Name: De Leon, Loraine Andrei D.

Section: Stem 12 – Linnaeus

LESSON 4
ACTIVITY 2

Complete the following worksheet according to your understanding. (Please answer this in 2-3 sentences
only) total points: 53+2bonus=55pts

1. Where are the epithelia tissues found? (2pts)

Epithelial tissue primarily appears as vast sheets of cells encompassing all parts of the
body susceptible to the external environment and lining interior body cavities. Furthermore,
epithelial tissue is responsible for the bulk of glandular tissue present in the human body.

2. Describe these three basic shapes of No terms from the lesson are used epithelial cells:
a. Squamous (2pts)
From the top, these cells appear to be flat and thin plates that may appear polygonal.
Cells are tightly packed, leading to a low, smooth surface that allows fluids to flow freely.
The nucleus adopts on the shape of the cell, which aids in determining the kind of
epithelium. Because of the structure and form of the cell, the nuclei are nearly oval-shaped
and flattened.

b. Cuboidal (2pts)
The cuboidal epithelial cells are cube-shaped, yet from the top, they look as polygons or
hexagons, and from the side, they appear as squares. The cells are as broad as they are tall,
thus the space between neighboring nuclei is equal to the cell's height. This may be seen
forming tubes in the kidney's nephrons, where it is involved in secretion and absorption.

c. Columnar (2pts)
Columnar epithelia cells are lengthy, thin, and taller than they are wide, resembling
columns, and are often seen in a single layer configuration. These are often seen in mucus-
secreting organs such as the stomach. It lines the inner lining of the gut tube and is engaged
in absorption, production, protection, and lubrication.

3. What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue? What is the function of microvilli and cilia located
on this surface? (4pts)
The apical surface of epithelial tissue is its most superficial layer. According on their
purpose, the surfaces may have cilia or microvilli. Ciliated epithelia transport mucus or other
substances over their surface. Microvilli are utilized to enhance surface area, and these epithelia
are used for absorption.

4. Describe the positional relationship between the epithelial surface, basal surface, basement
membrane, and connective tissue. (4pts)
 The epithelial surface cells, which face the free or apical surface, are the most superficial
layer. The epithelium's lowest layer cells comprise the basal surface, which confronts the
basement membrane. The basement membrane anchors the basal layer to the connective tissue
underneath it.

5. Describe each of the following epithelial tissue arrangements:

a. Simple (2pts)
A single layer of cells makes up simple epithelium. They are usually the sites of
absorption, secretion, and filtration. Simple epithelium is a polar tissue, that implies it
has a distinct top and bottom. The fundamental structure of all simple epithelial tissue is
the same. The form of the cells in simple epithelial tissues is used to categorize them.
The four primary types of simple epithelium are the simple squamous, simple cuboidal,
simple columnar, and pseudostratified.

b. Stratified (2pts)
A stratified epithelium is made up of many layers of cells that are layered on top
of each other. This epithelium guards against physical and chemical damage. The form
of the most apical layer of cells, nearest to open space, gives rise to the name stratified
epithelium. The primary purpose of stratified epithelium is protection. In reality, the
direct effect of the sort of physical stressors on the degree and character of stratification
reflects this unique function.

c. Pseudostratified (2pts)
Pseudostratified epithelium is kind of a epithelial tissue that seems to be
stratified at first appearance but is essentially a layer of cells. This tissue is present in
areas wherein mucus is needed to capture foreign matter and wash those particles away
by the coordinated activity of cilia. They can also be seen in places where the epithelia
have a mixed secretory and absorptive role, such as the vas deferens and epididymis.

d. Transitional (2pts)
Transitional epithelium is a type of stratified epithelium comprised of several
layers of cells whose form varies depending on the function of the organ. Transitional
epithelium is kind of a epithelial tissue that when relaxed resembles stratified cuboidal
epithelium. Might seem cubical or spherical at first, however as the tissue expands, the
cells flatten out, improving the impression of stratified squamous epithelium.

6. Observe and describe each of the following tissues. Name example(s) of where each can be found
and describe the function of each. You should be able to identify each epithelial type by sight.
Study their appearance and characteristics. Correlate their physical structure with their function.
a. simple squamous epithelium (3pts)
 The cells of simple squamous epithelium appear in the form of thin scales. The nuclei of
squamous cells are flattened, horizontal, and elliptical, mirroring the form of the cell. The air
sacs of the lung, the lining of the heart, and blood arteries are all potential locations.
Allowing things to pass on through diffusion and filtration, and also secreting lubricating
substances, are some of the functions.

b. stratified squamous epithelium (3pts.)

This is the most common kind of stratified epithelium in the body. A stratified
epithelium consists of many layers of cells layered on top of one another. This
epithelium protects the body from both physical and chemical harm. The esophagus,
mouth, and vaginal lines are all places where this might happen. The objective of this
substance is to provide abrasion resistance.

7. Keratin is a water proofing protein. What are the functions of keratinized and non-keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium? (2pts)
The keratinized epithelium on the surface of the skin filters off harmful radiation,
stopping it from entering inside organs and tissues. It also helps to prevent water loss from heat
and damage to internal organs from physical activity. The non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium prevents external attackers from accessing because the surface is kept continuously
moist. The first line of defense against microbial invasion or physical injury is both types of
stratified squamous epithelium.

8. Where are each found?

a. simple cuboidal epithelium (1pt)
A simple cuboidal epithelium is a tissue composed of cube-shaped cells that
secretes and absorbs chemicals in numerous glands and ducts throughout the body. This
is primarily present in gland linings and is uncommon on exposed surfaces. Our
pancreas, choroid plexus, bile ducts, and kidney tubules all include simple cuboidal
epithelium.

b. stratified cuboidal epithelium (1pt)

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is a kind of epithelial tissue comprised of several
layers of cube-shaped cells found mostly in glands, which specialize in selective
absorption and secretion by the gland into blood arteries. The stratified cuboidal
epithelium is present in the endocrine system as the lining of the ducts of the salivary
glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands. It's also present in sections of the male
urethra in the urinary system.

c. simple columnar epithelium (1pt)

The simple columnar epithelial cells are distinguished by being taller than they
are broad. The primary functions of the simple columnar epithelium are production,
excretion, and absorption. The ciliated variety is present in the bronchi, uterine tubes,
 uterus, and a portion of the spinal cord. The beating of their cilia allows these epithelia
to move mucus or other substances.

d. stratified columnar epithelium (1pt)

The stratified columnar epithelium's many layers of cells assist to protect the
underlying tissues. Furthermore, depending on the tissue's location, they have a limited
secretion role. In the excretory system, the stratified columnar epithelium lines a small
area of the anus mucosal membrane and some parts of the male urethra. It's found in
large excretory ducts of glands like the oesophageal glands in the endocrine system. In
addition, some regions of the conjunctiva of the eyes are lined by stratified columnar
epithelium.

e. pseudostratified columnar epithelium (1pt)

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia are tissues composed up of a single layer of
cells that appear to have many layers when seen in cross - sectional area. Upon that
interior surface of the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal passages, and the
lower respiratory tract, such as the trachea and bronchi, the pseudostratified columnar
epithelium may be seen. The prostate gland, epididymis, and vas deferens all exhibit
pseudostratified columnar epithelium in males. Females have pseudostratified columnar
epithelium in the endometrial layer of the uterus.

9. What is the function of goblet cells? (2pts)

Goblet cells are epithelial cells that produce mucins, which are crucial aspects of mucus.
These were mostly commonly found in the respiratory and digestive systems, where they
constitute of the surface epithelium. Goblet cells are responsible for secreting the fluids that
produce mucus, which covers the surface of certain epithelial tissues.

10. What is the function of cilia (when present)? (2pts)

The tiny and slender hair-like structures seen on the surface of mammalian cells are
known as cilia. Cilia aid in movement and sensory activities, as well as playing a critical part in
the cell cycle and replication, and therefore in human and animal development. Numerous cilia
move in a rhythmic manner, assisting in the removal of foreign agents and mucus from the
interior passages. They also serve as an antenna, assisting the cells in collecting sensory
information and executing these signals from the surrounding fluids.

a. Transitional epithelium (2pts)

Transitional epithelium is a form of stratified epithelium made up of many layers of cells
whose shape varies depending on the organ's function. When the epithelium is relaxed, it
appears cubical or spherical, with the exception of the apical layer, which appears flattened
when stretched. One of the major roles of this tissue is to act as a highly efficient permeability
 barrier, impermeable to water and most tiny molecules, due to its position in the excretory
system, particularly in the ureters and urinary bladder. The organ may stretch and expand its
volume in response to fluid pressure, which is the second major function of these cells.

Glandular epithelium
11. Identify functional differences between exocrine and endocrine glandular epithelia. How are they
structurally different from one another? (4pts)
Endocrine glands are specialized organs that produce chemicals and release them directly into
cells or surrounding tissues. Multiple physiological processes, including as body metabolism,
menstrual flow, and reproductive activity, are regulated and maintained by the endocrine system's
secreted chemicals, nevertheless Exocrine glands, such as mammary glands and mucus-producing
glands, produce specific secretions that are discharged through a duct directly into an external or
interior surface. Exocrine gland secretions aid in the regulation of a variety of processes, including
the regulation of body temperature via sweat gland. They differ structurally because exocrine glands
require certain ducts for conveyance of their secretions, but endocrine glands do not use ducts or
tubes to discharge their secretions.

Epithelial membrane
12. Describe the structure, function, and location of each epithelial membrane type
a. Serous (2pts)
The serous membrane, which varies in size and complexity, is a thin membrane that lines
the interior body cavities and organs. It is composed of two layers of mesothelium connected by
a layer of loose connective tissue and rests on a basal lamina. The internal visceral layer, which
surrounds the organs, and the parietal layer, which forms the walls of the bodily cavities, are the
two layers. The serous membrane serves a variety of tasks linked to the preservation of the
organs and bodily cavities it encloses. It enables frictionless motion of the heart and lungs, as
well as the abdominal cavity organs. It also controls the flow of fluids and other materials
through the membrane. The pericardium, which surrounds the heart and certain blood vessels,
the pleural membranes, which enclose the lungs, and the peritoneal membrane, which covers
the abdominal cavity and associated organs, are all instances of serous membranes.

b. Cutaneous (2pts)
The epithelium and connective tissue that make up the cutaneous membrane. The
apical surface of this membrane is exposed to the outside environment and is coated with
dead keratinized cells, which aid in the protection of the organism against extinction and
illness.

c. Mucous (2pts)
The mucous membranes are composed of three layers. First, there is a layer of epithelial
tissue on the surface, which is made up of densely packed cells. The epithelial tissue rests on the
corium, a supportive tissue made up of connective and elastic fibers. A network of blood arteries
runs along this layer, feeding the epithelial tissue and absorbing certain chemicals. Furthermore,
muscle cells make up the mucous membranes' deepest layer. Mucous membranes' roles in
general are to protect the body against infection by viruses and bacteria and to keep the body's
tissues sufficiently moistened. Some mucosal membranes are also capable of absorbing. As a
result, the mucous membranes of the digestive tract can absorb some nutrients and transport
them elsewhere in the body. The mucous membrane may be found almost anywhere in the
body where possible external irritants or infections might harm the tissues underlying the
mucous membranes. As a result, mucous membranes are mostly found in the respiratory
system, digestive system, and reproductive system.