UNIT 3 ATOMS

1.-Atomic models:

Leucippus and Democritus model (400 aC)

Dalton’s model (1803)

Thomson’s model (1904)

Rutherford’s model (1911)

Bohr model (1913)

Current model (1926)

2. - Atomic structure: size, mass and charge (same name in Science Bits)

Atoms are represented as empty spheres of approximately 10 -10m in diameter.

The nucleus is the central part of the atom and its formed by protons and neutrons. The mass
of the atom is condensed here. The radius of the nucleus is 10 -15m.

The name of the force that holds the nucleus together is the NUCLEAR STRONG FORCE.

 Protons: it is the subatomic particle with an elementary positive charge.

It carries the opposite charge of an electron, it has the same value but in positive.
Its mass is about 2000 times greater than the mass of the electron
 Neutrons: it is the subatomic particle that has no charge
It is slightly greater than the mass of the protons
 Electrons: it is the subatomic particle that has negative charge
Is the smallest of the 3 particles
It mass is 2000 times smaller than the mass of the proton.

Mass (u) Charge (e-)

Protons 1.0075 = 1 +1
Neutrons 1.0087 = 1 0
Electrons 0.005 = 1 -1

3. – Ions (same name in Science Bits)

An Ion is an atom that has electrical charge.

We can find positive Ions that are called Cations and we can find negative Ions that are called
Anions.

¿How can we know if an atom is an ion or not?

4. - Characterizing the atom (Science Bits: atomic diversity 1/3)


A
X Mass number: the total number of protons and neutrons an atom has.
This number is similar to the atomic mass of the atom expressed in mass unit

 Z X Atomic number: the total number of protons an atom has.

If the atom has a neutral charge, it also indicates the number of electrons.

What’s A and what’s Z (table)

5. - Isotopes. (Science Bits: atomic diversity 2/3)

- Exercises like the ones from the worksheet 1.

6. - Radioation (Science bits: Radioactivity)

Some isotopes are unstable and decay over the time emitting radiation.

Uses of radiation:

 Electricity production: in nuclear power plants and controlled fision

 Medical applications: radiation therapy
 Industrial/agricultural uses: food sterilization
 Military uses: atomic weapons and bombs

7. - Atomic mass of an element (Sciente Bits: atomic diversity 3/3)

 The mass of an atom is the sum of all of the masses of all the particles that are inside
the atom.
 The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of all the different isotopes of a
given element.

- m=% x A : 100= Xu

- Exercises of calculating the atomic mass of an element.

8. - The mole

- Definition.

- Avogadro’s constant = 6,022 . 10 23 particles= 1 mole

- Calculating the number of moles we have in a certain amount of atoms and

viceversa (in this exercises you have to apply conversion factor)

- Calculating the number of moles there are in a certain mass of an element.

UNIT 4: ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
1. - Pure substances: elements and compounds

 Substances: is pure when its composition remains constant and does not vary when it
is subjected to physical changes
Unique chemical composition
Distinct specific properties
To change from one to another if follows a chemical change
 Element: is a pure substance that consist of a single type of atom
Can be found in the periodic table
 Compound:
It has two or more atoms from the periodic table
Some compounds can have the same type of atoms in different proportions
 Mixture:
Can follow a physical change
Different composition

2.-Periodic table of elements

- From the periodic table I’m only going to ask you for the names, symbols

and position of several elements.

3.-Molar mass and molecular mass

 The molecular mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the
chemical formula. It’s given in u
 The molar is the mass of one mole of substance. It’s expressed in grams.

CH4 ------ 12u + 1u x 4 = 16u