REMAPPING OF PHILIPPINE

LITERATURE THROUGH
CRITICISM
Lesson 6
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic
dimensions of Philippine literary history from
precolonial to contemporary.
• Value the contributions of local writers to the
development of regional literary traditions.
• Differentiate the various 21st century literary genres
and the ones from the earlier genres or periods
citing their elements, structures, and traditions
 LITERARY CRITICISM
•The “reasoned” consideration or analysis
of literary texts and their themes or
issues.
•An argument about a literary work, which
will be proven using the text and the
culture or context the text was written in
or for.
 LITERARY CRITICISM
• There is one general agreement among
critics, however, when it comes to any kind of
critique: it has to be “practical.”
• It interprets meaning in text and judges the
text’s quality so that it may bring forth new
ideas, new realizations, and necessary
changes in society
 FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY
CRITICISM
• Reviews book that you often read online or in local
newspapers, or a systematic theoretical discussion of
a story’s impact on society which determine if a book
will be widely sold or acclaimed, though at times they
do not serve as a precedent to the best seller’s status
of the book.
• Summarizes the worth of a book, or support or
deconstruct a publisher’s claim about a given book.
• Reevaluates any given text.
 FUNCTIONS OF LITERARY
CRITICISM
• Sheds new light or to give new meanings to old
texts.
• Lets you see the function old texts in modern
society. This, when accomplished, may bring
old texts to the new public’s attention.
• Be used to invoke discussions, reassess society,
and redefine culture based on a literary text.
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

1. Sociological criticism:
-Like historical criticism, sociological criticism
examines literature in the cultural, economic, and
political context in which it is written or received.
- This type of criticism may analyze the social content
of a literary work—the cultural, economic, or political
values a particular text implicitly or explicitly
expresses.
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

2. Reader-response criticism:
-This type of criticism attempts to describe what
happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a
text.
-A reader-response critic might also explore the
impact of a particular text on his or her own ideas or
values. For example, one might reflect on how a
particular character seems admirable or unlikable and
why.
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

3. Gender criticism:
- This type of criticism examines how sexual identity
influences the creation and reception of literary works.
- Gender studies originated during the feminist
movement, when critics began investigating the
unexamined assumptions around gender in a piece of
literature. Feminist critics explored how an author’s
gender might—consciously or unconsciously—affect his
or her writing.

Source: https://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

4. Mythological criticism:
- Mythological critics explore the universal
patterns underlying a literary work.
- This type of criticism draws on the insights of
anthropology, history, psychology, and
comparative religion to explore how a text uses
myths and symbols drawn from different
cultures and epochs.
Source: https://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

5. Biographical criticism:
- Biographical critics explore how understanding
an author’s life can help readers more
thoroughly comprehend the literary work.
- Note: biographical critics are not concerned
with simply describing the author’s life but
instead with interpreting the literary work using
the insights provided by knowledge of the
author’s life.
Source: https://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

6. New Historicism:
-New historicist critics look at the impact of the
politics, ideologies, and social customs of the
author’s world on the themes, images, and
characterizations of a text.
-This type of critic considers the historical events
or conditions during which the work was
written.
Source: https://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

7. Psychoanalytic criticism:
-This type of criticism views the themes,
conflicts, and characterizations of a work
primarily as a reflection of the needs, emotions,
state of mind, or subconscious desires of the
author.

Source: https://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html
 SOME TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM

8. Formalist criticism:
- Formalist critics look closely at the work itself,
analyzing the various elements of the work as a
way of explicating or interpreting a text.

Source: https://hhh.gavilan.edu/kwarren/LitCrit.html
 WRITING A CRITICAL PAPER

• Literary criticism sees in the text what the

readers do not see, and leaves the readers to
think about what was discovered by
themselves.
• Literary criticism also does not always have to
delve into religious or nationalistic
interpretations—it can be anything about the
literary text on hand, as long as it is within the
text.
 SHORT PAPER

• A short paper is literally “short.”

•It consists of one or two pages of written
critique that will succinctly discuss your
idea, realization, or concept regarding a
literary selection.
 WRITING A SHORT (CRITICAL) PAPER

• Choose a literary selection that you want to

analyze.
• Find at least two to three sources that you can
use to develop your idea. You can find these
through the internet, your school library, or
magazines/journals.
• Once you have done your scholarly work, it is
time for you to start writing.
 STRUCTURE OF A SHORT
CRITICAL PAPER

Begin with an outline

• What do you want to say, and how do
you want to say it?
• The important thing with an outline is
that you can clearly follow it as you
write along.
 STRUCTURE OF A SHORT
CRITICAL PAPER

Introduction
Suggestions:
• start with a joke, an anecdote, or a quotation
from the literary text as your introduction.
• state as a way of sign posting (or letting the
reader know what you are going to write about in
your paper) what your concept is and how it is
related to the literary text.
 STRUCTURE OF A SHORT
CRITICAL PAPER

Introduction
Suggestions:
• Tell if you already have a hypothesis or a conclusion in
mind.
• You may also give a background of the story, especially if it
hasn’t been read yet by your classmates, in the
introduction.
• But make sure it is short (2 pages at the most) because you
only have two pages to write about your whole analysis
 STRUCTURE OF A SHORT
CRITICAL PAPER

Body
• The body of essay must try to discuss the relation of
your idea with the literary text.
• What has your idea discovered about the literary text?
• How did the literary text show you or enlighten you about
your idea? What can your idea say about local culture and
society? What other future research topics can be
established from your idea?
 STRUCTURE OF A SHORT
CRITICAL PAPER

Conclusion
• The conclusion is just like any conclusion
when you are writing an essay—summarize
what you have said or discussed in the body in
two to three sentences.
 STRUCTURE OF A SHORT
CRITICAL PAPER
Conclusion
Suggestions in concluding a critical essay/paper:
• You may also want to conclude by referencing your
introduction (the joke, anecdote, or quotation), so
that it “sandwiches” your idea and is more appealing
to the readers.
• You may also suggest future research projects for
your readers, which they may undertake if they are
interested in your topic.
 LOOKING BEYOND: THE
FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Lesson 7
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Identify the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions
of Philippine literary history from precolonial to
contemporary.
• Identify representative texts and authors from each region.
• Value the contributions of local writers to the development
of literary traditions.
• Explain the relationship of the context with the text’s
meaning.
• Produce a creative representation of a literary text by
applying multimedia skills.
 THE FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Some of the Latest Genres Emerging In Philippine

Literature:
Children’s Literature
oChildren’s literature has made a paradigm shift as it now
includes contemporary stories that are no longer didactical in
presentation.
oToday, many storybooks discuss controversial and sensitive
issues in the context of the child experience.
oThemes: bullying, death, illnesses, calamities, sexuality, politics,
and child abuse, just to name a few.
 THE FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Some of the Latest Genres Emerging In Philippine

Literature:
Speculative Fiction
oUmbrella term in the country’s literature that includes
all genres of horror, fantasy, science fiction, magical
realism, and other non-realist genres.
oThe terminology has been championed by Dean
Francis Alfar, who has written and edited stories
under this genre.
 THE FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Some of the Latest Genres Emerging In Philippine

Literature:
Avant-garde poetry
oThese are poems that push the boundaries of what is
expected as the norm. In that sense, these kinds of
poems experiment with form, phrasing, ideas, imagery,
and the like.
oSome poets who have written avant-garde poems are
Angelo Suarez, Paolo Manalo, Conchitina Cruz, Arbeen
Acuña, and Marc Gabba.
 THE FUTURE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Some of the Latest Genres Emerging In Philippine

Literature:
Contemporary Essay
• The unrestricted and explores diverse topics
such as dysfunctional families, LGBT issues,
terrorism, religion, and/or faith.