The Lord’s Wisdom Academy of

Caloocan Inc.
1162 Santolan St., Corner Guyabano St., Area D. Brgy 178 Camarin Caloocan City

(Media and Information Literacy) Grade 11

Lesson 1: Communication, media, and Information

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 2-11
Topic No. 1:

Communication, Media, and Information

Introduction
* The mass media has become a significant part of people’s lives, particularly in
communication.
* With this high degree of exposure to media and communication come challenges in
the consumption of media.

Processing Information
* Communication plays a pivotal role in human development.
* The human race used writing to record their thoughts on a surface, such as clay,
parchment, and stones.
* As people continued to search for innovation to make their lives easier, different
technologies were developed.
* The word media was derived from the Latin word medius, which means “middle.”
(plural form of media)
* A sender is the source of the message who may use a channel (medium) to send the
message to a receiver or to an audience – who actively performs the role of interpreting
messages they receive.
* Media: television, radio, newspaper, internet, phones, letters, books, and others.
* Mass media – a type of media used to reach a large audience.
* Most survey have shown a dramatic increase on media consumption, particularly the
internet.
* This media exposure can often lead to several changes in how people act or interact
in society.
* The media have become a powerful source of information, being able to present all
kinds of messages on every topic.
* Two choices in processing information
- Passively accept all the information
- Actively process this information and filter what are useful and disregard what are
not.

Media and Information

* Media and information literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in
people’s everyday lives. (UNESCO)
* Media – Sources of credible and current information created through an editorial
process determined by journalistic values, whereby editorial accountability can be
attributed to a specific organization or a legal person. (UNESCO)
* Information – A broad term that is derived from study experiences, or instructions.

Media and Information Literacy

* Media literacy – A set of perspectives that people use actively to expose themselves
to mass media and interpret the meaning of the messages they encounter. (Potter,
2004)
* Differences of perspective might affect how people look at a particular messages, built
from knowledge structures (sets of organized information in your memory).
- Tools (skills) - Willingness (personal focus)
- Raw materials (information from the media and from the real world)
* Media literacy – the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media. (MLP)
* Information is not only sourced from media but from other sources as well; thus, the
need for information literacy
* Information literacy – Set of abilities which require individuals to recognize when
information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.
* Media and information literacy – The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create
information from media and other information sources.

Media and Information Literacy vs. Technology Literacy

* Technology literacy – The ability to responsibly use appropriate technology to
communicate, solve problems, access, manage, integrate, evaluate, design, and create
information to improve learning in all subject areas, and acquire lifelong knowledge and
skills in the 21st century.

MIL: Every Person’s Need

* One primary purposes of MIL is to promote freedom of access to information that is
essential for both democracy and governance.
* MIL promotes critical thinking to empower citizens to process and raise questions
about the information they receive, the manner it was disseminated, and the purpose for
which it was shared, in order to:
- come up with informed decision through careful evaluation and analysis of media
messages and information.
- learn about the “real world” around them
- build a sense of community through which the people become active participants in
producing and sharing useful media messages and information.
* Learning MIL will help every person become a critical thinker, a producer of
information, and an innovator of media and information.

Lesson 2: The Evolution of Media

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 12-21
Topic No. 2:

The Evolution of Media

Introduction
* As technology continues to advance, types of media expand too and begin to
experience dramatic transformations.
* To become a media and information literate individual, you must know where all the
information you get come from.

Processing Information
* Technological determinism – A theory that believes technology is a steering factor in
how a society develops its structure and values.
* Technology is a single cause resulting in a multitude of complex political, economic,
and social changes.
* Media are critical forces or compelling influences that shape how an individual think,
feel, and act and how societies organize themselves and operate. (McLuhan)
* Four epochs: Tribal Age, Age of Literacy, Print Age, Electric Age

Tribal Age
* Characterized by the prevalence of oral communication; relied on face-to-face
interactions, primarily through their auditory senses, as a method of communication.
* The dependence of the tribal people on the spoken word for information, which led
them to organize themselves into groups that work harmoniously.
* Acoustic space – Organic and integral, perceived through the simultaneous interplay
of all the senses.
* Rational or pictorial space – Uniform, sequential and continuous and creates a closed
world with none of the rich resonance of the tribal echoland.
* Technological innovation after tribal age served as extensions of the human senses.

Age of Literacy
* Human beings learned to read and write, which amplified the uses of the sense of
sight, lessening the role of the other senses of the human body.
* This development also allowed the people to communicate and share information
privately.
* Writing also formed a linear way of communication.

Print Age
* Highlighted by the invention of the Gutenberg press or movable type in the 15 th
century.
* Books and papers were reproduced manually, making these forms of media restricted
to the ruling class or the elite members of the society before the invention.
* Written materials such as books became increasingly available to the people of
different socioeconomic classes.
* Mass-produced writing cultivated a sense of homogeneity, where people spoke and
wrote in the same language, which made it easier for a person to associate
himself/herself to a group.
* The same age laid the groundwork for the industrial age.

Electronic Age
* A period characterized by the dominance of the electric media, such as telegraph,
radio, film, telephone, computer, and television.
* This age “retribalized” people by restoring their sensory balance.
* This age is a force that turned the planet into a global village.

New Media or Information Age

* The recent decades blossomed with the invention of computers and the internet,
paving the beginning of a new era of media – the new media or information age.
* New media – Products and services that provide information or entertainment using
computers or the internet (Cambridge Dictionary)
* Three key innovations that led to the development of the new mass medium:
- Affordable personal computer
- Digitization of information
- The internet
* New media marked a major turnaround in communication, transforming the end users
of media from being mere “receivers” of message into “senders” who are also able to
create content themselves.

Philippines: Pre-Colonial Period

* Umalohokan or town crier served as a walking bulletin who went around the barangay
to deliver public announcements.
* Different forms of literature: sabi (maxim), bugtong (riddle), kumintang (Tagalog war
song), tutul (folk tale, Maranaws), darangan (epic poetry, Maranawas), and many
others.
* Immortalized through scripts on leaves and barks of trees, written in Filipino systems
of writing like baybayin and kavi.

Philippines: Spanish Period

* The Filipino natives were introduced to print media using paper and ink.
* Doctrina Christiana – first ever book published in Philippines, dealing with Christian
doctrine.
* Aviso al public – first Spanish sheet of information.
* Del Superior Gobierno – first regular newspaper in the country.
* La Esperanza – first newspaper distributed daily in the country.
* Strict government censorship was applied to newspapers (closure of Diario de
Manila).
* Nationalistic newspapers: La Solidaridad, Kalayaan, La Independencia, La Libertad,
and El Heraldo de Iloilo.
* Cinema came to the Philippines in 1897.
* Pertierra introduced the motion picture to Filipinos in Manila.
* Antonio Ramos opened up a movie house in Manila for the general public to enjoy.

Philippines: American Period

* American journalists were introduced: The Manila Times, The bounding Billow and
Official Gazette, Manila Daily Bulletin, and Philippine Free Press.
* Most of the editorial content of these newspapers were pro-American and were based
on religious and political partisanship.
* The Philippine Herald – nationalist newspaper organized through the efforts of Manuel
L. Quezon.
* Other nationalist and liberal newspapers: El Nuevo Dia (The New Day), El
Renacimiento, and Sakdal.
* Many of these did not last due to American suppression.
* Broadcast radio was introduced in the Philippines, delivered in English.
* The first feature films with and without sound also emerged, such as the Rose of the
Philippines, Ang Aswang, and Punyal na Guinto.
* Zamboanga and Genghis Khan were recognized internationally.
* Komiks formally introduced during the American period.
* Antonio Velasquez – Father of Filipino Komiks, introduced Kenkoy in an issue of
Liwayway.
Philippines: Japanese Period
* Disbanded all publications except those used by the Japanese government such as
the Manila Times, Taliba, and La Vanguardia.
* A board of information was set up, serving as the primary regulatory body.
* Underground papers still made their rounds in the country.
* Postwar Era became the golden age of the Philippine journalism, and television was
introduced in the country.

Philippines: Martial Law Period

* Privately owned media institution were taken over by the government when Martial
Law was declared.
* The Media was fully censored and many editors and journalist who became critical of
the Marcos government were either arrested or had gone underground to avois arrests
and possible incarceration in military prison camps.
* Underground press became the alternative medium by the anti-Marcos groups.
* The film industry flourished during this time.

Post-Martial Law Period

* The People Power Revolution of 1986 proved beneficial to the media industry as
censorship was lifted and the freedom of expression, of speech, and of the press were
reinstituted with the end of the Marcos dictatorship.
* Internet was first made available in the Philippines on March 29, 1994.
* Many government agencies and private entries are now using the power of mobile
technologies and the internet in communicating and transacting with their clients.
* Communication and media play important roles in ensuring that people are able to
voice out redresses and grievances, and provide citizens the information they need.
* Repression during the Spanish, American, Japanese, and Martial Law periods paved
the way for alternative media, which catered to the people’s desire for unbiased and
free information.

Lesson 3: Information Literacy

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 22-30
Topic No. 3:

Information Literacy

Introduction
* Being able to determine which of the information one has to consume is one skill
necessary amid the expansion of available information in the society – information
literacy.

Processing Information
* The technological breakthroughs in the past decades seamlessly brought mass
communication to the world of cyberspace.
* The unprecedented advancement also brings a number of conflicts to its users.
* The problem with information age is the proliferation of wrong information.

Information vs. Data vs. Knowledge

* People often confuse information with data and knowledge and use the three terms
interchangeably.
* Data – unstructured facts and figures that create the least impact on the receiver
(Thierauf, 1999). They become information when they are contextualized, categorized,
calculated, and condensed.
* Information – knowledge that a person gets about someone or something (Merriam-
Webster’s Dictionary). It is data organized with relevance and purpose, made
meaningful by people.
* Knowledge – the human understanding of a subject matter derived from experienced,
learning, and thinking.

Information Literacy
* It is a set of abilities that enables an individual to recognize when information is
needed; and locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information (The
Association of College and Research Libraries, 2000).
* It also means to empower people in all walks of life to seek, evaluate, use and create
information effectively to achieve their personal, social, occupational and educational
goals (Horton, 2007).
* Information is a source of learning and is considered a benefit; but when unorganized,
unprocessed, and unavailable to people who will use it, information becomes a burden.
* You need to face the reality that not all information around you is useful, valid, and
reliable.
* Information literacy is all about critical thinking.

Ethical Use of Information

* Privacy – One can prevent violation of privacy by completely avoiding the risk of
sharing a very “private” information in a medium that can be accessed by people.
* Accuracy – Dates, places, persons involved and other details are essential data in
testing the accuracy of an information source.
* Plagiarism – Never lift an information that you do not own per se; properly attribute an
information to its author.

Information Literacy Skills

* Information literate individual is able to (The Association of College and Research
Libraries, 2000):
- determine the extent of information needed
- access the needed information effectively and efficiently
- evaluate information and its sources critically
- incorporate selected information into one’s knowledge base
- use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
- understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the use of information
- access and use information ethically and legally
* Information literacy skills require an understanding of the following (Chartered Institute
of Library and Information Professionals, 2012):
- A need for information - How to work or exploit results
- Resources available - Ethics and responsibility of use
- How to find information - How to communicate or share your findings
- The need to evaluate results - How to manage your findings
* Eleven stages that describe the life cycle of information literacy (UNESCO):
- Realize that a need or problem exist that requires information
- Know how to accurately identify and define the information needed to meet the need,
solve the problem, or make decision
- Know how to determine whether the needed information exists or not, and if does
not, know how to create, or cause to be created the unavailable information.
 - Know how to find the needed information if you have determined that it does, indeed,
exist
- Know how to create, or cause to be created, unavailable information that you need;
sometimes called “creating new knowledge”
- Know how to organize, analyze, interpret, and evaluate information, including source
reliability
- Know how to communicate and present the information to others in appropriate and
usable formats and media
- Know how to utilize the information to solve a problem, make a decision, or meet a
need
- Know how to preserve, store, reuse, record, and archive information for future use.
- Know how to dispose information no longer needed, and safeguard information that
should be protected
* An information literate individual answers the following set of questions in gathering
information:
- What is the problem that requires information?
- What kind(s) of information do you need to solve the problem?
- Is the needed information existing?
- How are you going to find this needed information? Where shall you seek for it?
- For unavailable information, can you create the needed information or create a new
knowledge?
- Do you understand the information that you have acquired/created?
- How will you organize, analyze, interpret, and evaluate the information, including its
sources?
- How will you present this information to others? What medium and format are you
going to use?
- How will you utilize this information in solving the problem?
- How will you preserve, store, reuse, record, and archive this information for future
use?
- How will you safeguard information that needs to be protected? How will you dispose
information that you no longer needed?

Lesson 4: Types of Media

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 30-36
Topic No. 4:

Types of Media

Introduction
* Today, technological development go as fast as combining all traditional media into
one, and utilizing computer and internet in almost every aspect of people’s lives,
especially in the urban areas.

Print Media
* The oldest form of the media.
* Chinese’s ti-pao (government gazette); Arabs’ adaptation of Chinese papermaking;
Roman’s Acta Diurna (Daily Events) carved on stone or metal.
* Contributing to the widespread use of the print medium is the development of the
Gutenberg press in the 1440s.
* Books are considered to be the oldest with the invention of the Sumerian ancient style
of writing, the cuneiform.
* Only the educated and affluent can have books in medieval period.
* Books contain almost any kind of information.
* Newspaper is a lightweight, serial publication which comes out regularly, and contains
news on current events of social or general interest.
* First newspapers appeared in Germany, France, and Belgium.
* London’s Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper, and The Sun was the first
“penny press” newspaper.
* Broadsheet – newspaper size which measures six columns wide and 22/24 inches
long.
* Tabloid – half the size of a broadsheet and intended for the masses.
* Magazine targets a variety of audiences by offering a smorgasbord of articles that aim
to entertain, inform, or advertise.
* Edward Cave invented the term “magazine” from the Arabic word makhazin, which
means “storehouse.”
* Magazines are characterized by their highly appealing and colorful prints on special
papers.
* Journal is a periodic publication focusing on a specific field of study; it is peer
reviewed, which means selected experts reviewed its content before having it mass
published.

Broadcast Media
* Broadcasting is a form of mass communication that utilizes radio and television to
transmit messages and programs via the airspace (Robles and Tuazon, 2014).
* Airspace – the part of the atmosphere where frequency bands are available to transmit
messages to and from broadcast devices.
* Through airspace, people are now able to send messages to a large number of people
in real-time.
* Thomas Edison’s phonograph, Colombia Records’ long playing (LP 331/3-rpm disks,
Cassettes, and Compact disks or CDs.
* Thomas Edison’s film cameras and projectors, Auguste’s and Louis Limiere’s
cinematograph, and development of film or motion pictures.
* Sound movies were first introduced in 1927, while the colored format emerged in the
late 1930s.
* First radio signals were transmitted by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895, and radio
broadcasting began in the early 1900s with the first long distance voice and music
transmission done by physicist Reginald Fessenden.
* The oldest radio station in the country is DZRH, which first signed in as KZRH in 1939.
* The Philippine Broadcasting System is known to be the pioneer for development
broadcasting with its broad news and public affairs program.
* The Pioneer Corporation introduced the first television sets to the USA and the first
television station went on air in 1941.
* The University of Santo Tomas and FEATI University in Manila are credited for
experimenting with television before it turned commercial in 1953 through the opening
of DZAQ-TV Channel 3 of the Alto Broadcasting System in Manila.
* The television became the major entertainment and information medium of the public,
resulting to a decrease in movie attendances, radio listenership, and newspaper
readership.

New Media
* Technological advancement in the past decades has led to profound changes in the
field of communication and media.
* New media refers to digital media that are interactive, incorporating two-way
communication, and involving a form of computing (Logan, 2010).
Media Convergence
* Media convergence is the phenomenon that connects different forms of media
together.
* Convergence in media does not only refer to the merging of distinct technologies, but
also to the interconnection created by the melding of the different media platforms
today.
* This melding of print, electronic, and photographic media into digitized form is also
called technological convergence.

Lesson 5: Media and Information Sources

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 37-46
Topic No. 5:

Media and Information Sources

Introduction
* People rely on different information source in making choices, crafting solutions to
problems, and more.
* To obtain accurate, adequate, relevant, and timely information, students should know
the various sources of information.

Processing Information
* Information sources are the producers or givers of information, and people who use it
are consumers.

Types of Information Sources

* Primary Source is an original, unintepreted, or “first-hand” material of information,
created by the person(s) directly involved in an activity or an event.
* Secondary Source provides an information obtained through a number of primary
sources, and has undergone editing or interpretation.
* Tertiary Source consists of summaries and collections of both primary and secondary
sources.
* One important element to consider in classifying information sources is time.
* Another element is how the article is written, which some literature point as the
rhetorical aim.

Formats of Information Sources

* Print
* Nonprint

Where to Find Information Sources

* Library is a building or room that contains a collection of books, periodicals, and/or
audio-visual materials.
* Internet is a global network of computers that allows computer users around the world
to share information for various purposes (Shelly and Campbell, 2012).
* It is easier to obtain information on the internet; however, it is also more difficult to
check for an information’s accuracy on this medium.
* Almost anyone who has access to the web can post anything online, while most
printed materials that can be found in the library come from reliable and valid sources.
* Indigenous media refers to a form of media conceptualized, produced, and circulated
by indigenous people as vehicles for communication, specifically for cultural
preservation, cultural and artistic expression, political self-determination, and cultural
sovereignty (Wilson, et al., 2015).

Evaluating Information and Media

* There are two different types of information: truths and untruths.
* Facts are only data gathered through a rigorous process of tests, studies, and
evaluation; they oftentimes present incomplete angles of events.
* A fact may be misinterpreted, thus bending the truth behind an information.
* In evaluating information, one must remember to ask the following questions:
- What/Who is the source of information? (triangulation: validity, reliability, and
accuracy)
- What is the medium used?
- What is its purpose?
- How is the information made?

Lesson 6: Media and Information Language

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 47-54
Topic No. 6:

Media and Information Language

Introduction
* Different media and information sources use languages that communicate different
messages

Processing Information
* Media shape and control the scale and form of human association and action
(McLuhan, 1964)
* Media language is a method, consisting of signs and symbols, used by information
producers to convey meanings to their audience (Orlebar, 2009).
* Media language us a set of technical codes and convections to communicate
information (UNESCO, 2016).
* Media elements serve as the language that signal the meaning to a message.
* Media language can be written, verbal, non-verbal, and aural.

Codes and Conventions

* Codes are systems of signs that are put together to create arbitrary meaning (Fiske,
1987).
- Technical codes are ways in which materials are used to tell the story in a media
text, such as camera angles and techniques, framing, lighting, and exposure.
- Symbolic codes comprise of objects, setting, body language, and actions that signify
things more than what is seen by the audience.
* Convention is a practice or technique that is widely used in a field.
- Technical convention is applied to the technical area
 - Genre convection is usually associated with the type of the content

Media Representation
* Codes and conventions are used to represent an information in a specific manner that
oftentimes do not represent reality.
* Issues
- Media representation are not the realities of the world, but only results of selection
processes that highlight some aspects of reality and neglect the others.
- Information producers use media to develop some ideals, or to convey beliefs or
principles; by doing so, they highlight all pros of the principle that they want to impart to
the masses.
- The definition of the term “real” is indefinite for many scholars.
* People do not always watch or listen to media to know what is socially real; most treat
media information as an escape from their existing realities.

Denotation and Connotation

* Denotation is the literal aspect of an information
* Connotation refers to the meaning or interpretation people associate with an
information.

The Media Audience

* As technology made it easier for people to gain more information and evaluate facts
from fiction, the media audience slowly transformed from being passive to active
consumers of information.
* People are now able to create their own interpretations and meanings of media
information.
* Three areas which proved the activeness of people in consuming media information:
- Interpretation
- Collective interpretation of media
- Collective political action
* Individuals assign and create meanings from information they encounter, which
involves filtering, matching meanings, and constructing meanings (Potter, 2008)
* People tend to avoid paying attention to all messages, which are mostly accomplished
when their minds are on auto-pilot (Potter).
* Media messages are interpreted socially (Croteau and Hoynes)
* If media audience are passive, discussion among other consumers of media
information would not exist.
* The greatest indicator of media audience’s activeness is collective political action.
Lesson 7: Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information

Reference: Media and Information Literacy in the 21st Century

Pages: 55-72
Topic No. 7:

Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information

Introduction
* Technological development brought significant changes in the way people consume
information; however, the same advancement also resulted to legal and ethical issues
which hinder the safe and proper use of media and information sources.
* To become a media and information liberate individual, you must know the legal,
ethical, and societal issues associated with the consumption and production of media
information.

Processing information
* The Philippine media are often called one of the free, if not the freest, in the world.
* Media play a very powerful role in the formation of public opinions among the Filipinos.
* With this wide penetration of media and information is the question of whether the
Filipino people have the right understanding of ethical issues that might affect their
consumption of information.

Ethical vs. Legal

* Law is a set of universally accepted rules, accepted and enforced within a certain
territory or entity.
* Ethics (Latin ethikos – character) defines how individuals prefer to interact with one
another; related to the moral obligation of knowing what is right and wrong.
* Not all things legal are ethical, and vice versa.
* Both laws and ethics are important aspects to sustain a stable and harmonious
society, applicable to all walks of life and professions.
* As users of media and as producers and consumers of information, you must be able
to know what is both ethical and legal before you go on further to proliferate any
information you produce or consume.

Issues on Intellectual Property

* Today, it is easy to acquire materials from the cyberspace, which also makes it easier
for people to copy and steal others’ works and declare them as their own.
* When you do research without citing references, you are violating the owner of the
work that you have used.
* Anything that a person creates, designs, or invents that can be treated as an asset or
physical property is his/her intellectual property.
* The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines enables the IP owners to gain
recognition (monetary payment or acknowledgement) for their creativity, and encourage
more people to become more creative and innovative.

Copyright
* It is the exclusive legal right of an IP owner to reproduce, sell, or distribute a material
that he/she has created; he/she can also prevent others from doing the same.
* Subdivided into two: economic right and moral right.
* Key Principles (Aft and Renault, 2011):
- Exclusivity - Remuneration
- No Formalities for establishment - Territoriality
- Contractual freedom - Enforcement
* Copyright is automatically given to an IP owner upon the conception of his/her work.
* Ways to create proof of originality:
- Depositing a copy of work with his/her lawyer(s) or in a depository.
- Sending a copy of work to himself/herself by post
- Making a declaration before a Commissioner of Oaths
* There are some points to be considered upon this ownership, such as employment
and commissioning.
* A copyright owner may use the symbol © to simply notify that his/her work is
copyrighted, thereby warning a third party from infringement.
* An IP is covered by copyright during the lifetime of the IP owner and 50 years after
his/her death.
* Only after an IP’s copyright expires and its owner or legal successors fail to renew the
copyright can be it considered as public domain.

Trademark
* It is a name, word, slogan, symbol, among others, that identifies a product or
organization; characterized by the symbols TM and ®.
* Trademark requires registration.
* A trademark registration protects the rights of a person or group at a national level.
* Service trademarks in this Philippines are called service marks.
* The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines serve as the official body from which
IP owners can register for trademarks and patents.

Patent
* It is a government license given to industrial processes and inventions that gives its
creator an exclusive right to use, sell, or manufacture the said IPs.
* Its registration protects the rights of the creator at a national level.
* Non-patentable inventions include the following:
- Discoveries, scientific theories, and mathematical methods
- Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts, playing games or doing
business, and programs for computers.
- Method for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and
diagnostic methods practiced on the human or animal body/
- Plant varieties or animal breeds or essentially biological process for the production of
plants and animals.
- Aesthetic creations
- Anything which is contrary to public order or morality

Infringement
* IP rights are protected by RA 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
* Plagiarism and piracy are the most common grounds of copyright infringement.
* Scheme of penalties:
- 1st offenders – Php 50,000 to Php 150,000 and/or imprisonment of one to two years
- 2nd offenders – Php 150,000 to Php 500,000 and/or imprisonment of three to six
 years.
- 3rd offenders – Php 500,000 to Php 1.5 million and/or imprisonment of six to nine
years.

Fair Use
* It is the privilege given to users who wish to use copyrighted materials without prior
permission or remuneration, if the benefit of a work to society outweighs the costs to the
holder.
* The recognition of fair use may decrease the profit, but doing so can bloom stimulus to
other profitable economic activity, as well as contribute to the information economy.

Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification

* The ignorance of the existing laws is not considered as an excuse to the unethical
practice of many producers in creating inaccurate information.
* Plagiarism (Latin plagiarus – kidnapper) is used in the sense of “intellectual theft.”
* Fabrication is the production of data or result and reporting them as true and correct,
or simply an invention of data.
* Falsification is the manipulation of research materials, or the modification and/or
omission of data in an information to meet a certain result.
* An issuance of a false statement about another person or entity, which causes that
person/entity to suffer harm is called a defamation, categorized into two types:
- Slander refers to oral defamatory statements
- Libel involves printed defamation
* Guilty of defamatory act shall pay the fine of Php 200 to Php 6,000, in addition to the
civil action which may be brought by the offended.

Netiquette: Ethics on the Internet

* Netiquette is a body of conventions and manners in using the internet as a tool for
data and communication exchange (Tdre, Kampurri, and Kommers, 2006).
* General Guidelines (Craig, 2005)
- Remember the human
- Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life
- Know where you are in cyberspace
- Respect other people’s time and bandwidth
- Make yourself look good online
- Share expert knowledge
- Help keep flame wars under control
- Respect other people’s privacy
- Do not abuse your power

Societal Issues in the Information Age

* The technological revolution inspired hopes that it might bring or soon will bring
transparency, market rationalization, and universal access to information, establishment
of international communities, and the improvement of human life – hopes that cause or
will cause both positive and adverse issues in society.

Digital Divide
* The gap between digitally adept population and the non-technological ones caused
the world to undergo digital divide.
* It may also pertain to the gap between the younger and older generations in terms of
technological use.
* Digital divide, if viewed analytically, is a three-set phenomenon: between every nation;
linguistic and cultural; growing gap between rich and poor nations; and the view in
prosperity.

Internet Addiction
* The revolutionary growth of the internet in the past decades created a huge impact on
the communication and interpersonal behavior of every human being, even led to
addiction.
* It is the excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or nehaviors regarding
computer use and internet access that lead to impairment or distress (US national
Library of Medicine).
* Five types: cyber sexual addiction; cyber relationship addiction; net compulsion;
information overload; computer addiction to game playing or programming.
* Anything that is too much is unhealthy.
* Five ways to curb internet use (Cosslett, 2014):
- Schedule your internet time
- Answer social media replies or mails on intervals
- Disable unnecessary notifications
- Spend more time doing other activities
- Spend more time with people in person

Cyberbullying
* The intimidation, oppression, harassment and discrimination done via information and
communications technology (ICT) (Belsey, 2004).
* Ways in which cyberbullying may occur (Williard, 2006):
- Flaming - Masquerade
- Harassment - Outing and Trickery
- Cyberstalking - Exclusion
- Denigration

Cybercrime
* These acts include hacking, cybersex, child pornography, identity theft, online libel,
illegal access to data, online piracy, cybersquatting, and other computer-related
offenses.
* Restrained by RA 10175, or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012.

Freedom of Information
* As part of transparency and accountability measures, many organizations especially in
the media sector, have sought the passage of a freedom of information bill that will
allow the disclosure of all important public documents.
* Philippine Constitution (Article 3, Section 7)
* In 2016, Pre. Rodrigo Duterte passed the Freedom of Information Bill into law.
* Information law ensures that all information will be made available for public
consumption and scrutiny.