Structure of Atom

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According to John Dalton matter is made up of extremely

tiny indivisible particles, called atom which participates in
chemical reactions. Atoms can neither be created nor be
destroyed.
Other scientists like JJ Thomson, Goldstein, Ruderford,
Bohr, suggested that there are 35 different subatomic
particles(known). But the basic particles are electron, proton
& neutron.

Discovery of electron:- (Study of cathode rays)

Willium Crookes studied the conduction of electricity
through gases at low pressure and at high voltage of
10000V.
Properties of cathode rays:-
i. They produce sharp shadow of the solid object in their
path suggesting that they travel in straight line.
ii. They are deflected towards the positive plate in an electric
field suggesting that they are negatively charged.
iii.They can make a light paddle wheel to rotate placed in
their path. This means they possess kinetic energy and are
material particles.
iv. They have a charge to mass ratio = 1.75882 × 1011C/kg
v. They ionise gases through which they travel.
vi.They produce X-rays when they strike a metallic target.
vii. The characterstics of cathode rays (electrons) do not
depend on the material of electrodes and nature of the gas
present in the cathode ray tube.
The negative charged material particles constituting the
cathode rays were called electrons.
JJ Thomsan determine the e/m ratio = 1.76 × 10^8C/kg.
R.A Mallikan determined the charge on an electron by oil
drop experiment.

Discovery of protron:- (Study of anode rays)

Goldstein performed a discharged tube experiment. On
passing high voltage it was found that some rays were coming
frrom the side of anode which passed through the holes in
cathode and produce green fluorescence on opposite glass wall
coated with zinc sulphide. These rays were called anode rays.
Properties of cathode rays:-
i. They travel in straight lines.
ii. They carry a positive charge.
iii. They are made up of material particles.
iv.The value of the charge on the particles constituting the
anode rays is found to depend on the nature of gas
taken.
v. The mass of the particles constituting the anode rays is
found to depend on the nature of gas taken.
 vi. The charge to mass ratio(e/m) of the particles is also
found to depend on the gas taken.
vii. Their behaviour in electric and magnetic field is
opposite to that observed for electron.

Discovery of neutron:-
Chadwick bombarded beryllium with a stream of a-particles.
He observed that penetrating radiations were produced
which were not affected by electric & magnetic fields. These
radiations consisted of neutral particles, which were called
neutrons. The nuclear reaction can be shown as
Definations
• Electron- A fundamental particle which
carries one unit negative charge and has a
mass nearly equal to 1/1837th of that of
hydrogen atom.
• Proton A fundamental particle which carries
one unit positive charge and has a mass nearly
equal to that of hydrogen atom.
• Neutron A fundamental particle which carries
no charge but has a mass nearly equal to that
of hydrogen atom.

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