narcotic Drugs (2001), Memorandum of Understanding on Tourism Cooperation (2002),
Memorandum of Understanding on Maritime Cooperation (2005), Pact on Cooperation in Youth
Affairs (2005), Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Cooperation (2007), Memorandum of Understanding on Education Cooperation (2007), Pact on
Protection of Cultural Heritage (2007), Pact on Sanitary Cooperation (2008), etc.
b. Chinese Filipinos
Chinese Filipinos (incorrectly termed in the Philippines as Filipino Chinese) are Filipinos of
Chinese descent, mostly of southern Fujian ancestry, where the majority are born and raised in the
Philippines. Chinese Filipinos are one of the largest overseas Chinese communities in Southeast
Asia. Chinese immigration to the Philippines occurred mostly during the Spanish colonization of
the islands between the 16th and 19th centuries, attracted by the lucrative trade of the Manila
galleons and since the late 20th century. In 2013, according to the Senate of the Philippines, there
were approximately 1.35 million ethnic (or pure) Chinese within the Philippine population, while
Filipinos with any Chinese descent comprised 22.8 million of the population. However, the actual
current figures are not known since the Philippine census does not usually take into account
questions about ethnicity.
Chinese Filipinos are a well-established middle class ethnic group and are well represented in all
levels of Filipino society. Chinese Filipinos also play a leading role in the Philippine business
sector and dominate the Philippine economy today. Most in the current list of the Philippines'
richest each year comprise Taipan billionaires of Chinese Filipino background. Some in the list of
the political families in the Philippines are also of Chinese Filipino background, meanwhile the
bulk are also of Spanish-colonial-era Chinese mestizo (mestizo de Sangley) descent, of which,
many families of such background also compose a considerable part of the Philippine population
especially its bourgeois, who during the late Spanish Colonial Era in the late 19th century,
produced a major part of the ilustrado intelligentsia of the late Spanish Colonial Philippines, that
were very influential with the creation of Filipino nationalism and the sparking of the Philippine
Revolution as part of the foundation of the First Philippine Republic and subsequent sovereign
independent Philippines.
MY ANSWER REGARDING THE IMPACT OF CHINA-PHILIPPINES SOCIAL
RELATIONS DURING THE EARLIER-19TH CENTURY AND THE IMPACT OF CHINA-
PHILIPPINES SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE 20TH AND 21ST CENTURIES:
The impact of China-Philippines social relations during the earlier up to the 19th centuries as
compared to the 20th and 21st centuries was that it is almost similar in many ways. There are also
Filipinos who are half Chinese and they are called Chinese Filipinos. Actually, there are already
Chinese Filipinos in 19th century and they are called Chinese mestizos. The Chinese Filipinos
during the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries are mostly business owners and their life centers mostly in
the family business. These mostly small or medium enterprises play a significant role in the
Philippine economy. Chinese Filipinos attribute their success in business to frugality and hard
work, Confucian values and their traditional Chinese customs and traditions. They are very
business-minded and entrepreneurship is highly valued and encouraged among the young. Most
Chinese Filipinos are urban dwellers. Aside from that there are Chinese mestizos in the
Philippines, there are also Chinese who are plantation owners due to the fact that until recently
when the Chinese Filipino became Filipino citizens, the law prohibited the non-citizens, which
most Chinese were, from owning land. In the culture of the Chinese Filipinos in the 19th, 20th and
21st centuries, they have become a repository of traditional Chinese culture common to
unassimilated ethnic minorities throughout the world. Whereas in mainland China many cultural
traditions and customs were suppressed or destroyed during the Cultural Revolution or simply
regarded as old-fashioned nowadays, these traditions have remained largely preserved in the
Philippines. There are also cultural twists that have evolved in the Chinese community in the
Philippines like Chinese New Year and Mid-Autumn Festival. The Chinese Filipino have
developed unique customs pertaining to weddings, birthdays and funerary rituals. There are also
Chinese traditions that brought here in the Philippines like supplication/pamamanhikan (kiu-hun),
engagement (ting-hun) and wedding (kan-chhiu). The birthday traditions of Chinese Filipinos in
19th, 20th, and 21st centuries involve large banquet receptions, always featuring noodles and round-
shaped desserts. All the relatives of the birthday celebrant are expected to wear red clothing which
symbolize respect for the celebrant. Wearing clothes with a darker hue is forbidden and considered
bad luck. During the reception, relatives offer ang paos (red packets containing money) to the
birthday celebrant, especially if he is still unmarried. For older celebrants, boxes of egg noodles
(misua) and eggs on which red paper is placed are given. There are also funerary traditions for
Chinese Filipinos. The funerary traditions mirror those found in Southern Fujian. So, the
relationship between Philippines and China in the society is extremely important because of the
presence of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines and the important traditions that are inherited from
the pure Chinese people to the Filipino people.