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Klystron
Klystron
MICROWAVE TUBES
Introduction
• Microwave tubes are constructed to overcome the
limitations with conventional tubes and UHF tubes.
Principle of Operation:-
– The basic principle of operation of microwave tube
involves transfer of power from a source of DC
voltage to source of AC voltage by means of a current
density modulated electron beam.
– The same can be achieved by accelerating electrons in
a static electric field and retarding them in an AC
field.
Contd..
• The density modulation of the electron beam allows
more electrons to be retarded by ac field than accelerated
by dc field, which therefore makes possible a net energy
be delivered to the ac electric field.
Classification of microwave tubes:-
• The classification is based on different factors.
– Their mechanism of producing density modulation.
– The acceleration and retardation of electrons in the ac field.
• Important types are:-
– Klystron amplifier (two cavity,multy cavity)
– Klystron oscillator (reflex klystron)
– Magnetron
– TWT
KLYSTRON
• A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube,
invented in 1937 by American electrical
engineers Russel and Sigurd Varian, which is used as
an amplifier for high radio frequencies, from UHF up
into the microwave range or generator of power at mw
frequencies.
OPERATION
• Operation can be best explained by the help of apple
gate diagram
Contd…
Initial stage
• At point B’ on the input RF cycle, the alternating voltage is
zero and going to be positive.
• At this instant, the electric field across gap A is zero and an
electron which passes through the gap A is unaffected by the
RF signal.
• Let this electron is called the reference electron e R and travels
with an unaffected velocity v0 = .
» Where V is the anode to cathode voltage
Contd…
Second stage
• At point C’ of the input RF cycle again we are passing
electron called late electron el as compared to the reference
electron.
• the late electron is subjected to maximum positive RF voltage
and hence travel towards gap B with an increase velocity than
V0 (V>V0 ) , and these electron overtakes reference electron.
• Similarly an early electron ee that passes thorough the gap A
slightly before the reference electron is subjected to the
maximum negative field.
• So these electron travels with the reduced velocity than v 0.
• Later these electrons ee are catch up by reference electron.
Performance characteristics:-
1. Frequency : 250MHz to 100GHz.
2. Power : 10 kW – 500kW
3. Power gain : 15dB – 70 dB.
4. Theoretical efficiency : 58%.
Applications :-
1. As power output tubes
I. In UHF TV transmitters.
II. In troposphere scatter application
III. Radar transmitters
Multicavity Klystron
• The problem associated with the two cavity klystron
amplifier is that the gain is about 10 to 20 dB.
• A higher overall gain can be achieved by connecting several
two cavity tubes in cascade manner.
• Instead of these multiple cavities can be used as shown
below,
Contd…
• Here each of the intermediate cavities act as a
buncher.
• With four cavities power gain of 50 dB can be easily
achieved.
• The cavities can be tuned to the same frequency.
Applications:-
• These are employed in UHF klystron for TV
transmitters
• In satellite earth station transmitters.
– Where α+ ᴨ/2 is the phase angle difference between buncher and catcher
cavity.
– ϴ is the total phase shift between resonator and the feedback cable.
Contd…
Buncher
• The cathode controls the number of electrons in the electron
beam and focuses the beam. The voltage between the
cathode and the cavity resonators (the buncher and the
catcher, which serve as reservoirs of electromagnetic
oscillations) is the accelerating potential and is commonly
referred to as the beam voltage. This voltage accelerates the
DC electron beam to a high.