Energies 13 03333

energies
Article
Voltage Harmonic Impacts on Electric Motors:
A Comparison between IE2, IE3 and IE4 Induction
Motor Classes
Jonathan Muñoz Tabora *, Maria Emília de Lima Tostes , Edson Ortiz de Matos,
Thiago Mota Soares and Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra
Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering Faculty, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
tostes@ufpa.br (M.E.d.L.T.); ortiz@ufpa.br (E.O.d.M.); thiagosoares@ufpa.br (T.M.S.);
ubiratan.fapespa@gmail.com (U.H.B.)
* Correspondence: jonathan_mt24@hotmail.com; Tel.: +55-091-985-477-776

Received: 3 June 2020; Accepted: 25 June 2020; Published: 30 June 2020
Abstract: Global energy systems are undergoing a transition process towards renewable energy and
energy efficiency practices. Induction motors play an important role in this energy transformation
process since they are widely used as industrial loads, representing more than 53% of global energy
consumption. With more countries adopting minimum energy performance standards through more
efficient induction motors, comparisons between these new technologies in the presence of electrical
disturbances must be systematically evaluated before adopting a substitution policy in the industry.
To this end, this work presents a comparative analysis of the impact of harmonic voltages on the
performance and temperature rise of electric motors classes IE2, IE3 and IE4 in the same operational
conditions in view of future substitutions. The results show that under ideal operating conditions the
IE4 class permanent magnet motor has better performance in terms of consumption and temperature,
however presenting non-linear characteristics. In the presence of voltage harmonics, this scenario
changes completely according to the harmonic content. Finally, aiming to analyze the harmonics
influence in the motor temperature rise a statistical analysis by means of Spearman correlation
matrices is presented.
Keywords: energy efficiency motors; harmonic distortion; efficiency classes; line start permanent
magnet motor (LSPMM); Spearman correlation
1. Introduction
In the last years, more than 53% of global electric energy consumption has been used by electric
motor systems. Since more than 70% of this electric energy is employed by induction motors with low
efficiencies (IE0 and IE1 classes), there is a huge potential for energy savings [1].
Optimization of induction motors has been a field of study for manufacturers and researchers in
the last decades. Improvements in the active materials, as well as the introduction of new technologies,
such as copper rotor motors, synchronous reluctance motor and line start permanent magnet motors
(LSPMM) are some of the techniques implemented by manufacturers to achieve higher efficiencies [2].
However, because these technologies are still recent, it is necessary to carry out previous studies to know
their strengths and weaknesses when subjected to the supply conditions of existent electrical systems.
Harmonics in electric motors have been the subject of many studies to analyze their main effects
on the performance of these asynchronous machines. Continuous operation of motors on a polluted
harmonic system results in higher temperatures in stator and rotor windings and core due to additional
harmonic losses, torque reduction, noise and mechanical vibrations—some of the main effects found in
Energies 2020, 13, 3333; doi:10.3390/en13133333 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2020, 13, 3333 2 of 18
literature [3–7]. The close interaction between current harmonics, saturation and mechanical problems,
such as bearing failure and static eccentricity, can result in premature failure and, consequently,
reduced service life, as presented in [8–10].
The permanent presence of non-linear loads in electrical systems results in current and voltage
distortions, which can produce detrimental effects depending on the type of load and its interaction
with other system components. According to [11], harmonic distortions are commonly found in faulted
power distribution systems and in most cases contains harmonic of third, fifth, seventh, ninth and
11th orders. Work in [11] also presents a methodology to detect harmonics in power systems using
wavelet transform. However, in real applications, a preprocessing step is necessary before applying
the proposed harmonics wavelet method due to the high noise levels. In [12], a systematic literature
review of recent failure prognosis systems is provided, including the main approaches and some of the
most prominent application domains for failure diagnosis.
A bibliographic review on fault diagnosis using signal processing techniques in induction motors
is presented in [13]. The review indicates that current signature acquisition and processing can be
used to characterize the failure nature in electrical machines. The review also shows that mechanical
and electrical failures of induction motors exhibits explicit harmonic component in stator current.
The works in [10,14] also show alternatives for the fault diagnosis in electric motors. The presence of
harmonics in fault conditions are also mentioned in these studies.
New higher efficiency motors are built according to the IEC 60034-7 [15] standard that specifies
the requirements with reference to classification of construction types, mounting arrangements,
terminal box position, which contribute to the substitution between technologies.
An analysis of the technical and economic benefits of substitution between these technologies
has been presented in [2,3,16–23]. In addition, the studies in [17,18,21,22,24–32] include the main
constructive characteristics, weaknesses and strengths related to the LSPMM. In [16], an in-field
replacement example of a squirrel-cage induction motor by a line start permanent magnet motor
(LSPMM) is presented. A good performance and lower consumption are obtained with these technologies,
however at no load, the harmonic losses seem to be higher in LSPMMs.
Studies have shown that the higher initial cost of LSPMMs can be paid in a short time period due
to energy savings and initial financial incentive programs; higher efficiency, power factor and thermal
behavior are also some of the advantages obtained with this technology. However, a cost–benefit analysis
considering the type of application and supply conditions must be developed before substitution.
Due to the synchronous speed, no currents are induced inside the LSPMM rotor (neglecting
spatial and time harmonics), so the rotor temperature of these motors is about 30% lower than that of
the induction motors with the same output power [25]. In [33], the rated load winding temperature
rise of IE4 IMs is lower when compared with IE3 class and that of IE3 class is lower than the IE2
class IMs. Fifth and seventh voltage harmonics are analyzed in [34,35], showing that fifth harmonic
results in higher temperature increases when compared with the seventh harmonic, mainly due to the
counter-rotating field with respect to fundamental frequency produced by the fifth negative sequence
harmonic. According to [36], temperature rise of IMs due to harmonics is approximately between
4–6 ◦ C.
A summary of the literature review related to harmonics and electric motors, classified according
to the approaches analyzed in this work, is presented in Table 1.
The introduction of more efficient motors through improvements in their materials and processes,
as well as the introduction of new technologies, has made the replacement of old and non-efficient
motors by higher efficiency motors attractive to the industry again with the aim of reducing costs and
improving competitiveness. However, with the introduction of new technologies, it is necessary to
know their responses to the presence of disturbances in electrical systems before substitution.
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 3 of 18
Table 1. Review of literature regarding induction motors and harmonics.
Paper Main Subject Relevant Literature

Induction motors comparison [2,3,16,18–20,22,25,34,35,37,38]
Harmonics impacts on induction motors [5,6,22,34–36,39–44]
Harmonics presence and diagnosis in power systems [11,12,44]
Fault diagnosis in induction motors [10,13,14]
Economic substitution studies [16,23]
Line start permanent magnet motor (LSPMM) [5,17,18,21,22,24–28,31,32,43,45–51]
Temperature increase due to harmonics [3,5,34–36,52]
Despite the fact that comparative studies between high efficiency motors, as well as permanent
magnet motors, already exist in the literature, very few are carried out by the experimental method.
Similarly, regarding power quality, few studies compare the presence of different individual harmonics,
including positive, negative and zero sequence harmonics, as well as combinations of all and their
effects on electric motors.
In that sense, this study aims to analyze the main improvements in relation to savings and
performance in these technologies, presenting through experimental tests a comparison of responses
of electric motors classes IE2, IE3 and IE4, the latter being a hybrid motor with squirrel cage and
permanent magnets, when subjected to harmonics present in current electrical systems, of second,
third, fifth, seventh order and a combination of all in the supply voltage. In addition, a statistical study
by means of correlation matrices between the temperature and the input parameters of each motor is
presented to analyze behavior patterns for the temperature increase for each harmonic in study.
Then, from the results and conclusions generated from the proposed experimental tests, the main
advantages and challenges related to the substitution between technologies, both under ideal supply
conditions and in the presence of voltage harmonics, will be analyzed in this work with the aim of
creating useful conclusions for the industry and other sectors in general.
With this objective, the second section of this paper presents a brief review of the improvements
experienced by the IMs in recent years. The main differences between the SCIM and the LSPMM are
also presented at the end of this section.
Section 3 presents the methodology used to analyze each electric motor in the presence of voltage
harmonics. The results and discussions are presented in Section 4, which ends with the correlation
matrices and scatter plots created for the second and third order voltage harmonics.
Finally, the conclusions on the results obtained are presented in Section 5.
IEC 60034-30-1 and Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)

The energy efficiency of low-voltage AC electric motors has been unified internationally through
the so-called International Efficiency (IE), defined by IEC 60034-30-1 [53], which defines the existing
efficiency classes (IE1, IE2, IE3 and IE4). The minimum levels for the IE5 efficiency class are also
planned to be incorporated into the new version of the standard.
The definition of efficiency classes by the IEC, allowed many governments to specify the minimum
efficiency limits for electric motors, whether imported or manufactured in the same country according
to a series of analyses involving both manufacturers and users, based on national energy objectives,
economic benefits among other priorities [54]. Because more than 30 million motors are sold every
year, the introduction of Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) brings great economic and
energy savings, being already adopted by more than 80 countries in the world [55].
2. Improvements in Induction Motors

As a result of studies carried out by manufacturers and researchers, electric motors have undergone
optimizations in their materials and construction. Because the losses in the electric motors’ active
materials represent more than 80% of the total losses [19], the main efforts to improve the efficiency of
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 4 of 18
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18
these machines
active materialshave been in this
represent morearea.
thanTechniques
80% of the such
totalaslosses
the use[19],
of amorphous materials,
the main efforts as well as
to improve thehigh
quality magnetic materials with lower losses in W/kg, have been used to
efficiency of these machines have been in this area. Techniques such as the use of amorphous reduce losses in the core [25,56].
Joule losses as
materials, have
wellbeen reduced
as high quality with new stator
magnetic winding
materials configurations,
with lower as well
losses in W/kg, haveasbeen
increasing
used to the
reduceof losses
amount copperininthe core [25,56].
the windings andJoule losses
a greater haveofbeen
filling reduced
the stator grooveswith[56,57].
new stator winding
The introduction
of configurations,
copper rotors, as aswell
wellasasincreasing
permanent the amount
magnetofrotors,
copperare in the windings
other proposalsand atogreater
reduce filling of the
losses in the
stator grooves [56,57]. The introduction of copper rotors, as well as
rotor, due to the greater conductivity of copper compared to aluminum bars. In LSPMM, thanks topermanent magnet rotors, are
other proposals
synchronous speed,to reduce losseswill
no current in the rotor, due
circulate to the
in the greater
rotor bars conductivity of copper currents)
(except for harmonic compared[2,25];to
aluminum bars. In LSPMM, thanks to synchronous speed, no current will circulate
in addition, due to the contribution of permanent magnets, a reduction of the magnetization current is in the rotor bars
(exceptin
obtained forthese
harmonic
machines,currents) [2,25];the
whereby in input
addition, due to
current is the contribution
decreased [58]. of permanent magnets, a
reduction of the magnetization current is obtained in these machines, whereby the input current is
Friction and windage losses have been reduced through optimizations in the fan design, as well
decreased [58].
as the use of bearings/seals with several design features, such as internal geometry of the raceways,
Friction and windage losses have been reduced through optimizations in the fan design, as well
the grease type, as well as the cage polymer material [20,59,60].
as the use of bearings/seals with several design features, such as internal geometry of the raceways,
theIngrease
relation toas
type, the insulation
well as the cage class, highmaterial
polymer efficiency motors started to use insulation classes F/H
[20,59,60].
(maximum temperatures of 150 andclass, ◦
180 C, respectively), which started
offer a greater tolerance to temperature
In relation to the insulation high efficiency motors to use insulation classes F/H
increases, as well as in terms of heat dissipation [3].
(maximum temperatures of 150 and 180 °C, respectively), which offer a greater tolerance to
temperature increases, as well as in terms of heat dissipation [3].
SCIM’s and LSPMM’s Similarities and Differences
SCIM’s
With and
theLSPMM’s Similarities
implementation of and Differences
these new technologies in electric motors, greater efficiencies are
obtained in relation
With to the old motors.
the implementation of theseHowever, many of in
new technologies theelectric
initial motors,
featuresgreater
are stillefficiencies
present inarethese
new technologies.
obtained In this
in relation to thesection, the main
old motors. constructive
However, many of and operational
the initial featuressimilarities and differences
are still present in these
between the squirrel In
new technologies. cage
thisinduction motor
section, the (SCIM)
main and theand
constructive lineoperational
start permanent magnet
similarities andmotor (LSPMM)
differences
arebetween
presented. the squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) and the line start permanent magnet motor
(LSPMM)
The LSPMM are presented.
has a construction like that of the induction motor, however it has a hybrid rotor that
involves The LSPMM cage
a squirrel has athat
construction
provideslike that of thecapability
self-starting induction and motor, however
enables it has a hybrid
synchronous rotor at
operation
that involves a squirrel cage that provides self-starting capability and enables synchronous
steady-state and permanent magnets inside. Different combinations of the magnets in the rotor have operation
at steady-state
been and permanent
used by manufacturers, andmagnets
Figure 1inside.
presentsDifferent
some of combinations
them. The typeof theofmagnets in the depends
configuration rotor
have been used by manufacturers, and Figure 1 presents some of them. The
on the manufacturers, as well as the properties of the magnets used. In [26], different permanenttype of configuration
depends on the manufacturers, as well as the properties of the magnets used. In [26], different
magnet types and configurations are analyzed; authors conclude that rotors with interior magnet types
permanent magnet types and configurations are analyzed; authors conclude that rotors with interior
provide higher efficiency and that rotor Type 1 and magnet’s material type NdFe35 provide better
magnet types provide higher efficiency and that rotor Type 1 and magnet’s material type NdFe35
efficiencies and power density in LSPMMs.
provide better efficiencies and power density in LSPMMs.
(a) (b) (c)

Figure
Figure 1. Typical
1. Typical rotorrotor configurations
configurations for line
for line startstart permanent
permanent magnet
magnet motors
motors (LSPMM)
(LSPMM) [26]:
[26]: (a)(a)Type 1;
(b) Type 2; (c) Type 3 [26]. Type 1; (b) Type 2; (c) Type 3 [26].
TheThe presence
presence of permanent
of permanent magnets
magnets results
results in aindifferent
a different start
start for for
the the hybrid
hybrid motor,
motor, where
where unlike
theunlike the IE3
IE2 and IE2 and
classIE3 class motors,
motors, the resulting
the resulting LSPMM LSPMM torque
torque is equal
is equal to to
thethe differencebetween
difference between the
thetorque
cage cage torque
and theand the braking
braking torquetorque
(due to(due to permanent
permanent magnets)magnets)
[27,28].[27,28]. The starting
The starting of theofLSPMM
the
LSPMM is still one of the challenges for manufacturers and has been the
is still one of the challenges for manufacturers and has been the subject of many investigations, subject of many
investigations,
however. however.
These motors These
also motors
suffer also suffer
a sensitive a sensitive
dependence on dependence on the starting
the starting process on the process on
input voltage,
the input voltage, shaft inertia momentum and cages resistance. With a reduced input voltage, the
shaft inertia momentum and cages resistance. With a reduced input voltage, the motor starts more
motor starts more slowly and may even fail in synchronization [61].
slowly and may even fail in synchronization [61].
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 5 of 18
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Starting of the LSPMM also presents a greater number of oscillations, as well as a greater
Starting
Starting
variation of the
of
in torque the LSPMMtoalso
LSPMM
compared also presents
the presents
SCIM, a agreater
which greater number
number
is difficult to useofoffor
oscillations,
oscillations, as as
applications well
withwell
as as a greater
a greater
frequent starts,
variation
variation in
in torque
torque compared
compared to
to the
the SCIM,
SCIM,
being more used for applications with fixed speeds [21]. which
which isis difficult
difficult to to
useuseforfor applications
applications with
with frequent
frequent
starts,
starts, being
being
These more used
more
variations used foraffect
for
also applications
applications withfixed
with
the electric fixedspeeds
current speeds [21].at startup. Figure 2 shows the input
[21].
behavior
These
These
currents variations
variations
during the start also affect
alsoofaffect the electric
themotors
electric current
electricclasses
currentIE2, behavior
behavior
IE3 and atat startup.
startup.
IE4 a Figure
withFigure 2rated
71% 2ofshowsshowsthethe
input
voltage input
[62].
currents during
during the
the start
start of
of electric
electric motors
motors classes
classes IE2,
IE2, IE3
IE3 and
and IE4IE4 with
with
For the LSPMM, in addition to presenting currents with non-uniform variations, the highest inrush a a 71%
71% of of rated
rated voltage
voltage [62].
[62].
For thepeak
current LSPMM,
LSPMM,value inisaddition
in addition
obtained, totopresenting
presenting
also currentswith
currents
its stabilization withnon-uniform
time non-uniform
until entering variations,
variations, thethe
the synchronous highest
highest inrush
inrush
state of the
current peak
peak value
value is
is obtained,
obtained, also
also its
its stabilization
stabilization time
time
motor is longer for the LSPMM when compared to the other technologies. until
until entering
entering thethe synchronous
synchronous state
state of of the
the
motor is longer
longer for
for thetheLSPMM
LSPMMwhen whencompared
comparedtotothe theother
other technologies.
technologies.
(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (c)(c)
Figure
Figure2.2.
Figure Line
2.Line currents
Linecurrents
currentsduring
during
during starting
starting
startingfor
for [62]
[62]
for (a)(a)
[62] (a)IE2
IE2 squirrel
squirrel
IE2 cage
cage
squirrel induction
induction
cage motor
motor
induction (SCIM);
(SCIM);
motor (b) (b) IE3
IE3(b)
(SCIM); SCIM;
IE3
SCIM;
(c) IE4 (c) IE4 LSPMM.
LSPMM.
SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
InIn a permanent
Ina permanent
a permanent
state,
state, the LSPMM
the LSPMM
state, has ahas
the LSPMM lowera lower current,
has ainput
input current,
well asaslower
lower inputascurrent,
well operating
as well
as lower temperatures
operating
as lower operating
temperatures
once the thermalonce the thermal
equilibrium equilibrium
has equilibrium
been reached. has been reached. However, this motor has higher
temperatures once the thermal hasHowever, this motor
been reached. has higher
However, harmonic
this motor has current
higher
harmonic
distortions, current distortions,
resulting resulting
in total harmonic in total harmonic distortions of up to 8% for the LSPMM,
harmonic current distortions, resultingdistortions of up todistortions
in total harmonic 8% for the of LSPMM,
up to 8%while
for for
thethe SCIM
LSPMM,
while for
classes IE2the
andSCIM
IE3 classes
it does IE2 exceed
not and IE33%,
it does
as not exceed
shown in 3%, as3.shown in Figure 3.
Figure
while for the SCIM classes IE2 and IE3 it does not exceed 3%, as shown in Figure 3.
3.19 10 40
IE2 - Irms fase b IE2 - THDI IE2 - Temperature (°C)
3.19 10
IE3 40
3.07 IE2- -Irms
Irmsfase
faseb b 9 IE3IE2
- THDI
- THDI IE3 - IE2
Temperature (°C) (°C)
- Temperature
IE4
IE3- -Irms
Irmsfase
faseb b
IE4 - THDI
IE3 - THDI IE4 - Temperature (°C)
9 38 IE3 - Temperature (°C)
3.07 IE4 - Irms fase b 8 IE4 - THDI IE4 - Temperature (°C)
2.95 38
(Amperes)
8
Temperature (°C)
7
2.95
(Amperes)
36
Temperature (°C)
7
% THDI
2.83 6
36
% THDI
2.83
2.71 5 6
34
Current
2.71 5
4 34
Current
2.59
3 4 32
2.59
2.47 32
2 3
2.47 30
2.35 1 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 30
2.35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Time (Minutes) 0 5 10Time (Minutes)
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Time (Minutes)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Time (Minutes)
Time (Minutes) Time (Minutes)
(a) (b) (c)
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3. (a) Line currents for IE2, IE3 and IE4 induction motors (IM) classes; (b) total harmonic
Figure3.3. (a)
distortion
Figure (a)current
of Line currents
Line currents forand
for IE2, IE3
for IE2,IE4
IE2, IE3
IE3 and
IMand IE4 induction
classes;
IE4 induction
(c) motors
temperature (IM)
rise(IM)
motors classes;
for IE2, IE3 and
classes; (b) total
IE4
(b) harmonic
IM classes.
total harmonic
distortionofofcurrent
distortion currentfor
forIE2,
IE2,IE3
IE3and
andIE4
IE4IMIMclasses;
classes;(c)
(c)temperature
temperaturerise
risefor
forIE2,
IE2, IE3
IE3 and
and IE4
IE4 IM classes.
The better performance in the LSPMM is mainly due to the presence of permanent magnets,
which
The
Thecontribute
better to the magnetization
betterperformance
performance in
in the
the LSPMMcurrentis
LSPMM decrease
is mainlyand,
mainly due therefore,
due to
to the the input
the presence
presence of current.
permanent Themagnets,
stator
magnets,
current
which in IMs
contribute is the
to sum
the of two
magnetization components;
current that is,
decrease the magnetization
and, therefore,
which contribute to the magnetization current decrease and, therefore, the input current. current,
the input essential
current. to create
The stator
the magnetic
current
current ininIMs
IMsfield
isisthein sum
the the
sum air
ofofgap
two
two and the currentthat
components;
components; due is,
that to theload
is,the connected to
magnetization
magnetization the motor
current,
current, output.
essential
essential toThe
create
magnetization
the
themagnetic
magnetic field current
field is present
in the
the air gap
air gapandatand
allthe
times
the of motor
current
current duedue tooperation
to
thethe
load and
load in some
connected
connected to4-polethemotors
to motor
the motor itoutput.
output. canThe
reach
The 50% of the
magnetization
magnetization nominal
current
current motor
is present
is present current
at at
allall [58].
times
times In addition,
ofof when theand
motoroperation
motor operation rotor
and attains
ininsome the synchronous
some4-pole
4-pole motors it can
motors
speed,
reach
reach50% the slip
50%ofofthe becomes
thenominal zero
nominalmotor and no
motorcurrent electromagnetic
current[58].[58]. In field
In addition, will
addition, when be generated
when thethe rotor in attainsbars
rotor
rotor attains theto
the produce
synchronous
synchronous
rotor current
speed,the
speed, theslip (except
slipbecomes for
becomeszero harmonic
zeroand andno currents), which
noelectromagnetic considerably
electromagnetic field field will reduces
will be the
be generated
generated intemperature
in rotor barsof the shaft
bars to produce
and, current
rotor
rotor therefore, of thefor
current(except
(except other components
forharmonic
harmonic in general
currents),
currents), which
which [25,58].
considerablyreduces
considerably reduces thethe temperature
temperature of of the shaft
and,therefore,
and, therefore,ofofthe theother
othercomponents
componentsiningeneral general[25,58].
[25,58].
3. Methodology
3. Methodology
In order to compare the performance and temperature of induction motors classes IE2, IE3 and
IE4 in the presence of harmonic voltage distortion of orders 2nd, third, 5th, 7th, experimental
In order to compare the performance and temperature of induction motors classes IE2, IE3 and
IE4 in the presence of harmonic voltage distortion of orders 2nd, third, 5th, 7th, experimental
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 6 of 18
3. Methodology
In order to compare the performance and temperature of induction motors classes IE2, IE3 and IE4
in the presence ofwere
measurements harmonic voltage distortion
performed on a bench of orders 2nd, third,
composed of a5th,delta
7th, experimental
connected SCIM measurements
and an
were performed brake
electromagnetic on a bench composed
as electrical load.of Tests
a deltawere
connected SCIMinand
performed the an electromagnetic
Amazon brake as
Energy Efficiency
electrical
Excellence load. Tests(CEAMAZON)
Center were performedin in the
the Amazon
Federal Energy Efficiency
University of ParáExcellence
(UFPA).Center Figure(CEAMAZON)
4 shows the
in the Federal University
general test setup. of Pará (UFPA). Figure 4 shows the general test setup.
At first,
At first, the
the induction
induction motors
motorswere
weresubjected
subjectedtotoaaperfect
perfectthree-phase
three-phasesine sinevoltage
voltageofof
220 VV
220 forfor
1 h1
and 10 min so that they reached their thermal equilibrium. In a second moment,
h and 10 min so that they reached their thermal equilibrium. In a second moment, the value of each the value of each
harmonic
harmonic voltage
voltage (2nd,
(2nd, 3rd,
3rd, 5th
5th and
and 7th)
7th) increased
increased byby 2%
2% every
every 10
10 min
min until
until itit reached
reached 25%.
25%.
Figure 4.
Figure 4. General
General test
test setup.
setup.
The voltage harmonics were generated using a three phase AC source (1), capable of generating
a pure sine wave as well as harmonics (up to the 50th order) with different distortion magnitudes. magnitudes.
For the
the study,
study,the themagnitudes
magnitudesofof each harmonic
each harmonic voltage analyzed
voltage were
analyzed increased
were everyevery
increased 10 min10 until
min
reaching
until 25%. To
reaching 25%.measure the induction
To measure motor motor
the induction input parameters, class “A”
input parameters, HIOKI
class “A” TM power
HIOKI TM quality
power
analyzeranalyzer
quality (2) model PW3198-90
(2) model was used,
PW3198-90 was used,which recorded
which recordedthethe
input
inputparameters
parametersduring
duringall
all the
experiments at 1 s intervals.
The electric load used in this experiment consists of an electromagnetic brake or Foucault brake
(3), which includes two load cells that are connected to the ends of the brake with which it is possible
to measure the adjustable opposite force produced produced by eddy currents.
currents. When multiplied by the distance
to the axis,
axis, ititisispossible
possibletotofind
findthe
thetorque
torque demanded
demanded byby
thethe
load. ForFor
load. the the
test,test,
a torque of 3.8
a torque ofNm
3.8 was
Nm
applied
was to the
applied toFoucault brake,
the Foucault which
brake, represents
which 92–95%
represents of theofnominal
92–95% torque
the nominal of motors
torque (4). The
of motors (4).
nominal
The datadata
nominal of each motor
of each are presented
motor are presentedin Table 2. 2.
in Table
To measure the frame temperature, the FLIRTM infrared camera model T620 was used with
a calculated emissivity of 0.94. In Table 2. Induction
order motor
to analyze the parameters.
temperature variation in each motor class,
the motor thermographic images were
IM Class captured at
IE2 two angles
IE3every 2 min,IE4from the thermal equilibrium
until the end of the experiment for each harmonic
Technology SCIManalyzed.SCIMFigure 5a,b
LSPMMshows the angles photographed
during the experiments. Power 1 Hp 1 Hp 1 Hp
Voltage 220/380 V 220/380 V 220/380 V
Speed (rpm) 1730 1725 1800
Torque (Nm) 4.12 4.13 3.96
Current (A) 2.98/1.73 2.91/1.68 3.08/1.78
Efficiency (%) 82.6 82.6 87.4
Power Factor 0.80 0.82 0.73
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 7 of 18
Table 2. Induction motor parameters.
IM Class IE2 IE3 IE4

Technology SCIM SCIM LSPMM
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEWPower 1 Hp 1 Hp 1 Hp 7 of 18
Voltage
Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 220/380 V 220/380 V 220/380 V 7 of 18
To measure the frame Speed temperature,

(rpm) 1730
the FLIRTM infrared1725camera model 1800T620 was used with a
To measure the frame(Nm)
Torque temperature, 4.12
the FLIRTM infrared4.13camera model3.96T620 was used with a
calculated emissivity of 0.94.
calculated emissivity
In In
order
of 0.94.(A)
to analyze
order to
the temperaturevariation
analyze the temperature
variation in each motor class, the
in each motor class, the
Current 2.98/1.73 2.91/1.68 3.08/1.78
motormotor
thermographic
thermographic images were
images
Efficiency captured
were
(%) captured atattwo
82.6 two angles every
82.6 22min,
angles every min,from
fromthethe
87.4 thermal
thermal equilibrium
equilibrium
until until
the endthe endof the experiment
of Power
the Factor for
experiment foreach0.80harmonic
each analyzed.
0.82
harmonic analyzed. Figure0.73
Figure 5a,b
5a,b shows
shows the the angles
angles
photographed
photographed during thethe
during experiments.
experiments.
(a) (b)
(a)
Figure 5. (a) Thermographic image of LSPMM with 25% of 5th harmonic(b) voltage distortion; (b)
Figure 5. (a) Thermographic image of LSPMM with 25% of 5th harmonic voltage distortion;
thermographic image of LSPMM with 10% of 5th harmonic voltage distortion.
Figure 5. (a) Thermographic
(b) thermographic image of LSPMM image of LSPMM
with withharmonic
10% of 5th 25% of 5th harmonic
voltage voltage distortion; (b)
distortion.
thermographic image of LSPMM with 10% of 5th harmonic voltage distortion.
Regarding the methodology used for the treatment of measurement data and obtaining the
Regarding the
results, methodology
Figure 6 presents theused
stepsfor the treatment
performed of measurement
in the present work. At first, the data
testsand
wereobtaining
performed the results,
Regarding
on the test
the methodology
bench presented in
used 4,
Figure
forforthe
each
treatment
of the
of measurement
motors analyzed and
data and in
presented
obtaining
Table 1,
the
Figureresults,
6 presents
Figure the
6 steps performed
presents the steps in the present
performed in the work.work.
present At first,
At the the
first, tests were
tests were performed
performed on the
then the motor input measurements were made using the Power Quality analyzer equipment as well
test bench presented
on theastest
in Figure
bench presented
the thermographic
4, for
in Figure
images
each of the
4, forthe
taken with each motors
of the
infrared
analyzed
motors
camera,
and
analyzed the
considering
presented
andmeasuring
presented in Table
in Table
points
1,
of 1,
then the
motor then
inputthe measurements
motor
Figure 5a,b.input werewasmade
measurements
The next step using
were
to transfer made the Power
using
the measurement Quality
the Power analyzer
Quality
data from the equipment
analyzer
equipments equipment as
as well
to the analyzer well as the
as the(PQA–HiVIEW
thermographic thermographic
images taken images
PRO) taken
and camera
with with
(FLIRthe
the infrared infrared considering
ResearchIR)
camera, camera,
softwares.considering
After
thedata the measuring
processing,
measuring they points
points were of 5a,b.
of Figure
converted
Figure
The next step 5a,b.
wasThetototransfer
CSV step
next format files,
was
the compatible
to transfer
measurement thefor reading in Minitab
measurement
data from thedata [55]
fromstatistical
equipments software. to
the equipments
to the In the
analyzer Minitab,
analyzer
(PQA–HiVIEW
the data processed
(PQA–HiVIEW PRO) and for camera
plotting the(FLIRresults and the statistical
ResearchIR) softwares. analysis
After made on the studythey
data processing, werewere
PRO) and camera
analyzed.(FLIR ResearchIR) softwares. After data processing, they were converted to CSV
converted to CSV format files, compatible for reading in Minitab [55] statistical software. In Minitab,
formatthe
files, compatible for reading in Minitab [55] statistical software. In Minitab, the data processed
data processed for plotting the results and the statistical analysis made on the study were
for plotting
analyzed. results and the statistical analysis made on the study were analyzed.
the
Figure 6. Flowchart of the methodology used to obtain the results from the measurements.
FigureFigure 6. Flowchart
6. Flowchart of the
of the methodology used
methodology used to
toobtain
obtainthe results
the from
results the measurements.
from the measurements.
4. Results and Discussion

Energies 2020, 13, 3333 8 of 18
4.1. Current Increase Due to Harmonics
Of the three
4. Results analyzed technologies, the LSPMM class IE4 had the lowest input current
and Discussion
consumption for the same load percentage. However, the presence of voltage harmonics makes this
4.1. Current Increase Due to Harmonics
scenario change. In Figure 7a–c, the increase in input current of each motor is presented in the
presence of Of voltage
the three harmonics.
analyzed technologies, the it
In general, LSPMM
can beclass
seenIE4how
had the
the lowest
secondinput current
voltage consumption
harmonic turns out
to be the most critical of the individual harmonics, resulting in the greatest increaseschange.
for the same load percentage. However, the presence of voltage harmonics makes this scenario in the line
In Figure 7a–c, the increase in input current of each motor is presented in the presence of voltage
current, then, the combination of all harmonics results in the highest current demanded, which affects
harmonics. In general, it can be seen how the second voltage harmonic turns out to be the most critical
strongly the IE4 class LSPMM, which reaches currents up to two times its initial value. The fifth
of the individual harmonics, resulting in the greatest increases in the line current, then, the combination
negative
of allsequence
harmonics harmonic results
results in the highestincurrent
a greater increase
demanded, which when compared
affects strongly thetoIE4
theclass
seventh
LSPMM, positive
sequence
whichharmonic for the
reaches currents upthree
to twotechnologies.
times its initial Third voltage
value. The harmonic
fifth negative did not
sequence result results
harmonic in anyinimpact
for the IE2 and
a greater IE3 class
increase whenmotors,
comparedhowever for thepositive
to the seventh IE4 class motorharmonic
sequence it showed forathe
slight
threeincrease, showing
technologies.
Third
similar voltage
values with harmonic
seventhdid not result
voltage in any impact for the IE2 and IE3 class motors, however for the
harmonic.
IE4 class motor it showed a slight increase, showing similar values with seventh voltage harmonic.
5.5 Irms (A) - 2nd Harmonic 5.5 5.5

Irms (A) - 2nd Harmonic
Irms (A) - 2nd Harmonic
Irms (A) - 3rd Harmonic Irms (A) - 3rd Harmonic Irms (A) - 3rd Harmonic
Irms (A) - 5th Harmonic Irms (A) - 5th Harmonic Irms (A) - 5th Harmonic
5.0 Irms (A) - 7th Harmonic 5.0 5.0
Irms (A) - 7th Harmonic Irms (A) - 7th Harmonic
Irms (A) - All Combined
Irms (A) - All Combined Irms (A) - All Combined
4.5 4.5 4.5
Current (A)
Current (A)
Current (A)
4.0 4.0 4.0
3.5 3.5 3.5
3.0 3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5 2.5
2.0 2.0 2.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion % Distortion % Distorção
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 7. Current
Figure increase
7. Current forfor
increase 2nd, 3rd,
2nd, 3rd,5th,
5th,7th
7th and allharmonic
and all harmonic order
order combined
combined for induction
for induction motorsmotors
(a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
(a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
4.2. Total Current Harmonic Distortion

4.2. Total Current Harmonic Distortion
Harmonic voltages produce harmonic currents, which, according to the order, percentage and
Harmonic voltages
motor technology, canproduce harmonic
result in negative currents,
impacts on thewhich, according
operation, as well astoathe order,inpercentage
reduction its useful and
motorlife.
technology,
In additioncan result
to the in negative
electric current, impacts on the operation,
it was commented as well total
that the LSPMM as a current
reduction in its useful
harmonic
life. In addition
distortion to the
(THDI) electricvalues
presented current,
of upit towas
fourcommented
times the THDI that theother
of the LSPMM total current
technologies. harmonic
To analyze
distortion (THDI)ofpresented
the variation values
this parameter, of up
Figure 8a–cto presents
four times THDIthefor
THDI of the
the IE2, other
IE3 and IE4technologies.
class motors. It Tocan
analyze
be seen that
the variation the fifth
of this harmonicFigure
parameter, does not
8a–cproduce
presentsa considerable
THDI forvariation
the IE2, of THDI
IE3 andinIE4relation
classtomotors.
its It
initial value, fifth and seventh harmonics result in uniform increases for the three
can be seen that the fifth harmonic does not produce a considerable variation of THDI in relation to technologies, reaching
values around 50% and 40% for 25% distortion, respectively. The second voltage harmonic turns out to
its initial value, fifth and seventh harmonics result in uniform increases for the three technologies,
be much more damaging to the LSPMM, where THDI reaches over 150% and the combination of all
reaching values around 50% and 40% for 25% distortion, respectively. The second voltage harmonic
results in values close to 175%, well above the IE2 and IE3 class motors, which show similar increases
turnsandoutdotonotbeexceed
much150% more damaging to the LSPMM, where THDI reaches over 150% and the
of THDI.
combination Thisof all results
increase in values
is mainly due to close to 175%,
the increase well above
in voltage the for
distortion IE2each
andmotor,
IE3 class motors,
but also to thewhich
showappearance
similar increases and do notwithin
of new harmonics exceedthe150% of THDI.
waveform. It was observed that with harmonic voltage
This increase
distortion is mainly
percentages duethan
higher to the
8%,increase
new harmonic in voltage
currentsdistortion
appeared.for eachobserved
It was motor, but also to the
that from
percentages higher than 8% of voltage distortion, new harmonic
appearance of new harmonics within the waveform. It was observed that with harmonic currents appeared. In this way, with
voltage
the presence of the fifth harmonic voltage, a seventh order harmonic
distortion percentages higher than 8%, new harmonic currents appeared. It was observed that fromcurrent component appeared;
while with the presence of seventh harmonic voltage, a fifth order harmonic current component
percentages higher than 8% of voltage distortion, new harmonic currents appeared. In this way, with
appeared. With the presence of second harmonic voltage, a 4th order harmonic current component
the presence of the fifth harmonic voltage, a seventh order harmonic current component appeared;
while with the presence of seventh harmonic voltage, a fifth order harmonic current component
appeared. With the presence of second harmonic voltage, a 4th order harmonic current component
also appeared. All this contributes to the increase in THDI, occurring for all motors under study and
being higher in the LSPMM due to the presence of permanent magnets.
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 9 of 18
also appeared. All this contributes to the increase in THDI, occurring for all motors under study and
being higher in the LSPMM due to the presence of permanent magnets.
200 200 200
THDi - 2nd Harmonic THDi - 2nd Harmonic THDi - 2nd Harmonic
THDi - 3rd Harmonic THDi - 3rd Harmonic THDi - 3rd Harmonic
THDi - 5th Harmonic THDi - 5th Harmonic THDi - 5th Harmonic
200 THDi - 7th Harmonic 200 THDi - 7th Harmonic 200 THDi - 7th Harmonic
THDi THDi
THDi--2nd Harmonic
THDi--2nd Harmonic
All Combined All Combined THDi
THDi--2nd Harmonic
All Combined
150 THDi - 3rd Harmonic 150 THDi - 3rd Harmonic 150 THDi - 3rd Harmonic
THDi - All Combined THDi - All Combined THDi - All Combined
150 150 150
% THDi% THDi
% THDi% THDi
% THDi% THDi
100 100 100
100 100 100

50 50 50
50 50 50
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion % Distortion % Distortion
0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
(a)
% Distortion (b)
% Distortion (c)
% Distortion
Figure
Figure 8. Total
8. Total (a)
current
current harmonic
harmonic distortion(THDI)
distortion (b)variation
(THDI) variation for
for 2nd,
2nd,3rd,
3rd,5th,
5th,7th(c)
7thand
andallall
harmonic
harmonic
order
order combined
combined forfor induction
induction motors(a)
motors (a)IE2
IE2SCIM;
SCIM;(b)
(b)IE3
IE3 SCIM;
SCIM; (c)
(c) IE4
IE4 LSPMM.
LSPMM.
Figure 8. Total current harmonic distortion (THDI) variation for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic
order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
4.3. 4.3.
Reactive Power
Reactive and
Power Power
and Factor
Power Factorwith
withVoltage
VoltageHarmonics
Harmonics
4.3.
TheReactive
The
presence Power
presence and Power Factor
of permanent
of permanent magnets with contributes
magnets Voltage Harmonics
contributes to to thethe reduction
reduction of of
thethe magnetization
magnetization current
current due
due to the
to the magnetic magnetic
The presence fields
fieldsofgenerated generated
permanentinmagnets in the air
the air contributesgap, with
gap, with which which a lower reactive
a lower reactive
to the reduction power consumption
power consumption
of the magnetization current is
is expected
expected for for
the the
LSPMM.LSPMM. This This
can can
be be observed
observed inin Figure
Figure 9c,
9c, where
where
due to the magnetic fields generated in the air gap, with which a lower reactive power consumption for
for 0%
0% harmonic
harmonic distortion
distortion this
this
motor
motor has
has lower
is expected lower consumption
forconsumption
the LSPMM. This than
thancan the
thebe IE2
IE2 and IE3 class
and IE3inclass
observed Figure motors
motors (Figure
(Figure
9c, where 9a,b).
for 9a,b). The presence
The presence
0% harmonic of
distortionvoltage
of voltage
this
harmonics
harmonics
motor has results
results
lower in in a greaterreactive
a greater
consumption reactive
than the IE2 power
powerand IE3 consumed,
consumed,
class motors which
which varies
varies
(Figure according
according
9a,b). totothe
The presence harmonic
the
of harmonic
voltage
content. It can
harmonics
content. bebe
It canresults seen
seen that thereactive
in athat
greater
the fifthfifth harmonic
power does
harmonic does not represent
consumed, any considerable
which varies
not represent according toincrease
any considerable the in this
harmonic
increase in this
variable
content. then
It can the
be seventh
seen harmonic,
that the fifth that despite
harmonic being
does notof positive
represent sequence
any results
considerable in a slight
increase increase
in this
variable then the seventh harmonic, that despite being of positive sequence results in a slight increase
of reactive
variable power, power,
then thewhile while
seventh the fifth harmonic being negative sequence results in a higher consumption.
of reactive theharmonic,
fifth harmonic that despite
beingbeing
negative of positive
sequence sequence
resultsresults in a slight
in a higher increase
consumption.
Within
of reactivethese harmonics
power, while the fifth
hybrid motor has lower reactive consumption, followed
a higherby the IE3 class
Within these harmonics thethehybridharmonic
motor has being
lower negative
reactive sequence results in
consumption, followed consumption.
by the IE3 class
motor, being
Within these the high efficiency motor (IE2 class) the one thatconsumption,
consume the most reactive power from
motor,
the being
network. theharmonics the hybrid
high efficiency motor motor
(IE2 has lower
class) the reactive
one that consume thefollowed by the
most reactive IE3 class
power from
the motor,
network.being the high efficiency motor (IE2 class) the one that consume the most reactive power from
The reactive power consumption is considerably increased with the presence of a second voltage
the network.
The reactive
harmonic, powerin
resulting consumption
increases ofisisup considerably
to 10 times increased with the presence
that experienced with the of a second voltage
The reactive power consumption considerably increased with the presence of aaforementioned
second voltage
harmonic,
harmonics, resulting
the in increases
LSPMM being of
theup mostto 10 times that
affected with experienced
this voltage with the aforementioned harmonics,
harmonic.
harmonic, resulting in increases of up to 10 times that experienced with the aforementioned
the LSPMM being the most
The combination affected with this voltage harmonic.
harmonics, the LSPMMofbeing all harmonics
the most turns outwith
affected to bethisthevoltage
most damaging,
harmonic.reaching 2 kvar values for
The
the combination
LSPMM, of all harmonics turns out to be
The combination of all harmonics turns out to be the most damaging, as
which will result in a low power factor the
for most
this damaging,
technology, reaching 2 kvar values
will be2presented
reaching kvar values thefor
in for
following
thethe
LSPMM, figure.
LSPMM, which will result in a low power factor for this technology, as will be presented in thethe
which will result in a low power factor for this technology, as will be presented in
following figure.
following figure.
2000 Q - 2nd Harmonic 2000 Q - 2nd Harmonic 2000 Q - 2nd Harmonic
Q - 3rd Harmonic Q - 3rd Harmonic Q - 3rd Harmonic
Q - 5th Harmonic Q - 5th Harmonic Q - 5th Harmonic
Q - 7th Harmonic Q - 7th Harmonic
1750
2000 Q - 2nd Harmonic 1750
2000 Q - 2nd Harmonic
Q - All Combined
1750
2000 QQ--2nd
7th Harmonic
Harmonic
Q - All Combined
Q - 3rd Harmonic Q - 3rd Harmonic QQ--3rd
All Harmonic
Combined
Power (VAR)
Power (VAR)
Power (VAR)

1500
1750 1500
1750 1500
1750
Q - All Combined Q - All Combined Q - All Combined
Power (VAR)
Power (VAR)
Power (VAR)
1250
1500 1250
1500 1250
1500
Reactive
Reactive
ReactiveReactive
1000
1250 1000
1250 1000
1250
Reactive
Reactive
750
1000 750
1000 750
1000
500
750 500
750 500
750
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion % Distortion % Distorção
500 500 500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
(a)
% Distortion (b)
% Distortion (c)
% Distorção
(a) power increase for 2nd, 3rd, 5th,

Figure 9. Reactive (b)7th and all harmonic order combined
(c) for induction
motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
Figure
Figure 9. Reactive
9. Reactive power
power increasefor
increase for2nd,
2nd,3rd,
3rd, 5th,
5th, 7th
7th and
andall
allharmonic
harmonicorder
ordercombined forfor
combined induction
induction
motors
motors (a) (a)
IE2 IE2 SCIM;
SCIM; (b)
(b) IE3IE3 SCIM;
SCIM; (c)
(c) IE4
IE4 LSPMM.
LSPMM.
Because the active power did not increase at the same rate as the reactive power, the motors
suffered a decrease
Because in their
the active powerpower factor.
did not It can
increase be seen
at the sameinrate
Figure 10a–c
as the howpower,
reactive fifth and
the seventh
motors
harmonics result in slight decreases in the power factor, the fifth harmonic being
suffered a decrease in their power factor. It can be seen in Figure 10a–c how fifth and more damaging,
seventh
harmonics result in slight decreases in the power factor, the fifth harmonic being more damaging,
while the fifth harmonic remains varying over its initial value, except for the IE4 class hybrid motor,
where it experiences a slight increase. For the second harmonic, it was already observed it produced
large increases in current and reactive power, the power factor was also impacted with the presence
of this harmonic, falling to values of down to 0.45 for the LSPMM, while the motor classes IE2 and
Energies have13,
IE3 2020, 3333 decreases with values close to 0.54, as presented. The presence of different combined
similar 10 of 18
harmonics in the supply voltage results in greatest decreases in power factor, it is observed based on
the results that the presence of the second harmonic with negative sequence produces the greatest
Because the active power did not increase at the same rate as the reactive power, the motors
contribution in relation to the other harmonics present.
suffered a decrease in their power factor. It can be seen in Figure 10a–c how fifth and seventh harmonics
Energies
result 2020, 13,decreases
in slight x FOR PEER in REVIEW
the power factor, the fifth harmonic being more damaging, while 10 of 18the
PF - 2nd Harmonic PF - 2nd Harmonic PF - 2nd Harmonic
0.84 0.84 PF - 3rd Harmonic 0.84 PF - 3rd Harmonic PF - 3rd Harmonic
fifth harmonic remains varying over its initial value, except for the IE4 class hybrid motor, where it
PF - 5th Harmonic PF - 5th Harmonic PF - 5th Harmonic
while the0.78fifth harmonic remains varying 0.78 over its initial value, except 0.78
PF
PF
- 7th Harmonic
- All Combined for the IE4 class hybrid motor, PF
PF
- 7th Harmonic
- All Combined
PF
PF
- 7th Harmonic
- All Combined
experiences a slight increase. For the second harmonic, it was already observed it produced large
where it 0.72
experiences a slight increase. For 0.72 the second harmonic, it was already observed it produced
0.72
increases in current and reactive power, the power factor was also impacted with the presence of this
Power Factor
Power Factor
Power Factor
large increases
0.66 in current and reactive power,
0.66 the power factor was also
0.66 impacted with the presence
harmonic, falling to values of down to 0.45 for the LSPMM, while the motor classes IE2 and IE3 have
of this harmonic,
0.60 falling to values of down
0.60 to 0.45 for the LSPMM, while 0.60 the motor classes IE2 and
similar decreases
IE3 have similar with valueswith
decreases closevalues
to 0.54, as presented.
close The presence
to 0.54, as presented. The of different
presence combined
of different harmonics
combined
0.54 0.54 0.54
in the supply
harmonics voltage results in greatest decreases
in greatest decreases in power0.48factor, it is observed basedresults
in the supply voltage results 0.48 in power factor, it is observed based on the on
0.48
thatthe
theresults
presence thatof the
the second
presence harmonic
of the with
second negativewith
harmonic sequence produces
negative sequence the produces
greatest contribution
the greatest in
0.42 0.42 0.42
relation to the other
contribution harmonics
in relation to the present.
other harmonics present.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion % Distortion
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion
PF
(a)
- 2nd Harmonic PF
(b)
- 2nd Harmonic
(c)
PF - 2nd Harmonic
0.84 PF - 3rd Harmonic 0.84 PF - 3rd Harmonic 0.84 PF - 3rd Harmonic
Figure 10. Power factor decrease for 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic order combined for induction
0.78 0.78 PF - All Combined 0.78 PF - All Combined PF - All Combined
0.72 0.72 0.72
Power Factor
Power Factor
Power Factor
0.66 0.66 0.66
4.4. Temperature Increase Due to Harmonics
0.60 0.60 0.60
Harmonics
0.54
result in increases in the 0.54
losses experienced by each 0.54
motor and these losses vary
according 0.48
to the percentage of load, the level
0.48
and type of harmonic content
0.48
in the waveform, as well
as the present technology. Because these 0.42
losses are manifested primarily
0.42
in the form of heat, the
0.42
temperature is an %indication of
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
Distortion
their increase with each harmonic
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion
analyzed. This increase is presented
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
% Distortion
in Figure 11a–c.
Initially, the (a) motors have different operating (b) temperatures with sinusoidal (c) voltage without
distortion,
Figure thePower
IE3 class motor being forthe one with
5th,the 7th highest operating temperature andinduction
the IE4 class
Figure 10. 10.Power factor factor decrease
decrease for 2nd,
2nd, 3rd,
3rd, 5th, 7th and
and all
allharmonic
harmonicorderordercombined
combined for for induction
motor having
motors (a) the
IE2 lowest
SCIM; (b) dueIE3toSCIM;
the lower
(c) IE4operational
LSPMM. current. The third zero sequence harmonic does
not produce considerable increases in the temperature of the three IMs. Fifth and seventh harmonics
4.4.4.4. Temperature
result in similar
Temperature Increase
increases
Increase Due
Due totoHarmonics
for theHarmonics
three motors, however due to the higher initial temperature, the IE3
class motor reaches values close to 48 °C. With the second voltage harmonic, the hybrid motor
Harmonics
Harmonics resultresultininincreases
increasesininthe thelosses
losses experienced
experienced by byofeach
each motor
motor and these losses vary
experiments the greatest temperature increase, reaching values 60 °C, whileand the these losses
IE3 class motor vary
according
according to the percentage of load, the level and type of harmonic content in the waveform, as well
has theto the percentage
lowest temperature of load, the level
increase with and type of harmonic
this harmonic. content
In general, the IE4in the
class waveform,
hybrid motor as well as the
is the
as the present technology. Because these losses are manifested primarily in the form of heat, the
present
one that is most affected by the presence of harmonics in the supply voltage, while the IE3 class motor is
technology. Because these losses are manifested primarily in the form of heat, the temperature
temperature is an indication of their increase with each harmonic analyzed. This increase is presented
an indication
shows a greater of their increaseforwith
tolerance thiseach
type harmonic
of disturbance. analyzed. This increase is presented in Figure 11a–c.
in Figure 11a–c.
Initially, the motors have different operating temperatures with sinusoidal voltage without
T (°C) - 2nd - IE2
distortion,72 the IE3 T (°C) - class
3rd - IE2 motor being the 72 one with T (°C) - the
T (°C) - 2nd - IE3
3rd - IE3highest operating72temperature T (°C) - 2nd - IE4
T (°C) - 3rd - IE4
and the IE4 class
T (°C) - 5th - IE2 T (°C) - 5th - IE3 T (°C) - 5th - IE4
motor having
66 the
T (°C) lowest due to the lower66 operational
- 7th - IE2
T (°C) - All - IE2
T (°C) - 7th - current. The third66zero sequence
IE3
T (°C) - All - IE3
T (°C) - 7th - IE4
T (°C) - All - IE4
harmonic does
Temperature Rise (°C)
Temperature rise (°C)
60 60 60
result in similar increases for the three motors, however due to the higher initial temperature, the IE3
54
class motor reaches values close to 48 54°C. With the second voltage 54harmonic, the hybrid motor
experiments48 the greatest temperature increase, 48 reaching values of 60 48°C, while the IE3 class motor
has the lowest
42
temperature increase with 42
this harmonic. In general, the42IE4 class hybrid motor is the
one that is most affected by the presence of harmonics in the supply voltage, while the IE3 class motor
36 36 36
shows a greater tolerance for this type of disturbance.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
T (°C) - 2nd - IE2 T (°C) - 2nd - IE3 T (°C) - 2nd - IE4
72 72 72
T (°C) -
T (°C) - (a)
3rd - IE2
5th - IE2 (b)
T (°C) - 3rd - IE3
T (°C) - 5th - IE3
T
T
(°C)
(°C)
(c)
- 3rd - IE4
- 5th - IE4
T (°C) - 7th - IE2 T (°C) - 7th - IE3 T (°C) - 7th - IE4
66 T (°C) - All - IE2 66 66
T (°C) - All - IE3 T (°C) - All - IE4
Figure 11. Temperature rise in the presence of voltage harmonics of 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th and all harmonic
Temperature rise (°C)
60 60 60
order combined for induction motors (a) IE2 SCIM; (b) IE3 SCIM; (c) IE4 LSPMM.
54 54 54
Initially,
48 the motors have different48operating temperatures with 48
sinusoidal voltage without
distortion, the
42
IE3 class motor being the one
42
with the highest operating
42
temperature and the IE4 class
motor having the lowest due to the lower operational current. The third zero sequence harmonic does
36 36 36
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
(a) (b) (c)

Energies 2020, 13, 3333 11 of 18
result in similar increases for the three motors, however due to the higher initial temperature, the IE3
class motor reaches values close to 48 ◦ C. With the second voltage harmonic, the hybrid motor
experiments the greatest temperature increase, reaching values of 60 ◦ C, while the IE3 class motor has
the lowest temperature increase with this harmonic. In general, the IE4 class hybrid motor is the one
that is most affected by the presence of harmonics in the supply voltage, while the IE3 class motor
shows a greater tolerance for this type of disturbance.
4.5. Correlation Matrix for Temperature

Harmonic voltages cause an increase in the line current, which results in an increase in losses and,
consequently, in the motor temperature. To analyze the harmonic influence in the motor temperature,
a Spearman’s correlation analysis was developed in Minitab 18 [63], between the thermographic images
data and the motor input parameters, in order to verify the relationship between these variables.
Spearman’s correlation assesses the monotonic relationship between two variables. This correlation
coefficient uses only the ranks of the values and not the values themselves. Thus, this measure is
suitable for both ordinal and continuous variables. It is a useful test when Pearson’s correlation cannot
be performed due to violations of normality, a non-linear relationship or when ordinal variables are
being used [64–66]. For this case and after finding a non-linear relationship between some variables,
Spearman’s correlation method was used [67]. The development of the Spearman’s rank correlation
coefficient is presented in (1):
6 ni=1 D2i
P
rs = 1 − (1)
n(n2 − 1)
where n is the number of value pairs and Di = Xi − Yi is the difference between each corresponding Xi
and Yi value rank.
In general, correlation analysis results in a number between −1 and +1, called the correlation
coefficient. The higher the coefficient, the closer the relationship between the variables.
The analysis was performed for each harmonic considered in this study. Figures 12–17 show the
correlation matrices and the graphical representation between these variables for the second and third
harmonic voltage in the IE2, IE3 and IE4 class motors, respectively.
In the correlation matrix, the upper cell shows the Spearman coefficient while the lower cell
shows the p-value, useful for rejecting the null hypothesis when compared to the significance level
(0.05 assumed). In the graphical representation, the temperature variation (Y axis) versus the second and
third order harmonic voltages, line current, THDI, power factor and active power (X axis) is presented.
Regression (red) and smoother lowess (green) lines are also included within the graphics to better
see and explore the potential relationships between the analyzed variables. In this way, where high
correlation coefficients are obtained, the variables show similar variation patterns, while where the
coefficients have values close to zero, no similar variation patterns are observed, as in the case of the
third harmonic voltage.
For the IE2 class motor, the second harmonic voltage is presented in Figures 12a and 13a, Spearman
coefficients are observed quite close to ±1, which indicates a high correlation between the variables
present in the matrix. In addition, the p-value is zero for each second harmonic correlation in the
motors, presenting lower values, compared with the level of significance (α = 0.05). This behavior is
also observed for the IE3 and IE4 class motors, for which a non-linear initial growth is also observed.
A different scenario is observed for the fifth harmonic voltage, for which the electric motor
delta-connected is an open circuit and not considerable effects are expected. In Figure 12b, it is observed
that all parameters have low correlation values between them, especially in relation to temperature.
There is practically no solid relationship between the variables and it occurs when the relationship is
random or non-existent, showing low correlation coefficients. This behavior is observed in Figure 13b.
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 12 of 18
Energies
IE2- 2nd 2020,
H.
IE2- 2nd H.
T13,
(°C)x FOR
T (°C)
2ndPEER REVIEW
H.V. Current (A)
2nd H.V. Current (A)
% THDI
% THDI
PF
PF
1
1
IE2 - 3rd H.
IE2 - 3rd H.
T (°C)
T (°C)
3rd H.V.
3rd H.V.
Current (A)
Current (A)
% THDI
% THDI
12PF
PF
of 18
2nd H.V. 0.973 Cell Content 0.8 3rd H.V. 0.446 Cell Content
2nd H.V. 0.973 Cell Content 0.8 3rd H.V. 0.446 Cell Content
0 Spearman Coefficient 0.6 0 Spearman Coefficient
IE2- 2nd H. T (°C) 0 2nd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
Spearman PF
Coefficient 1
0.6 IE2 - 3rd H. T (°C) 0 3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
Spearman PF
Coefficient
Current (A) 0.974 0.991 p-value 0.4 Current (A) 0.401 0.263 p-value
2nd H.V.
Current (A) 0.973
0.974 0.991 Cellp-value
Content 0.8
0.4 3rd H.V.
Current (A) 0.446
Content
0 0 0.2 0.001 0.034
00 0 Spearman Coefficient 0.6
0.2 0.0010 0.034 Spearman Coefficient
% THDi 0.972 0.997 0.989 0 % THDi -0.054 -0.362 0.196
Current
% THDi(A) 0.974
0.972 0.991
0.997 0.989 p-value 0.4
0 Current
% THDi(A) 0.401
-0.054 0.263
-0.362 0.196 p-value
0 0 0 -0.2 0.666 0.003 0.117
00 00 0 0.2
-0.2 0.001
0.666 0.034
0.003 0.117
PF -0.956 -0.976 -0.956 -0.98 -0.4 PF 0.319 0.244 0.903 0.082
% THDi
PF 0.972
-0.956 0.997
-0.976 0.989
-0.956 -0.98 0
-0.4 % THDi
PF -0.054
0.319 -0.362
0.244 0.196
0.903 0.082
0 0 0 0 -0.6 0.01 0.05 0 0.514
00 00 00 0 -0.2
-0.6 0.666
0.01 0.003
0.05 0.1170 0.514
P (W) 0.95 0.95 0.971 0.946 -0.888 -0.8 P (W) 0.392 0.252 0.995 0.214 0.907
PPF(W) -0.956
0.95 -0.976
0.95 -0.956
0.971 -0.98
0.946 -0.888 -0.4
-0.8 PPF(W) 0.319
0.392 0.244
0.252 0.903
0.995 0.082
0.214 0.907
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0.001 0.043 0 0.087 0
00 00 00 00 0 -0.6
-1 0.01
0.001 0.05
0.043 00 0.514
0.087 0
P (W) 0.95 0.95 0.971 0.946 -0.888 -0.8 P (W) 0.392 0.252 0.995 0.214 0.907
0 0
(a)
(a) 0 0 0 -1 0.001 0.043
(b)
(b) 0 0.087 0
Figure
12.12. Correlation
Correlation matrixbetween
matrix between temperature andandinput
inputparameters in IE2IE2
class SCIM for for
(a)
Figure
Figure 12. (a)
Correlation matrix between temperature
temperature and input parameters
parameters in in
(b) class
IE2 class SCIM
SCIM for (a) (a)
second
second harmonic
harmonic voltage
voltage distortion; (b) third harmonic voltage distortion.
second harmonic voltagedistortion;
distortion;(b)
(b)third
thirdharmonic voltagedistortion.
harmonic voltage distortion.
Figure 12. Correlation matrix between temperature and input parameters in IE2 class SCIM for (a)
second harmonic voltage distortion; (b) third harmonic voltage distortion.
2.70 2.75 2.80 0.675 0.685 0.695
38.75 2.70 2.75 2.80 0.675 0.685 0.695
3.0 3.6 4.2 0.60 0.66 0.72 38.75 Fits
60 3.0 3.6 4.2 0.60 0.66 0.72 Regress
Fits
Fits Lowess
60 Regress
Fits
Regress Lowess
2.70 2.75 2.80 0.675 0.685 0.695
Lowess
Regress 38.50
38.75
55 3.0 3.6 4.2 0.60 0.66 0.72 Lowess 38.50 Fits
60
55 Regress
- IE2
- IE2
Fits Lowess
- IE2
- IE2
Regress 38.25
(°C) - IE2 (°C)(°C)
38.50
(° C)
50 Lowess 38.25
(° C) - IE2(° C)
55
Temperature
50
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
38.00
45 38.25
38.00
50
45
Temperature
Temperature
40 37.75
38.00
45
40 37.75
35 37.50
40 37.75
35 0 20 40 0 50 100 720 840 960 37.500.0 0.2 0.4 1.5 2.0 2.5 700 725 750
2nd
0 order
20 voltage
40 I (A) 0 THDI
50 100 Power Factor 720 P (Watts)
840 960 0.0 0.2voltage
3rd order 0.4 I (A) 1.5 2.0
THDI 2.5 Power Factor 700 725 750
P (Watts)
2nd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 3rd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts)
35 37.50
0 20 40
2nd order voltage I (A)
0 (a)
50
(a)
THDI
100
Power Factor
720 840
P (Watts)
960 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.5 (b)
2.0
(b)
2.5 700 725 750
3rd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts)
Figure 13. Temperature regression versus motor input parameters for IE2 class
(a)regression (b) SCIM with voltage
Figure13.13. Temperature
Temperature regressionversus
versus motor
motor input
input parameters for forIE2 class SCIM with voltage
Figure
distortion of (a) 2nd harmonic voltage distortion; (b) 3rd parameters
harmonic voltage IE2 class SCIM
distortion. with voltage
distortion
distortion of of
(a)(a)
2nd2nd harmonic
harmonic voltage
voltage distortion;
distortion; (b)
(b) 3rd
3rd harmonic
harmonic voltage
voltage distortion.
distortion.
Figure 13. Temperature regression versus motor input parameters for IE2 class SCIM with voltage
distortion of (a) for
It is observed 2ndthe
harmonic
secondvoltage distortion;
harmonic voltage(b)that,
3rd harmonic voltage
in relation distortion.
to the temperature, all variables
have It isIthigh
is observed
observed
correlation forforthethesecond
values,
secondharmonic
which
harmonic voltage
indicates
voltage that,
that that,one
when
in
inrelation
relation
of them
totothethetemperature,
increases,temperature,
the
allall
temperature
variables
variables
also
havehave highIthigh
is correlation
observed
correlation for values,
the
values, secondwhich indicates
harmonic
which analyzed, that
voltage
indicates that when
that,
when one
in of them
relation
one thatof them toincreases,
the the
temperature,
increases, temperature
thevalues all alsoalso
variables
temperature
does.
does.high Among
Among the otherthe other variables
variables analyzed, it is observed
it iswhen
observed that high
high correlation
correlation are
values are also also
also
have
does. Amongcorrelation
observed, the other
with which values,
variables
the which
co-linearity indicates
analyzed, it is that
must observed
be analyzed onewhen
that of
highthem increases,
correlation
creating the temperature
values
models are also observed,
involving these
observed,
does. Among with which
the other the co-linearity
variables must
analyzed, be analyzed
it iscreating
observed when
that creating
high models
correlation involving
values which these
areThealso
with which
variables. the co-linearity must be analyzed when models involving these variables. only
variables. The
observed, The
with
only
only
which
variable
variable
the
that
that varied
varied during
co-linearity duringbethe
must the experiment
experiment
analyzed when
was
was the
the voltage
creating voltage
models
distortion,
distortion,
involving which
these
as
as
variable
mentioned that varied
increased during
in the experiment was the voltage distortion, which as mentioned increased
mentionedThe
variables. increased in percentages
percentages of
of two
two until
untilthe reaching
reaching 25%.
25%. was the voltage distortion, which as
in percentages
For the ofonly
IE3 two
class variable
until
motor, that
reaching
Figuresvaried
25%.
14b during
and 15b, experiment
the third harmonic
mentioned For theincreased
IE3 class in motor, Figuresof
percentages 14b and
two 15b,reaching
until the third25%. harmonic has has similar
similar results
results compared
compared to to
the For
the IE2IE2 class
the IE3
class motor,
class
motor, presenting
motor,
presenting low
Figures
low correlation
14b and
correlation values,
15b, the
values, and
third
and in this
harmonic
in this case
case the
has
the p-value
similar
p-value is greater
results
is greater than
compared
than the
the to
For the value
significance IE3 class for motor,
some Figures 14b with
correlations, and 15b,
which theitthird
is not harmonic
possible has
to similar
reject the results
null compared so
hypothesis, to
thesignificance
IE2 class motor, value presenting
for low correlation
some correlations, values,
with which it andand
is not inpossible
this case the p-value ishypothesis,
greater than sothe
the
itit is IE2
not class
possiblemotor, to presenting
state that lowiscorrelation
there a relationshipvalues,
between inthe
this casetothe
variables
reject
in
the null
p-value
question.is greater than the
significance value
is not possible for some correlations, with which it is not possible to reject the null hypothesis, so it
significance valuetofor state
somethatcorrelations,
there is a relationship
with whichbetweenit is not the variables
possible in question.
to reject the null hypothesis, so
is not possible to state that there is a relationship between the variables in question.
it IE3-
is 2nd
notH.possible
IE3- 2nd H.
T (°C)
T (°C)
to2ndstate that there
H.V. Current is a relationship
(A) % THDI
2nd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
PF
PF
1 between
1
IE3 - 3rd H.theT variables
IE3 - 3rd H.
(°C)
T (°C)
in question.
3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
PF
PF
2nd H.V. 0.983 Cell Content 0.8 3rd H.V. -0.199 Conteúdo da celula
2nd H.V. 0.983 Cell Content 0.8 3rd H.V. -0.199 Conteúdo da celula
0 Spearman Coefficient 0.6 0.112 Spearman Coefficient
IE3- 2nd H. T (°C) 0 2nd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
Spearman PF
Coefficient 1
0.6 IE3 - 3rd H. T (°C)
0.112 3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI
Spearman PF
Coefficient
Current (A) 0.985 0.993 p-value 0.4 Current (A) 0.117 -0.45 p-value
2nd H.V.
Current (A) 0.983
Content 0.8
0.4 3rd H.V.
Current (A) -0.199
0.117 -0.45 Conteúdo da celula
p-value
0 0 0.2 0.355 0
00 0 Spearman Coefficient 0.6
0.2 0.112
0.355 0 Spearman Coefficient
% THDi 0.983 0.995 0.991 0 % THDi -0.417 0.167 -0.01
Current
% THDi(A) 0.985
0.983 0.993
0.995 0.991 p-value 0.4
0 Current
% THDi(A) 0.117
-0.417 -0.45
0.167 -0.01 p-value
0 0 0 -0.2 0.001 0.185 0.939
00 00 0 0.2
-0.2 0.355
0.001 0.1850 0.939
PF -0.978 -0.984 -0.975 -0.984 -0.4 PF 0.137 -0.441 0.941 -0.037
% THDi
PF 0.983
-0.978 0.995
-0.984 0.991
-0.975 -0.984 0
-0.4 % THDi
PF -0.417
0.137 0.167
-0.441 -0.01
0.941 -0.037
0 0 0 0 -0.6 0.275 0 0 0.767
00 00 00 0 -0.2
-0.6 0.001
0.275 0.1850 0.9390 0.767
P (W) 0.901 0.897 0.92 0.895 -0.859 -0.8 P (W) 0.1 -0.44 0.993 0 0.949
PPF(W) -0.978
0.901 -0.984
0.897 -0.975
0.92 -0.984
0.895 -0.859 -0.4
-0.8 PPF(W) 0.137
0.1 -0.441
-0.44 0.941
0.993 -0.0370 0.949
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0.428 0 0 0.998 0
00 00 00 00 0 -0.6
-1 0.275
0.428 00 00 0.767
0.998 0
P (W) 0.901 0.897 0.92 0.895 -0.859 -0.8 P (W) 0.1 -0.44 0.993 0 0.949
0 0 (a)
(a) 0 0 0 -1 0.428 (b)
(b)
0 0 0.998 0
Figure 14. Correlation

(a)matrix between temperature and input parameters in (b)IE3 class SCIM for (a)
Figure 14. Correlation matrix between temperature and input parameters in IE3 class SCIM for (a)
Figure
Figure 14.14. Correlationmatrix
Correlation matrix between
between temperature
temperature and
andinput
inputparameters
parameters in in
IE3IE3
class SCIM
class for for
SCIM (a) (a)
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 13 of 18
Energies
Energies2020,
2020,13,
13,xxFOR
FORPEER
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REVIEW 13
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18
2.4 3.2 4.0 0.56 0.64 0.72 2.30 2.35 2.40 0.705 0.715 0.725
60 40.0
Fits Fits
2.4 3.2 4.0 0.56 0.64 0.72 2.30 2.35 2.40 0.705 0.715 0.725
2.4 3.2 4.0 0.56 0.64 0.72 Regress 2.30 2.35 2.40 0.705 0.715 0.725 Regress
60 40.0
60 FitsLowess 40.0 FitsLowess
Fits Fits
55 Regress Regress
(° -C)IE3 (° C)
Regress 39.5 Regress

Lowess Lowess
Lowess
(°C) - IE3
Lowess
55
Temperature - L1 - IE3 (° C)
55 39.5
39.5
Temperatura (°C) - IE3

50
(°C) - IE3
- L1
- L1 - IE3
Temperatura
39.0
Temperature
50
50
45 39.0
Temperatura
39.0
Temperature
45 38.5
45
40
38.5
38.5
40
40
38.0
0 20 40 0 50 100 640 720 800
0.0 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 620 640 660
2nd order Voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 38.0
38.0 3rd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts)
0 20 40 0 50 100 640 720 800
0 20 40 0 50 100 640 720 800 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 620 640 660
2nd order Voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 620 640 660
2nd order Voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 3rd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts)
(a) 3rd order voltage I (A)
(b)
THDI Power Factor P (Watts)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure
Figure 15. 15. Temperature
Temperature regressionversus
regression versusmotor
motor input
input parameters
parametersfor
forIE3
IE3class
classSCIM
SCIMwith voltage
with voltage
Figure
distortion
Figure 15.
of Temperature
distortion
15. of
(a) (a)
2nd2nd regression
harmonic
harmonic
Temperature versus
voltage
voltage
regression motor
motorinput
distortion;
distortion;
versus (b)
(b) parameters
3rd
3rd
input for
forIE3
IE3class
harmonic voltage
harmonic
parameters voltage SCIM
SCIMwith
distortion.
distortion.
class withvoltage
voltage
distortion
distortionofof(a)
(a)2nd
2ndharmonic
harmonicvoltage
voltagedistortion;
distortion;(b)
(b)3rd
3rdharmonic
harmonicvoltage
voltagedistortion.
distortion.
Third harmonic
Third harmonic voltage
voltage shows
shows different
different results
resultsforforthethe IE4IE4LSPMM,
LSPMM, shown
shownininFigures
Figures16b16band
and17b.
17b.Third
Higher Higher
Third harmonic
harmonic
correlation voltage
correlation voltage
coefficients shows
can bedifferent
coefficients
shows can be results
different
observed observed
results for
for theforforthe
LSPMM, IE4
thethe LSPMM,
IE4LSPMM,
but notbut
LSPMM, shownnotin
shown
as strongasFigures
in strong
Figures
as 16b
thoseas
16b and
those
and
obtained
for17b.
the Higher
obtained
17b. Higher
second forcorrelation
correlation
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beThe p-value
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for the negative
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lower
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for
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the analyzed
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three induction
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despite its
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despite showingaalower lowercorrelation,
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Figure 17b.
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Figure17b.
17b.
IE4- 2nd H. T (°C) 2nd H.V. Current (A) % THDI PF 1 IE4 - 3rd H. T (°C) 3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI PF
2nd H.V.
IE4- 0.994 2nd H.V. Current (A) % THDI Cell Content 10.8 3rd H.V. 0.651 3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI Cell Content
IE4-2nd
2ndH.H. TT(°C)
(°C) 2nd H.V. Current (A) % THDI PFPF 1 IE4
IE4- -3rd
3rdH.H. TT(°C)
(°C) 3rd H.V. Current (A) % THDI PFPF
2nd 0 Spearman Coefficient 0.6 0 Spearman Coefficient
2ndH.V.
H.V. 0.994
0.994 Cell
CellContent
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0.8 3rd
3rdH.V.
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CellContent
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Current (A) 0.994
00 0.996 Spearman p-value 0.4 Current (A) 0.562 0.678 p-value
SpearmanCoefficient
Coefficient 0.6
0.6 00 Spearman
SpearmanCoefficient
Coefficient
Current 0 0 0.2 0 0
Current(A)
(A) 0.994
0.994 0.996
0.996 p-value
p-value 0.4
0.4 Current
Current(A) (A) 0.562
0.562 0.678
0.678 p-value
p-value
% THDi 0.993
00 0.997
00 0.995 0.2 0 % THDi 0.29
00 0.285
00 0.452
0.2
%%THDi 0.993 0 0.997 0 0.995 0 0-0.2 %%THDi 0.019
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PF -0.978
00 -0.979
00 -0.977
00 -0.98 -0.4
-0.2 PF 0.587
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00 0.515
-0.2 0.019 0.021
PF -0.978 0 -0.979 0 -0.977 0 -0.98 0 -0.6
-0.4 PF 0.587 0 0.553 0 0.896 0 0.515 0
PF -0.978 -0.979 -0.977 -0.98 -0.4 PF 0.587 0.553 0.896 0.515
P (W) 0.979
00 0.98
00 0.987
00 0.978
00 -0.95 -0.6
-0.8 P (W) 0.591
00 0.645
00 0.97
00 0.497
00 0.952
-0.6
PP(W) 0.979 0 0.98 0 0.987 0 0.978 0 -0.95 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0
(W) 0.979 0.98 0.987 0.978 -0.95 -0.8
-0.8 PP(W)
(W) 0.591
0.591 0.645
0.645 0.97
0.97 0.497
0.497 0.952
0.952
00 00 00 00 00 -1-1 00 00 00 00 00
(a) (b)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure 16. Correlation matrix between temperature and input parameters in IE4 class LSPMM for (a)
Figure
second
Figure Correlation
16.16.
Figure Correlation
harmonic
16. matrix
matrix
voltage
Correlation between
between
distortion;
matrix between temperature
temperature
(b) andinput
and
third harmonic
temperature and inputparameters
voltage
input parameters
distortion.
parameters inin
in IE4IE4
IE4 class
class
class LSPMM
LSPMM
LSPMM for for
(a) (a)
for(a)
second
second
second harmonic
harmonic
harmonic voltage
voltage distortion;
voltagedistortion;
distortion;(b) thirdharmonic
(b)third harmonicvoltage
harmonic voltagedistortion.
voltage distortion.
distortion.
2.35 2.40 2.45 0.680 0.705 0.730
37.0
3 4 5 0.5 0.6 0.7 Fits
2.35 2.40 2.45 0.680 0.705 0.730
2.35 2.40 2.45 0.680 0.705 0.730 Regress
60 Fits 37.0
3
3
4
4
5
5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7 Regress
37.0
36.5 FitsLowess
Fits
Regress
60 FitsLowess Regress
60 Fits Lowess
(° C) - IE4
55 Regress 36.5 Lowess

Regress 36.5
Lowess 36.0
(°C) - IE4
Lowess
Temperature (° C) - IE4
55
(° C) - IE4
55 36.0
50 36.0
Temperature (°C) - IE4
35.5
(°C) - IE4
Temperature
Temperature
50
50 35.5
45 35.5
35.0
Temperature
Temperature
45 35.0
45 35.0
40 34.5
40 34.5
40 34.5
34.0
35
35 34.0
35 0 20 40 0 80 160 600 700 800 34.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 600 650 700
2nd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 3rd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts)
0 20 40 0 80 160 600 700 800 0.0 0.2 0.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 600 650 700
0 20 40 0 80 160 600 700 800 0.0 0.2 0.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 600 650 700
2nd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 3rd
2nd order voltage I (A) THDI Power Factor P (Watts) 3rdorder
ordervoltage I (A) THDI Power
PowerFactor P P(Watts)
(a) voltage I (A)
(b)
THDI Factor (Watts)
(a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Figure 17. Temperature regression versus motor input parameters for IE4 class LSPMM with voltage
Figure
Figure 17.17.
distortion
Figure 17.Temperature
Temperature
Temperature regression
of (a) 2nd harmonic
regression
regression versus
voltage
versus
versus motor
motorinput
distortion;
motor input parameters
(b) 3rd harmonicfor
parameters
parameters forIE4
forIE4class
voltage
IE4classLSPMM
distortion.
LSPMM
class LSPMM with
with voltage
voltage
with voltage
distortion
distortion of
of(a)
(a)2nd
2ndharmonic
harmonic voltage
voltagedistortion;
distortion;
distortion of (a) 2nd harmonic voltage distortion; (b)
(b)3rd
3rdharmonic
harmonic voltage
voltagedistortion.
distortion.
harmonic voltage distortion.
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 14 of 18
5. Conclusions
Considering the electric motors classes IE3 and IE4 as strong candidates for replacing old motors,
this study analyzed the impact that different orders harmonic voltages have on the electric motors’
classes IE2, IE3 and IE4, the latter of permanent magnets and squirrel cage. A summary of the results
is listed below:
• Second negative sequence harmonic voltage proved to be the most damaging for electric motors,
of which the LSPMM shows the worst performance, while the IE3 class motor presented the
smallest variations.
• The seventh harmonic also resulted in uniform increases in all motors, however smaller than
those found for the second and fifth harmonics of negative sequence.
• The third zero sequence harmonic did not produce considerable variations in electric motors,
where the parameters showed variations around their initial values.
• The combination of all harmonics proved to be more damaging than each individual harmonic
analyzed, of which the second harmonic had the greatest contribution.
This work also sought to analyze, through a technical comparison, the feasibility of substitution
between technologies, based on the results, for substitution between older and/or non-efficient motors,
with higher efficiency motors, some aspects should be considered:
• More efficient motors can result in greater savings in energy and economic terms, mainly in
systems with good power quality.
• An analysis of the electricity supply quality at the installation site must be carried out before
replacement. Poor power quality reduces electric motor efficiency. Regarding the LSPMM,
although in ideal operating conditions, it presented lower current, reactive power and operational
temperature, with the presence of harmonics in the supply voltage it presents the worst performance
of the three motors analyzed, being more affected by the second harmonic of negative sequence.
Another factor to consider is the distortion presented by the LSPMM, which initially already
presents values superior to that of the other technologies, and with the presence of harmonics,
due to the presence of permanent magnets, higher percentages of THDI are found for this
technology. Therefore, in large-scale applications, studies on the quality of the supply before and
after installation must be carried out.
• The application type must also be considered. For the LSPMM, it was observed at the moment of
starting a difficulty to start with a load, this can be critical mainly for applications with frequent
start/stop cycles.
• For future replacements, the economical part is fundamental, the operating time of the old motor
in order to verify the payback due to the higher costs of higher efficiency motors. Currently in the
Brazilian market, the cost of the IE4 class motor is approximately 1.3 times the cost of the IE3 class
motor, while the IE3 class motor is 1.3 times the cost of the IE2 class motor.
Finally, a correlation analysis between the variables recorded during the experiments was
developed, as well as regression graphs, which aimed to analyze the relationship between the variables
recorded in the experiments. The verification of the relationship between the variables was performed
using the significance level (p-value). There was a great multicollinearity between them, which should
be considered when making models for these parameters.
In relation to the second harmonic, high correlation coefficients were obtained, both from the
temperature and from the other variables, confirming the high collinearity that exists between them.
It was commented that the third harmonic voltage did not produce any considerable impact on the
electric motors. This was confirmed with the regression graphs that show how the values do not
exhibit a growth pattern as for the second harmonic analyzed.
Energies 2020, 13, 3333 15 of 18
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.M.T., M.E.d.L.T., T.M.S. and E.O.d.M.; methodology, T.M.S.,
J.M.T., M.E.d.L.T. and E.O.d.M.; software, J.M.T.; validation, J.M.T., M.E.d.L.T., T.M.S., E.O.d.M. and
U.H.B.; formal analysis, J.M.T., M.E.d.L.T., T.M.S. and E.O.d.M.; investigation, J.M.T.; data curation, J.M.T.;
writing—original draft preparation, J.M.T.; writing—review and editing, J.M.T., U.H.B. and M.E.d.L.T.;
visualization, J.M.T., U.H.B. and M.E.d.L.T.; supervision, J.M.T., M.E.d.L.T., T.M.S. and E.O.d.M.; resources,
M.E.d.L.T., T.M.S. and E.O.d.M.; project administration, M.E.d.L.T., T.M.S. and E.O.d.M. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by the Pro-Rectory of Research and Post-Graduate Studies-PROPESP/UFPA.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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energies

Energies 2020, 13, 3333; doi:10.3390/en13133333 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Table 1. Review of literature regarding induction motors and harmonics.

Paper Main Subject Relevant Literature

IEC 60034-30-1 and Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)

2. Improvements in Induction Motors

(a) (b) (c)

Energies 2020, 13,

Table 2. Induction motor parameters.

IM Class IE2 IE3 IE4

To measure the frame Speed temperature,

4. Results and Discussion

5.5 Irms (A) - 2nd Harmonic 5.5 5.5

4.0 4.0 4.0

3.5 3.5 3.5

3.0 3.0 3.0

2.5 2.5 2.5

2.0 2.0 2.0

(a) (b) (c)

4.2. Total Current Harmonic Distortion

100 100 100

Q - 5th Harmonic Q - 5th Harmonic Q - 5th Harmonic

(a) power increase for 2nd, 3rd, 5th,

Temperature Rise (°C)

Temperature Rise (°C)

(a) (b) (c)

4.5. Correlation Matrix for Temperature

Figure 14. Correlation

Regress 39.5 Regress

Temperatura (°C) - IE3

55 Regress 36.5 Lowess

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