CHEMISTRY: THE BASIC

Most reactive metal is ALKALI METAL

Most transition metal (group 3-12) will form colored solution
Noble gases are chemically stable and don’t like to participate in chemical reaction

Pure elements vs. mixed substance

Mixture – Combination of two or more pure substances. Can be separated into its
components by physical means
Homogeneous mixture – has same proportions of its components in each amount of
sample (properly distributed)
Heterogeneous mixture – throughout the solution the composition is not uniform
(not evenly distributed)

Atom – single particle

Molecule – is made up of two or more atoms
Compound – substance that contains two or more different types of atoms or elements

Ionic bond - metal to non-metal

BUT there are some ionic bonds that doesn’t have metal
ex. ammonium ion ( NH 4- is a polyatomic ion) & (has ionic and covalent bond)
NH 4 CL - NH 4[has positive charge] + Cl [has negative charge] = an ionic bond
hydrogen(H) + nitrogen(N)→both are non-metals = a covalent bond
covalent molecule - non-metal to non-metal

COVALENT BOND; POLAR OR NON-POLAR?

 Bond made with same element is non-polar covalent (because en difference is zero)
 electronegative difference less than 0.5 the bond is non-polar covalent
 electronegative difference greater than 0.5 the bond is polar covalent
In the periodic table:
o electronegativity increases from left to right
o electronegativity decreases from top to bottom

ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
 Atomic no. could be seen above the letter of element in periodic table
Atomic number = Number of Protons
No. of Protons = Neutral ion - Number of Atoms
  Ions - are particles with unequal no. of electrons that’s why they have net charge

 The bottom number in the element is the average atomic mass of all the isotopes of
carbon.
Mass number = No. of Neutrons + No. of Protons
No. of Protons = No. of Atomic
No. of Neutrons = Mass number - atomic number
No. of electrons = atomic no. - charge
Charge = No. of Protons + No. of Electrons

Protons are positively charge

Electrons are negatively charge
 Core electrons are those in the inner level
 Valence electrons are those in the outer level nuclear force keeps the atom

Different Isotopes of carbon

6 6
Most common are: 12 C and 13C both elemental carbon
Isotopes – they have the same reactivity, but their nuclear properties are different, but the
number or electrons is the same and the protons are the same. They differ in atomic number
and no. of neutrons.
Average Atomic Mass = M 1 P1 + M 2 P2 + M n P n
M= mass of isotopes
P= relative percent abundance

UNITS
Common conversions:
Legend:
1 mi = 5280 ft. 10 mm = 1 cm mi – miles
1 mi = 1.609 km km – kilometer
1 km = 1000 m m – meter
cm – centimeter
1 m = 100 cm mm – millimeters
1 in = 2.54 cm in – inch
3 ft = 1 yd ft – foot
ml -milliliter
1 ft = 12 in 3
cm – cubic centimeter
1 ml = 1 cm3 L – liter
1000 ml = 1 L yd – yard
Try:
 A. 30 meters/second convert to miles per hour (mph)
Plot of conversion:
Meter to kilometer to miles
Seconds to minutes to hour
1000m = 1 km 1m=1.609km
30 m 1 km 1 mi 60 s 60 min = 67.1 mph
x x x x
s 1000 m 1.609 km 1 min 1 hr
B. 25 foots per second to kilometers per hour
Convert feet into mile then miles to kilometer

25 ft 1 mi 1.609 km 60 s 60 min
x x x x =27.4 km /hr
s 5280 ft 1 mi 1min 1 hr
Using the Metric System
Base unit: Conversion factor:
12
Tera – 10
Giga – 109
Mega – 106
Kilo – 103 1km = 1 x 10 3m
Below are:
Centi – 10−2 1cm = 1 x 10−2m, if both sides are multiplied to 100 the conversion
factor will be 100cm = 1m
Milli – 10−3 1mm = 1 x 10−3m
Micro – 10−6 1um = 1 x 10−6m
Nano – 10−9 1nm = 1 x 10−9
Pico – 10−12

Try:
A. 170,000 cm to km using metric system
Convert cm to meter then to km
1km= 1 x 103 m 1m= 1 x 10−2

−2
170,000 cm 1 x 10 m 1 km −2 −3 −5
x x 3
=170,000 x 10 x 10 =170,000 x 10 =1.7 km
1 1 cm 1 x 10 m
→ minoove yung decimal point from right to left ng five times to cancel -5 power or
pwede ring
1.7 x 100,000 x 10−5 → 1.7 x 105 x 10−5 = 1.7 x 100 = 1.7 x 1 or 1.7
→add yung both power kaya nagging zero (5 + (-5) = 0)
*Nag change place yung to the 3rd power yung sa second conversion kaya nagging
negative 3