ANEMIA

DEFINITION
Anemia is a symptom of an
underlying condition, such as loss of CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
blood components, inadequate  Weak and tired quickly
elements or lack of nutrients needed  Headache and dizziness
for the formation of red blood cells,  Often sleepy
resulting in decreased oxygen-  Skin looks pale / yellowish
carrying capacity of the blood.  Irregular heartbeat
 Short breath
 Chest pain
 Cold in hands and feet

ETIOLOGY
 Inadequate diet.
 Decreased absorption.
 Increased demand in pregnancy.
 Gastrointestinal bleeding,
menstruation, blood donation.
 Hemoglobinuria.
 Reduced iron deficiency, as in
pulmonary hemosiderosis.
 WOC ANEMIA
Risk Factor
- Bleeding
- Accident
- Surgery
- Labor
- Reduced formation of red blood
cells

Man = HB <13 g/dl

Anemia Woman = HB <12 g/dl

Apalastic Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia Megaloblastic Anemia Hemolytic Anemia

Etiology Etiology Etiology Etiology
- Reduction of the number of red - Low iron input - Vitamin B12 deficiency - Effects of drugs
blood cells - Absorption disorders - Folic acid deficiency - Autoimmune process
- Red blood cell abnormalities - Chronic bleeding - Disorders of vitamin B12 and folic - Transfusion reactions, malaria
- Genetic factors, drugs and acid metabolism
chemicals - Impaired DNA synthesis

Anemia

Erythrocytes Bone marrow damage

Bleeding
HB Vertebral fracture

O2 Stimulates the hormone erythropoietin

Neurological deficit
(a hormone that makes red blood cells)

Weakness and fever

in the network In the brain Serum formation
Appetite
The heart is trying to Dehydration
compensate Syncope Metabolisme an aerob Serum iron in blood
Nutrition intake
Lactic acid fatigue Fluid volume
Tired quickly Weak hearth Pounding disturbance
Impaired fulfillment of
Painfull nutritionless than needs
Activity intolerance Anxiety
 Diagnosa Keperawatan
Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion.
 Characteristic limitations:
- Femoral Bruits
- Edema
- Ankle-brachial index<0.90
- Slow healing of peripheral wounds
- Intermittent claudication
- Decreased peripheral pulse
- Changes in motor function
- Changes in skin characteristics
- Changes in blood pressure in the extremities
- No peripheral pulse
- Capillary refill time > 3 seconds
- Pale skin color at elevation
Bibliography
Ndun, F. T. (2018, juli 6). ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PENYAKIT ANEMIA.
RS Cahya Kawaluyan. (n.d.). Standar Asuhan Keperawatan .
Tujuan dan Kriteria Hasil
After carrying out nursing care for ….. perfusion
adequate peripheral tissue with outcome criteria:
1. Extremity capillary refill
2. Face is not pale
3. Capillary Refill Time <2 seconds
Intervensi
1. Weigh at the same time
2. Monitor homedynamic status including pulse and
blood pressure
3. Monitor for signs of dehydration
4. Monitor intake and output
5. Monitor for orthostatic hypotension and dizziness
on standing
6. Monitor for sources of fluid loss (bleeding,
vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, and
tachypnea)
7. Monitor for laboratory data related to blood loss
(eg hemoglobin, hematocrit)
8. Support oral fluid intake
9. Keep IV access patent
10. Give the blood product that the doctor prescribes
11. Assist patient with ambulation in case of postural
hypotension
12. Instruct patient/family to record intake and output
correctly
13. Instruct the patient/family on the actions taken to
treat hypovolemia