Chapter 3

Mass Relationships
in Chemical
Reactions

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further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Atomic Mass (1 of 2)
Micro World atoms & molecules → Macro World grams
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units
(amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

On this scale
1 H = 1.008 amu
160 = 16.00 amu

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-2

 Atomic Mass (2 of 2)

The average atomic mass is the weighted average of

all of the naturally occurring isotopes of the element.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-3

 Average Atomic Mass
When we measure the atomic mass of an element, we must
generally settle for the average mass of the naturally
occurring mixture of isotopes

Natural lithium is:

7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)

Average atomic mass of lithium:

7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x 7.016

= 6.941 amu
100
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-4
Atomic Mass on the Periodic Table

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-5

 The Mole

The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles

Dozen = 12 Pair = 2

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many

elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
23
1 mol
= N=
A 6 .0221415 × 10
Avogadro’s number (N A )

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-6

 Molar Mass
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of:
eggs in grams
shoes in grams
marbles in grams
atoms in grams
1mole 12 C atoms =
6.022 × 1023 atoms =
12.00 g
112 C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12 C atoms = 12.00 g 12 C
1 more lithium atoms = 6.941 of Li
For any element
atomic mass(amu) = molar mass(gram)

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-7

Examples of One Mole

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-8

 Converting Between Mass and Atoms
1 12
//
C/ atom
// / / 12.00 g 1.66 ×10 –24 g
× 23 12
=
12.00 amu 6.022 ×10 //
C/ atoms
// / / / 1amu
= 1.66 ×10 –24 g or
1amu
1 g 6.022 ×1023 amu
=

M = molar mass in g mol

NA = Avogadro’s number

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-9

 Example 3.2

How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?

1 mol He
6.46 g He × = 1.61 mol He
4.003 g He

Thus, there are 1.61 moles of He atoms in 6.46 g of He.

Check
Because the given mass (6.46 g) is larger than the molar mass of He, we
expect to have more than 1 mole of He.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-10

 Example 3.3
How many grams of Zn are in 0.356 mole of Zn?

65.39 g Zn
0.356 mol Zn × = 23.3 g Zn
1 mol Zn

Thus, there are 23.3 g of Zn in 0.356 mole of Zn.

Check
Does a mass of 23.3 g for 0.356 mole of Zn seem reasonable? What is
the mass of 1 mole of Zn?

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-11

 Molecular Mass
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a molecule.

1S 32.07 amu
2O +2 × 16.00 amu
SO2 64.07 amu

SO2

For any molecule

molecular mass (amu) − molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-12
 Example 3.4
Calculate the molecular masses (in amu) of SO2.

There are two O atoms and one S atom in SO2, so that

molecular mass=
of SO 2 32.07 amu + 2 (16.00 amu)
= 64.07 amu

Calculate the molecular masses (in amu) of C8H10N4O2.

There are eight C atoms, ten H atoms, four N atoms, and two O atoms in
caffeine, so the molecular mass of C8H10N4O2 is given by

8(12.01 amu) + 10(1.008 amu) + 4(14.01 amu) + 2(16.00 amu) = 194.20 amu

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-13

 Example 3.5

How many moles of CH4 are

present in 6.07 g of CH4?

CH 4 12.01g + 4 (1.008 g )
molar mass of=
= 16.04 g
CH 4

1 mol CH 4
6.07 g CH 4 × 0.378 mol CH 4
=
16.04 g CH 4

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-14

 Example 3.6

How many hydrogen atoms are present in 25.6 g of urea

[(NH2)2CO], which is used as a fertilizer, in animal feed, and
in the manufacture of polymers?

We can combine these conversions

grams of urea → moles of urea → moles of H → atoms of H

into one step :

1 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO 4 mol H 6.022 ×1023 H atoms
= 25.6 g ( NH 2 )2 CO × × ×
60.06 g ( NH 2 )2 CO 1 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO 1 mol H
1 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO 4 mol H 6.022 ×1023 H atoms
=25.6 g ( NH 2 ) 2 CO × × ×
60.06 g ( NH 2 ) 2 CO 1 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO 1 mol H

= 1.03 ×1024 H atoms

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-15
 Percent Composition
Percent composition of an element in a compound
n × molar mass of element
× 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the
compound
2 × (12.01g )
%C
= ×100%
= 52.14%
46.07 g
6 × (1.008 g )
%H
= ×100%
= 13.13%
46.07 g
1× (16.00 g )
%0
= ×100%
= 34.73%
46.07 g
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% =
100.0%
C 2H 6 O
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-16
 Example 3.7
Calculate the percent composition by mass of H, P, and O in (H3PO4).

Solution
The molar mass of H3PO4 is 97.99 g. The percent by mass of each of
the elements in H3PO4 is calculated as follows:

3 (1.008 g ) H
%H
= × 100% 3.086
=
97.99 g H 3 PO4
30.97 g P
%P
= × 100% 31.61%
=
97.99 g H 3 PO4
4 (16.00 g ) O
%O
= × 100% 65.31%
=
97.99 g H 3 PO4

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-17

 Example 3.8
Determine the empirical formula of a compound that has the
following percent composition by mass: K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O
40.51 percent

Determine its empirical formula.

1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-18
19
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas

nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532

0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~
O: ~ 4.0
0.6329

KMnO4
 Determining Empirical Formula
Experimentally

g CO 2 → mol CO 2 → mol C → g C 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C

g H 2 O → mol H 2 O → mol H → g H 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O g of sample – ( g of C + g of H ) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O

Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25

Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-20

 Example 3.9 (1 of 6)

A sample of a compound contains 30.46 percent nitrogen

and 69.54 percent oxygen by mass, as determined by a
mass spectrometer.

In a separate experiment, the molar mass of the

compound is found to be 90 g.

Determine the molecular formula and the accurate molar

mass of the compound.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-21

 Example 3.9 (2 of 6)
Strategy
To determine the molecular formula, we first need to determine the
empirical formula. Comparing the empirical molar mass to the
experimentally determined molar mass will reveal the relationship
between the empirical formula and molecular formula.

Solution
We start by assuming that there are 100 g of the compound. Then
each percentage can be converted directly to grams; that is, 30.46 g
of N and 69.54 g of O.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-22

 Example 3.9 (3 of 6)

Let n represent the number of moles of each element so that

1 mol N
nN = 30.46 g N × = 2.174 mol N
14.01 g N
1 mol O
nO = 69.54 g O × = 4.346 mol O
16.00 g O
Thus, we arrive at the formula N2.174O4.346 which gives the identity and
the ratios of atoms present. However, chemical formulas are written
with whole numbers.

Try to convert to whole numbers by dividing the subscripts by the

smaller subscript (2.174). After rounding off, we obtain NO2 as the
empirical formula.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-23

 Example 3.9 (4 of 6)

The molecular formula might be the same as the empirical formula or

some integral multiple of it (for example, two, three, four, or more times
the empirical formula).

Comparing the ratio of the molar mass to the molar mass of the empirical
formula will show the integral relationship between the empirical and
molecular formulas.

The molar mass of the empirical formula NO2 is

empirical molar mass = 14.01 g + 2(16.00 g) = 46.01 g

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-24

 Example 3.9 (5 of 6)

Next, we determine the ratio between the molar mass and the
empirical molar mass

molar mass 90 g
= ≈2
empirical molar mass 46.01 g

The molar mass is twice the empirical molar mass. This means that
there are two NO2 units in each molecule of the compound, and the
molecular formula is (NO2)2 or N2O4.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-25

 Example 3.9 (6 of 6)
Check
Note that in determining the molecular formula from the empirical
formula, we need only know the approximate molar mass of the
compound. The reason is that the true molar mass is an integral multiple
(1×, 2×, 3×, …) of the empirical molar mass. Therefore, the ratio (molar
mass/empirical molar mass) will always be close to an integer.

N2 O 4
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-26
27
Chemical Reactions & Chemical Equations

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one

or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction

3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

reactants products
How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2Mg + O 2 → 2MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O 2 makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O 2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O 2 makes 80.6 MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 grams O 2 makes 2g MgO

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-28

Balancing Chemical Equations (1 of 3)

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and
the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the
equation.
Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
C2 H 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O
2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make
the number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the
equation. Do not change the subscripts.

2C2 H 6 NOT C4 H12

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-29

Balancing Chemical Equations (2 of 3)

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one

reactant and one product.
C2 H 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O start with C or H but not O
↑ ↑
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO 2 by 2
on left on right
C2 H 6 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + H 2 O
↑ ↑
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen multiply H 2 O by 3
on left on right
C2 H 6 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-30
Balancing Chemical Equations (3 of 3)

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more

reactants or products.
7
C2 H6 + O2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O multiply O 2 by
2
↑ ↑ ↑
2 oxygen 4 oxygen 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen on right
on left ( 2 × 2) ( 3 ×1)
7
C2 H6 + O 2 → 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O remove fraction
2
multiply both sides by 2 Reactants Products
2C2 H 6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O
4C 4C
12 H 12 H

© McGraw-Hill Education. 14 O 14 O
3-31
 Amounts of Reactants and Products

1. Write balanced chemical equation

2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of
the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-32

 Example 3.10

Methanol burns in air according to the equation

2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass

CH3OH chemical equation H2O

1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O

209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O

235 g H2O
 Example 3.11

How many grams of Li are needed to produce 9.89 g of H2?

2Li ( s ) + 2H 2 O ( l ) → 2LiOH ( aq ) + H 2 ( g )

Solution
The conversion steps are
grams of H 2 → moles of H 2 → moles of Li → grams of Li

Combining these steps into one equation, we write

1 mol H 2 2 mol Li 6.941 g Li

9.89 g H 2 × × × 68.1 g Li
=
2.016 g H 2 1 mol H 2 1 mol Li

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-34

 Limiting Reagent:

Reactant used up first in the reaction.

CO + 2H 2 → CH 3OH

H 2 is the limiting reagent

CO is the excess reagent

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-35

 Example 3.12 (1 of 4)

Urea ( NH 2 )2 CO  is prepared by reacting ammonia

with carbon dioxide:

2NH 3 ( g ) +CO 2 ( g ) → ( NH 2 )2 CO ( aq ) +H 2 O ( l )

In one process, 637.2 g of NH3 are treated with 1142 g

of CO2.
(NH2 ) 2 CO
a) Which of the two reactants is the limiting reagent?

b) Calculate the mass of (NH2)2CO formed.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-36

 Example 3.12 (2 of 4)

Solution
We carry out two separate calculations. First, starting with 637.2 g of
NH3, we calculate the number of moles of (NH2)2CO that could be
produced if all the NH3 reacted according to the following
conversions:

grams of NH 3 → moles of NH 3 → moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO

Combining these conversions in one step, we write

1 mol NH 3 1 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO
moles of (=
NH 2 )2 CO 637.g NH 3 × ×
17.03 g NH 3 2 mol NH 3
=18.71 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-37

 Example 3.12 (3 of 4)

Second, for 1142 g of CO2, the conversions are

grams of CO 2 → moles of CO 2 → moles of ( NH 2 )2 CO

The number of moles of (NH2)2CO that could be produced if all the

CO2 reacted is
1 mol CO 2 1 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO
( NH 2 )2 CO 1142 g CO 2 ×
moles of = ×
44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2
= 25.95 mol ( NH 2 )2 CO

It follows, therefore, that NH3 must be the limiting reagent because it

produces a smaller amount of (NH2)2CO.

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-38

 Example 3.12 (4 of 4)
b) Strategy We determined the moles of (NH2)2CO produced in part (a), using
NH3 as the limiting reagent. How do we convert from moles to grams?

Solution
The molar mass of (NH2)2CO is 60.06 g. We use this as a conversion factor to
convert from moles of (NH2)2CO to grams of (NH2)2CO:

60.06 g ( NH 2 ) 2 CO
mass of ( NH 2 )2 CO =18.71 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO ×
1 mol ( NH 2 ) 2 CO
=1124 g ( NH 2 )2 CO

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-39

40

Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?

In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3

Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3

Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent

41

Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that

can be formed.

g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3

124 g Al x x x = 234 g Al2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
 Reaction Yield

Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would

result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
%Yield ×100%
Theoretical Yield

© McGraw-Hill Education. 3-42

43

Percent Yield
When 45.8 g of K2CO3 react with excess HCl, 46.3 g of KCl are
formed. Calculate the theoretical and % yields of KCl.

K2CO3 + 2HCl → 2KCl + H2O + CO2

Theoretical Yield:
45.8 g 1 mol 2 mol 74.55
K2CO3 K2CO3 KCl g KCl
138.21 g 1 mol = 49.4
1 mol g KCl
K2CO3 K2CO3 KCl
46.3 g
% Yield = × 100 = 93.7%
49.4 g