PHONEMES, PHONES AND ALLOPHONES

Makalah ini disusun untuk memenuhi tugas kuliah

English Phonetics and Phonology

Dosen Pengampu: Dr. Toyyibah, SS., M.Pd

Disusun oleh:

Fanissa Irsyadul Ibad (932206418)

Mazhidhatul Ilmy Suharto (932222118)

Mochamad Abid Farid (932225018)

JURUSAN TADRIS BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH

INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (IAIN) KEDIRI

TAHUN 2019
 PHONEMES, PHONES AND ALLOPHONES

A. PHONEMES
a. Definition of Phonemes
Phoneme is the contrastive sound unit in a language, it is contrastive because it
distinguishes meanings when exchanged for other phonemes in language. It is also
called smallest unit of the sound.
Each one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language is description
as a phoneme. When we considered the basis of alphabetic writing, we were actually
working with the concept of the phoneme as the single sound type which came to be
represented by a single symbol. It is in this sense that the phoneme /t/ is described as a
sound type of which all the different spoken versions of [t] are tokens. Note that slash
marks are conventionally used to indicate a phoneme, /t/ , an abstract segment, as
opposed to the square brackets, [t], used for each phonetic, or physically produced,
segment.
An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively. We know
that there are two phonemes /f/ and /v/ in English because they are the only basis
contrast in meaning between the forms fat and vat, or fine and vine. This contrastive
property is the basic operational test determining the phonemes which exist in a
language. If we substitute one sound for another in a word and there is a change of
meaning, then the two sounds represent different phonemes.1
b. The kinds of Phoneme
1. Segmental
It is phonology that deals with the analysis of speech into phonemes which
correspond fairly well to phonetic segments of the analyzed speech. Consist of
consonant and vowel. The Segmental Sounds of English consist of:
a. The English Consonant
The English consonants are twenty-four in number. The word consonant is
phonemic. Of courses the word consonant here does not refer to the consonant found
in the English alphabet, but rather to the consonants as they sound orally. The
example of consonants are:

1
Victoria Fromkin, An Introduction to Language (United States of America: WADSWORTH CENGAGE
Learning, 2009), 272.
 /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, /f/, /v/,/θ, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /∫/, /з/,/t∫/, /dз/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /η/,/l/, /r/,
/w/, /j/.
b. The English Consonant described
It is a list of the English consonant phonemes and their major allophones. The
allophones are describes phonetically.
c. Consonant Clusters
It is a combination of two or more consonant. Such clusters may occur in initial,
medial, or final positions.
d. The English Vowel
The English vowels are fourteen in number. In addition to these vowels, there are
glides and diphthongs, which are really combinations vowels. The examples of
vowels are: /i/, /i:/, /ei/, /æ/, /ə/, /۸/, /з/, /a/, /u:/, /u/, /əu/, /α/, /‫כ‬/.
e. The English Vowel Described
It is a list of the English vowel phonemes. They are described phonetically, and
their distribution is given with example: phoneme / e / , allophone [ e ] description
mid open front unrounded. It occurs only initially and medially. / end / [end] ‘end’ ; /
send / [send] ‘send’.
f. Length in English Consonants and Vowels
Means the time it takes to produce a sound. This does not mean the speed at which
a person speaks. It means, rather, the relative length of time in which each separate
sound is produced, as compared with a longer or shorter time in which the same sound
or other sounds may be produced in the stream of speech.
2. Supra – Segmental
It is a vocal effect that extends over more than one sound segment in an
utterance, such as pitch, stress, or juncture, pattern. In supra-segmental consist of:
a. Stress
It is the force of breath with which sounds are produced. This force is relative; that
is, the strength or weakness of the force is determined in relation to other forces of
breath in the utterance or utterances of person. For example, in the word market, it is
clear that the first syllable has stronger stress than second syllable. Four phonemic
word stress levels :
 Primary stress – symbol : / /
 Secondary stress – symbol : / /
  Tertiary stress – symbol : / /
 Weak stress – symbol : / /
b. Intonation
Means the changes in the pitch (or music) of the voice while producing speech.
Every utterance is produced with some intonation and pitch. Pitch levels, like stress
levels, are relative to each other.
c. Pause
It is length of silence between parts of an utterance. In English, there are two
pause phonemes. (Some linguistics believe that there are three pause phonemes). The
two pause phonemes are a short one and a final one. bar The symbols used for these
phonemes are a single bar for short pause and a double bar for the final pause.
d. Juncture
It is really a very short pause; it is space in speech between sounds or word. In
English, there is one juncture phoneme. The symbol for juncture phonemes is / + / ( a
plus sign ).
e. Rhythm
Means the beat of language. In English, rhythm is stress-timed. This means that
the time between two primary stresses is the same. If there are many word or syllable
between the two primary stresses, then these syllable will be pronounced fast; this is
why native speakers of English jam their syllables. If, on the other hand, there is only
a small number of syllables between the primary stresses, then these syllables will be
pronounced slowly and more clearly

B. PHONES
a. Definition of Phones
Phone is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact
sound is critical to the meanings of words.
In contrast, a phoneme is a speech sound in a given language that, if swapped with
another phoneme, could change one word to another. Phones are absolute and are not
specific to any language, but phonemes can be discussed only in reference to specific
languages.
Phones is these phonetic units are technically that have difference in
pronunciation. For examples: seed and seen.
 Sound (=phone) is a vibration or wave caused by an object.
This definition comes from acoustics and underlines physical characteristics of
sounds of speech. Sounds are instances of phonemes in real speech. Put it simply,
sounds are everything we hear with our ears. Here are some examples of sounds: [k],
[b], [f], [u], [d], [e], [i:].
The word “cat” consists of three sounds and can be transcribed as follows: [kæt].
In dictionary transcriptions, we have sounds, not phonemes. Sounds are physical
segments. Sounds, unlike phonemes, have such concrete characteristics as duration in
time and loudness. Sounds are produced by organs of speech. Sounds are quite
concrete and linguists consider them to be units of speech; while phonemes are
abstract (they are generalizations made on the basis of comparison of words) and
linguists consider them to be units of language (cf Saussurian distinction langue –
parole). Sometimes, in non-linguistic circles, the word “sound” is used to name what
is, in fact, a phoneme.

C. ALLOPHONES
a. Definition of Allophones
Allophones are a kind of phoneme that changes its sound based on how a word is
spelled. Think of the letter t and what kind of sound it makes in the word "tar"
compared with "stuff." It's pronounced with a more forceful, clipped sound in the first
example than it is in the second. Linguists use special punctuation to designate
phonemes. The sound of an l, for instance, is written as "/l/."
Allophones is these phonetic variants are technically, in English to realize single
phoneme. For examples: [t], [th], and [d] are similar sound. They are similar because
they are all alveolar stops. The only difference between them is that [t] is voiceless
and unaspirated, [th] is voiceless and aspirated, and [d] is voiced.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Fromkin Victoria, An Introduction to Language, (United States of America: WADSWORTH

CENGAGE Learning, 2009), 272.
http://sinjaitengahmenanti.blogspot.com/2013/03/makalah-phonologybahrul-fajrih.html?m=1