2021 14th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications Tu4Track B.

Voltage Unbalance & Variations Impacts on IE4

Class LSPMM
Jonathan Muñoz Tabora M. E. de Lima Tostes (IEEE Member) Edson Ortiz de Matos (IEEE Member)
Amazon Energy Efficiency Excellence Amazon Energy Efficiency Excellence Amazon Energy Efficiency Excellence
2021 14th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON) | 978-1-6654-4118-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/INDUSCON51756.2021.9529505

Center (CEAMAZON) Center (CEAMAZON) Center (CEAMAZON)

Federal University of Pará (UFPA) Federal University of Pará (UFPA) Federal University of Pará (UFPA)
Belém, Pará, Brazil Belém, Pará, Brazil Belém, Pará, Brazil
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5322-7212 tostes@ufpa.br ortiz@ufpa.br

Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra

Amazon Energy Efficiency Excellence
Center (CEAMAZON)
Federal University of Pará (UFPA)
Belém, Pará, Brazil
ubiratan.fapespa@gmail.com

Abstract— The evolution of electric motors is increasing
exponentially; it is currently possible to obtain efficiencies of
around 96% with the IE4 efficiency class. A global interest in
the transition to more efficient electric motors is being adopted
in more countries through the Minimum Energy Performance
Standards (MEPS), including Brazil, in which the minimum
efficiency class level from August 2019 is the IE3 class, published
in 2017 by Interministerial Ordinance No. 1. Considering the
new energy scenario and aiming at new editions with greater
efficiencies as minimum requirements, the present work
presents a study of the voltage unbalance with under and
overvoltage impacts on the performance of a Line Start
Permanent Magnet Motor (LSPMM). The results show that the
voltage unbalance with under voltages results in improvements
in relation to the power factor, however voltage unbalance also
results in increases in current harmonic distortion, therefore,
this parameter must be analysed in systems with unbalance
percentages greater than 1%.
Keywords—Line-start permanent magnet motor, voltage
unbalance, voltage variation, power quality, efficiency classes.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric motors are the main source of mechanical energy
in the industrial sector, globally they represent approximately
53% of global electricity consumption [1]. In Brazil, they
represent about 30% of the energy converted, and around 68%
in industry [2].
According to recent data, unregulated motors, classified as
IE0, represent 30% of the global consumption by electric
motors, while standard motors, (IE1 class), represent about
40%, totaling 70% of the energy consumed by electric motors
in the world [3]. In this way, electric motors represent an
important category in economic and ecological terms. In
Brazil, the implementation of the IE3 class as minimum
efficiency class for fabrication and commercialization
promises to bring savings of more than 11 TWh of energy
from its implementation in 2019, to 2030, which will translate
into savings of approximately USD 172 million by 2050 [4].
Currently there is unanimity in the definition of the IE3
class as a maximum efficiency requirement globally,
however, with the constant technological advances and
commercially available proposals to achieve greater
Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this text box.
efficiencies, the IE4 class will be defined as a minimum
efficiency requirement in pioneer countries in the search of
higher efficiencies and CO2 emissions reduction.
One of the proposals to reach the IE4 class is the Line-start
permanent magnet motor, with permanent magnets that can be
installed both on the surface or inside the rotor and that allow
considerable savings compared to its predecessor (IE3 class
motor), as well as lower internal temperatures and quieter
operation [5], [6].
Considering the new minimum level of efficiency in
Brazil, as well as the presence of new technologies in the
market, it is necessary to analyze the impacts of the different
disturbances present in the current electrical systems, in the
substitutes for the installed motors in the industrial sectors,
aiming at future substitutions. This work presents the
evolution of efficiency in electric motors up to the permanent
magnet motor (Line Start Permanente Magnet Motor), as well
as experimental test to assess the impact of voltage unbalance
(VU) with under and over voltage on the permanent magnet
motor (LSPMM).
For the study, a brief description of the improvements that
led to the introduction of new technologies is presented in
section II, as well as some of its advantages and challenges. In
section III, a theoretical foundation on voltage unbalance and
voltage variation based on international standards aiming to
introduce the analyzed phenomena is presented.
Finally, for the evaluation of the LSPMM operation in the
face of unbalance and voltage variation, experimental
laboratory tests were carried out with the aim of analyzing the
impact of these disturbances on energy consumption, power
factor and power quality and are presented in Section IV and
V. The next section presents the evolution of electric motors
II. EVOLUTION OF INDUCTION MOTORS
A. Induction Motor Losses
The main losses present in electric motors are presented in
Figure 1. As observed, it can be divided into 5 areas: Core
losses, Stator and Rotor losses, Friction and windage losses,
and Stray load losses. Joule losses (rotor and stator) and core
losses, are responsible for more than 80% of the total losses
within low power electric motors [7].

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 operational efficiency (reference parameter for the
classification). Technologies such as the synchronous
reluctance motor, the copper rotor motor and the permanent
magnet motor were explored [14]. Although internationally,
the maximum efficiency class adopted by the MEPS is the IE3
class, manufacturers have achieved greater efficiencies, which
reach the defined values of the IE4 class and the expected IE5
class efficiencies. Figure 3 shows the structure of the
permanent magnet motor and squirrel cage.

Fig. 1. Main losses in the conversion process in Induction Motors

To obtain more efficient motors, it was necessary to reduce

the losses that occur in the energy conversion process within
the electric motor. Special attention was given to those
components that would bring greater benefits in relation to
efficiency, which are presented in Figure 2.

Fig. 3. Permanent magnet motor structure [15]

This technology presents the stator similar to that of the

IE2 and IE3 class motors. However, on the rotor there is a
squirrel cage that allows a direct line starting without the need
of starting devices. Regarding the position of the magnets,
they can be placed on the surface of the rotor or inside, with
different configurations of the magnets [16], [17]
Line-Start permanent magnet motor works with
Fig. 2. Energy efficiency impacts of improvements in IM’s. Adapted from
synchronous speed, making it ideal for fixed speed
[8] applications. During start-up, the presence of permanent
magnets results in a contrary torque to the resultant one, which
As observed in Figure 2, improvements in the active produces large oscillations until the synchronism is achieved.
materials of the electric motor translate into the greatest Figure 4 shows this behavior. Due to these large oscillations,
improvement in efficiency. Active materials are those that this type of motor is not recommended in applications with
participate in the energy conversion process: rotor and stator frequent stops / starts.
windings, core, and insulation.
Thus, more efficient motors have more active materials
(more copper and a higher slot filling), as well as new
configurations of the winding diagram inside the stator coils
[9]. Regarding the core, two types of magnetic steel are used
in electrical machines [10], the M400-50A (losses of 4 W / kg)
and the M800-50A (losses of 8 W / kg), when used the steel
M 270-50 (losses of 2.7 W / Kg) losses were reduced in the
range of 36% to about 70% for the M400-50A and M800-50A
respectively [11].
Induction motors of IE3 and IE4 classes also have a higher
insulation class, moving from class B (maximum temperature
of 130° C) to class F (maximum temperature 155 °C), with Fig. 4. Starting torque components for the LSPMM [18].
which a greater tolerance to temperature increases is expected.
These improvements also result in higher manufacturing III. VOLTAGE UNBALANCE IN INDUCTION MOTORS
costs, actually, an IE3 Class motor is about 1.3 times de initial
Voltage unbalance is a disturbance present in all electrical
cost of an IE2 Class motor, while an IE4 Class motor cost is
systems. In electric motors, a small percentage of voltage
about 1.3 times the cost of an IE3 Class motor [12].
unbalance can result in up to 10 times that percentage in line
B. Line-Start Permanent Magnet Motor currents, due to which, different norms and standards have
As a result of the new editions of IEC 60034-30-1 [13], established limits to avoid damage to electric motors.
manufacturers and researchers have improved their designs The National Electrical Manufacturers Association
and materials to reduce losses and consequently increase the (NEMA) recommends to derate the induction motor power for

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 unbalances greater than 1%, however, with new technologies, Where:
it is necessary to verify these percentages in accordance to the
𝑽𝒂𝒃 + 𝑽𝒃𝒗 + 𝑽𝒄𝒂
impacts observed in this new technologies. 𝑽𝐿
𝐴𝑣𝑔
=
𝟑
A. Voltage Variations 𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝒂𝒗𝒈
∆𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑳 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙 {| 𝑽𝒂𝒃 − 𝑽𝑳 |, | 𝑽𝒃𝒄 − 𝑽𝑳 |, | 𝑽𝒄𝒂 − 𝑽𝑳 |}
Voltage variations are another disturbance present in
electrical systems and consists in the voltage variation with
magnitudes under an over the IM’s nameplate nominal values. Voltage Unbalance Factor (VUF) also known as the IEC
In the case of electric motors, they are also affected by this "true" definition, based on the relative magnitudes of the
disturbance, however electric motors are manufactured with negative and positive sequences, as presented in (2).
an operating range of ± 10%, in accordance with the NEMA
and IEC standards, which agree that within this range motors |𝑽𝑵 |
should operate satisfactorily. Figure 5 presents the operation 𝑽𝑼𝑭 (%) = 𝒌𝒗 = (𝟐)
|𝑽𝑷 |
zones for both standards.
Where:
𝑽𝒂 + 𝑎𝑽𝒃 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝑷 = (𝟐. 𝟏)
𝟑

𝑽𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 𝑽𝒃 + 𝒂𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝑵 = (𝟐. 𝟐)
𝟑
𝒂 = 1∡120° & 𝒂𝟐 = 1∡240°
According to NEMA, continuous operation of the motor
above 5% is not recommended. For this work the NEMA
definition will be considered.

IV. METHODOLOGY
Experimental tests were performed in the Amazon Energy
Efficiency Excellence Center (CEAMAZON) in the Federal
University of Pará (UFPA), to assess the influence of VU and
Fig. 5. Voltage variation zones for NEMA and IEC Standards [19, p. 4]. Voltage Variation on the IE4 Class LSPMM. Figure 6 shows
the general test set up.
Voltage variation is a quite common phenomenon that can
occur in different scenarios, such as low load conditions,
higher transformer tap, or in cases in that the motor's nominal
voltage is different from the voltage in the country or region
where it will be installed.
Although some variation in voltages is allowed, higher
variations can cause deviations in consumption, torque, and
efficiency as well as temperature rises which over time can
accelerate the deterioration of the insulation and may shorten
the useful life of the motor according to the operation zone
Therefore, both voltage unbalance and voltage variation
disturbances can be present in electrical systems and cause
impacts to electrical motors. Given this reality, this work aims
to analyze these impacts on the permanent magnet motor,
strong candidate to replace the conventional induction motor
for greater efficiencies. The methodology used for the study is
detailed below.
Fig. 6. General test setup [5].
B. Voltage Unbalance Definitions
Voltage unbalances and variations were generated using a
Different methods and standards are used to measure the
degree of unbalance in electric motors, two of them are the three phase AC source model FCATHQTM (1). The IM’s input
NEMA definition, calculated from the line voltages, as parameters were measured using the class “A” quality analyzer
presented in (1), and the true definition, in which the HIOKITM (2) model PW3198-90. Then electric load used in
unbalance degree is calculated from the positive and negative this work consists of an electromagnetic brake or Foucault
sequence component voltages, as shown in equation (2). brake (3), which includes two load cells that are connected to
the ends of the brake with which it is possible to measure the
∆𝑽𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝐿 opposite force produced by eddy currents. When multiplied by
𝑳𝑽𝑼𝑹 (%) = (𝟏)
𝑽𝐿
𝐴𝑣𝑔 the distance to the axis it is possible to find the torque

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 demanded by the load. For the study, the LSPMM was tested next step was to transfer the measurement data from the
at full load (nominal current). (4). The nominal data of the IE4 equipment to the analyzer (HIOKI)) software. After data
Class experimental LSPMM is presented in Table I: analysis, they were converted to CSV format files,
compatible for reading in Minitab (Minitab 18) statistical
TABLE I
software [20], where the processed data was plotted for
LINE START PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR PARAMETERS
IM Class IE4
analysis.
Technology LSPMM
Power 0.75 kW V. RESULTS
Voltage 220/380 V This section presents the main results obtained with the
Speed (rpm) 1800 proposed methodology in the LSPMM. In general, it was
Torque (Nm) 3.96
Current (A) 3.08/1.78 observed a silent operation for this motor, also with lower
Efficiency (%) 87.4 operational temperatures, however with great oscillations
Power Factor 0.73 during the start, mainly with connected load.
A. Line Currents
At first, the induction motors were subjected to a 220 V
The voltage variation results in the variation of the positive
perfect three-phase sine voltage for 1 hour and 10 minutes so sequence voltage component, while the voltage unbalance
that they reached their thermal equilibrium. In a second produces the increase in the negative sequence component
moment, voltage unbalances of 1%, 3% and 4% according to regardless of whether it is undervoltage or overvoltage, which
NEMA definition with under and over voltage were applied results in unequal variations of the line currents of the electric
to each of the motors for a period of one hour until the thermal motor. In the full load condition, voltage unbalance with under
equilibrium was reached again. It should be noted that only and overvoltage resulted in phase current unbalances in the
voltage magnitudes were varied, the phase angles remained order of 6-10 times the voltage unbalance present.
constant. Table II presents voltage magnitudes for each
voltage unbalance and variation condition. Figures 8 and 9 presents the current behaviour. Initially it
can be observed how the unbalance with 1% does not result in
TABLE II [5] large current increases, which justifies that NEMA, only
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE MAGNITUDES recommends reducing the input power for voltage unbalances
% NEMA Voltage Va Vb Vc greater than 1%. In Figure 8, it can be seen how the phase
Unbalance currents present uneven variations of up to 33%, which results
1% Under Voltage 217.34 V 219.67 V 214.03 V
in uneven losses increment and therefore, the operation
3% Under Voltage 217.72 V 214.46 V 206.8 V temperature of the electric motor. Regarding the average
4% Under Voltage 197.15 V 206.69 V 214.35 V current, it is observed that it presents small variations, with
1% Over Voltage 220.40 V 224.54 V 221.2 V considerable increments only for 4% voltage unbalance.
3% Over Voltage 235.85V 233.57V 224.28V
4% Over Voltage 227.91 V 219.89 V 237.57V

Regarding the methodology used for the treatment of

measurement data and obtaining the results, Figure 7 presents
the steps performed for the study.

Fig. 8. Variation of LSPMM line currents with the presence of voltage

unbalance with undervoltage.

For the VU with overvoltage, it is observed in Figure 9,

that greater variations are found, mainly for the 4% of
unbalance. This is observed in the increase of the half current,
which is superior when compared to the case of undervoltage.

Fig. 7. Methodology flowchart.

At first, the six-voltage unbalance and variation
conditions were inserted in the supply voltage of each of the
analyzed motors on the test bench and then the measurements
were made using the power quality analyzer equipment, the
The uneven increases in current and the high unbalance
multiplying factor (6-10 times) in relation to the voltage
unbalance, make this disturbance extremely detrimental to
electric motors, since phases with more than 150% load can
be found, which results in the decrease of the useful life of the
motor insulation and consequently the burning of its internal
windings.

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 It is important to highlight that the total power presented
similar variations with the phase and average currents
presented in Figures 8 and 9.
Fig. 9. Variation of LSPMM line currents with the presence of voltage
unbalance with overvoltage.
B. Total Harmonic Distortion
In order to analyze the impact of voltage unbalance and
variations on power quality, the total current harmonic
distortion (THDI) was also analyzed, Figures 10 and 11
presents the variation of this parameter. For the balanced
voltage conditions, permanent magnet results in a higher
initial THDI that exceeds 8%, for each phase analyzed, so for
large scale uses the quality of the waveform in the industries
must also be considered.
Initially, it is interesting to note that the THDI phases
percentage follows a pattern contrary to the phase currents, in
such a way that when the magnitude of the current increases,
the percentage of THDI decreases, as observed in figures 8-
11. This is mainly due to the fact that THDI is inversely
proportional to the current in its fundamental component.
Then, the presence of voltage unbalance and voltage variation
also result in increases in the harmonic content of the
waveform analyzed through the THDI. In general, the
unbalance with undervoltage results in greater increments of
this parameter, when compared with the VU with overvoltage.
Fig. 10. Variation of LSPMM THDI with the presence of voltage unbalance
with undervoltage.
In Figure 11, the THDI for voltage unbalance with
overvoltage is presented, for this condition, although the
harmonic content is smaller when compared to the VU with
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under voltage. One of the phases, however, reaches a THDI of
22%, as shown in Figure 11
In this way, the increase in the voltage unbalance not only
represented variations in the line currents, but also in the
harmonic content, which translates into higher losses, higher
operational temperatures, lower efficiencies and eventually, a
decrease in the useful life for high voltage unbalance
percentages.
Fig. 11. Variation of LSPMM THDI with the presence of voltage unbalance
with overvoltage.
C. Power Factor
Power factor is inversely proportional to the positive
sequence component generated with the presence of voltage
variation. Thus, as the voltage magnitude decreases, the power
factor increases, and vice versa [21], as shown in Figures 12
and 13 with relation to the power factor average.
Figure 12 shows the variation of the power factor in each
phase, small variations are observed for 1% and 3% of
unbalance, except for phase a, which presents the greatest
increases and decreases. The power factor average shows an
increase in relation to its initial value, going from 0.82 to 0.85,
as shown.
Fig. 12. Power factor variation for the LSPMM with the presence of voltage
unbalance with overvoltage.
The VU with overvoltage produces greater variations in the
phases power factor, with a negative trend, which results in a
decrease in the total power factor, as shown below in Figure
13.

Fig. 13. Variation of LSPMM line currents with the presence of unbalance
with overvoltage.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Considering the introduction of new technologies such as
the hybrid motor of permanent magnets and squirrel cage as
substitutes for existing induction motors, as well as the new
Energy Efficiency Law for electric motors that establishes the
IR3 or IE3 class as the minimum efficiency level in Brazil and
aiming for the future editions, the present work presented a
study of the impacts of the voltage unbalance with under and
over voltage in the performance of the LSPMM through
experimental tests. The results show that the voltage
unbalance results in uneven variations in the phase currents,
which will result in increased losses and, consequently,
temperature. The total current also shows increases, which are
higher in the case of overvoltage unbalance conditions.
Regarding current total harmonic distortion, it was initially
observed that both de-sequences result in increases of this
parameter. The unbalance with overvoltage being more
damaging. Furthermore, it was observed how the THDI of the
phases follows a pattern opposite to that of the phase currents,
varying in the opposite way, so at higher magnitudes of
current unbalance, lower rates of harmonic distortion are
observed, and vice versa.
With regard to the power factor, variations are observed in
each phase for each analyzed condition of unbalance. The total
power factor exhibits a variation pattern contrary to the
voltage magnitudes, that is, at higher magnitudes of voltage
with respect to the nominal value, the power factor decreases,
and at lower voltages, the total power factor increases.
VII. FUTURE WORKS
For future works, the individual impact of the voltage
variations will be evaluated in the IE4 class motor, as well as
in its predecessors the IE3 and IE2 class motors, in this way it
will be possible to compare and differentiate the impacts and
consequences of the voltage variation and voltage unbalance
in motors classes IE2, IE3 and IE4, aiming at the substitution
between technologies, from a technical, thermographic,
economic, and statistical point of view.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was developed with the support of the Federal
University of Pará, through the Energy Management and
Efficiency research project, as well as with the support of the
the Brazilian National Council of Scientific and
Technological (CNPq), as well as the Paulo Freire Program
and the Honduras Presidential Program 20/20 Scholarships
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