Divine Light Academy

Bacoor City
Senior High School Department

Laboratory Activity in General Biology 2 – Grade 12

First Semester, First Grading – A.Y. 2020-2021

Name: Ian Karlo B Nuñez Score : __________

Section: 12-Keppler Date: 08-20-2020 Parent’s Signature: ___________

ANIMAL HISTOLOGY

Histology is the science that deals with the microscopic anatomy of tissues of plants and
animals. Tissues are aggregations of cells with similar shape, functional association and
intercellular components. Based on these characteristics, tissues are classified into four basic
types: (1) epithelial tissue (2) connective tissue (3) muscle tissue and (4) nervous tissue. These
basic types may combine to form larger functional units called organs with their own unique
histologic patterns and properties.

Objectives

At the end of the activity, the students should be able to:

1. Differentiate the genral structures and functions of the four basic types of tissues.
2. Describe and identify representative specific tissues for each type.

Materials

Microscope
Prepared slides of:
simple squamous epithelium human blood smear
kidney (x.s.) trachea (x.s.)
thyroid gland (x.s.) bone (x.s.)
frog intestine (x.s) skeletal muscle (l.s.)
frog skin (x.s.) cow’s nerve smear
areolar tissue (x.s.) adipose tissue (x.s.)

Procedure

A. Epithelial Tissue
This type of tissue is composed of tightly packed cells with very little intercellular
substances. It covers the outer surface and inner lining of the body. It is also the
principal tissue of the glands. Epithelial tissues are characterized by:
1. Different shapes of cells ranging from squamous (flattened), cuboidal,
columnar to intermediate (transitional) types which are arranged in either a
single layer (simple pseudostratified) or in 2 or more layer (stratified).
2. Presence of basement membrane and apical surface.
3. Presence of specializations on its apical surface such as cilia or microvilli.
4. Extremely coherent intercellular adhesions.
 Types of Epithelial Tissue

1. Simple Epithelium: single layer of cells lying upon a basement membrane.

1.1 Simple squamous

Examine under LPO a section of simple squamous epithelium. The cells are
very thin and rectangular in profile and are arranged closely together to
form a sheet. This type of epithelium is seen in mesentery (mesothelium) and
inner lining of the blood vessels (endothelium). Label the photomicrograph
in the activity sheet.

1.2 Simple cuboidal

Examine under LPO and HPO, a cross section of thyroid follicles or kidney.
Take note of the simple cuboidal cells lining each circular thyroid follicle or
kidney tubules. These cells appear as box-like or cube-like cells with more or
less equal height and width. Label the photomicrograph in the activity sheet.

1.3 Simple columnar

Examine under LPO and HPO, a cross section of the frog’s intestine. Under
LPO identify finger-like projections on the inner surface of the intestine.
These are called villi. Focus on one villus under HPO and examine the
surface layer of tall and slender epithelial cells with darkly stained nuclei
more or less at the same level, near the bases of the cells. Among tall
columnar cells are “pitcher-like” mucus glands called goblet cells. Label the
photomicrograph in the activity sheet.

2. Stratified epithelium: two or more layers of epithelial cells specifically named based on
the shape of the cells at the surface.

2.1 Stratified squamous

Examine under LPO a cross section of the frog’s skin. Focus on the outer
layer of the skin. Identify the numerous layers of epithelial cells (stratified)
with shapes ranging from flattened superficial cells (squamous) to cuboidal
and columnar cells of the deeper layers. The cells of the deepest layer rest
upon the basement membrane. Label the illustration in the activity sheet.

B. Connective Tissue

Connective tissue comprises a diverse group of tissues that serve to maintain and
support the body. It is generally made up of cells and an extracellular matrix
composed of protein fibers, an amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid. This
group includes connective tissue proper, connective tissue with special properties
and supporting connective tissues.

1. Connective Tissue proper

 1.1 Loose Connective tissue/areolar tissue
Examine under LPO a prepared slide of areolar tissue. This tissue is
composed of a great deal of ground substance with several types of protein
fibers. Almost all types of cells are found in this tissue but the most
numerous and easy to find cells are the spindle-shaped fibroblasts. Identify
these fibroblasts with their large ovoid nuclei. Label the illustration
provided in the activity sheet.

2. Connective Tissue with Special Properties

2.1 Adipose Tissue
Examine under LPO a cross section of adipose tissue. Cells are called
adipocytes. These cells have a thin ring of cytoplasm surrounding a very
large vacuole/space left by the dissolved lipid droplets. Nuclei are flattened
and often seen at the sides or periphery of the cell. Label the illustration in
the activity sheet.

2.2 Blood
Examine under LPO and HPO a prepared slide of human blood smear. This
specialized tissue is composed of blood cells and a fluid matrix, the plasma.
Identify and label the blood cells in the activity sheet.

3. Supporting Connective Tissues

3.1 Hyaline Cartilage

This is one of the three types of cartilages. The firm, gel-like extracellular
matrix is bluish-white and translucent with predominance of collagen fibers.
The cartilage cells or chondrocytes occupy small cavities called lacunae
which are filled with tissue fluid in life. Examine under LPO a segment of
the trachea and locate the supporting hyaline cartilage at the middle. This is
the type of cartilage also found in the nose, larynx and in the bronchi. The
cartilage tissues in general do not have nerves or blood vessels relying only
on simple diffusion for nourishment. Identify and label the parts in the
activity sheet.

3.2 Bone
The hard calcified matrix deposited with inorganic salts makes it a
supporting connective tissue. Bone cells or osteocytes occupy lacunae with
several canaliculi (interconnecting small canals) radiating from it. In life,
these lacunae are filled with tissue fluid. Unlike cartilage, the bone is rich in
blood vessels and nerves. Examine under LPO a ground section of human
bone showing Haversian systems/osteons, each of which is characterized by
concentrically arranged collagen bundles around a central canal, the
Haversian/osteon canal. Label the illustration in the activity sheet.

C. Muscle tissue

Muscles tissues’ main function is to contract to provide movement. There are three
types of muscle tissue differentiated, among others, by the shape of the cells, rate of
contraction and control (voluntary/involuntary).
 Skeletal/Striated Muscle

This type of muscle tissue is found attached to the bone to provide body
movements and locomotion. Examine under LPO a longitudinal section of skeletal
muscle. Note the long, cylindrical muscle fibers, each containing 2 or more nuclei
located near the plasma membrane. The fibers also show alternating light and dark
bands or striations. Label the photomicrograph in the activity sheet.

D. Nervous tissue

The nervous tissue’s main function is conductivity. The main components are the
nerve
cells or neurons and the supporting cells called neuroglia. Examine under LPO a
prepared
slide of a cow’s nerve smear. Identify a neuron characterized by several processes
radiating from a cell body. Label the parts of a neuron in the activity sheet.

References:

Bergman, R., Afifi, A. and Heidger, P. 1996. Histology. Pennsylvania: WB Saunders Company

Eroschenko, V. 1981. Atlas of Normal Histology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger

Paulsen, D.1993. Basic Histology. 2nd edition. USA: Prentice-Hall International, Inc.

Divine Light Academy

 Bacoor City
Senior High School Department

Laboratory Activity in General Biology 2 – Grade 12

First Semester, First Grading – A.Y. 2020-2021

Name: Ian Karlo B Nuñez Score : __________

Section: 12-Keppler Date: 8-20-2020 Parent’s Signature: ___________

ANIMAL HISTOLOGY

I. Draw or attached an image. Label the following:

Cow’s Nerve Smear /mammal nerve

L.P.O
Human Blood Smear

H.P.O
Adipose Tissue

H.P.O

Frog’s Intestine
L.P.O
Kidney

L.P.O
Thyroid gland

L.P.O
Simple squamous epithelium

H.P.O

Areolar tissue
H.P.O

Human Cardiac Muscle

H.P.O

Bone
H.P.O

Trachea
L.P.O

Human Skin
L.P.O
B. Guide Questions.

1. What are the functions of the epithelium?

Epithelial tissues are responsible for covering the outer surface and act as a
lining in the inner surface. Nerve cells are also present here that is why
sensation is feasible. They serve as a protection against any foreign matter, they
are also responsible for secretion of sweat and oil, Which is linked to
thermoregulation when the body releases sweat to cool off heat.
2. What are the different functions that connective tissues perform? Give examples.

Connective tissues help the muscle to remain its structure to bind and support
each tissue. They also serve as a protection for organs and the bones because it
is strong and capable for shock absorption. The connective tissues can also
perform insulation due to the fact they can fill up spaces and store fat. Hence the
stored fat is a reserve fuel that the body can use when it needed extra energy.
Connective tissue can also help in transport of materials because the circulatory
system is present in the connective tissues.
3. Complete the table below.

Items Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Shape of the cell cylindrical, striated spindle

multinucleated,

Presence of striations absent present absent

Rate of Contraction Slow if you reach Slow if you are relax Slow if you reach
(slow, moderate, fast) something peacefully something peacefully

Moderate if you reach Moderate if you feel Moderate if you reach

it something with startled it something with
caution caution

Fast if you reach Fast if you feel Fast if you reach

something immediately stressed or in danger something
immediately

Control (voluntary Voluntary, Involuntary Involuntary

or involuntary) composed of Never ending beating, elongated cells with
elongated, cylindrical except in death. tapered ends
cells contains thin & composed of linear, contains homogenous
transparent branching bundles of (clear sarcoplasm) &
 sarcolemma (it fibers joined end to centrally located
contains parallel rows end by intercalated nucleus.
of myofibrils dics found in internal
with elongated nucleus organs which brings
centrally located involuntary
between diverging movements of these
cells organs.
found in the walls of
the heart bring about
the
involuntary
contraction of the
organ

4. What are the two types of processes radiating from the cell body of a neuron? Describe each and
give their respective function.

Nerve cells are responsible for sensation, this is caused by two types of
processes the first is reception of stimuli from dendrites which is a motor
neuron that is responsible for receiving the stimuli, the second is the travel of
stimuli through the axon slender extension capable of propagating of impulses
to be send to the other dendrite till it reaches the brain. This is made possible
through a synaptic process which is neurotransmission, while the dendrite
receives stimuli and travel through the axon, neurotransmitter releases
chemicals to be received by the receptor.