IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN DUE TO PANDEMIC AND

PRECIPITATION OF THE AIR QUALITY OF THE MEGA CITIES:

A CASE STUDY OF DHAKA AND CHITTAGONG

A Project Report Submitted to the

Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Weekend Masters in Environmental Sciences and Management

By
Md. Amin-Uzz-Zaman Madani
WMES ID# 200840
Registration No: WMES 00355
Session: 2020 - 2021

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

JAHANGIRNAGAR UNIVERSITY

[January Intake 2020]

Declaration
The research work entitled "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A MONTHLY TREND OF AIR
QUALITY INDEX, POLLUTANT, METEOROLOGY AND COVID19 CASES OF PRE,
DURING AND POST LOCKDOWN SITUATION: A CASE STUDY OF DHAKA AND
CHITTAGONG" has been carried out in the Department of Environmental Sciences,
Jahangirnagar University is original and conforms the regulations of this University.

I understand the University’s policy on plagiarism and declare that no part of this project has
been
copied from other sources or been previously submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Md. Amin-Uzz-Zaman Madani

200840

Counter Signed by

Supervisor

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 Certificate

This thesis/report has been compiled according to the regulation of the Masters in
Environmental Sciences and Management under Weekend Program in the Department of
Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University and approved in its style and content.

Supervisor Md. Amin-Uzz-Zaman Madani

Coordinator

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 Acknowledgements

First, thanks to ALLAH for keeping me alive in this pandemic situation and gave me the
opportunity to finish my study. It is a great pleasure to convey my heartfelt gratitude to my
supervisor, for her compassionate supervision of this study.

The Department of Environmental Sciences at Jahangirnagar University had provided me

with an incredible opportunity, and I'd want to express my gratitude to the department's
coordinator (WMES) and chairman for their guidance, encouragement, and support.

Last but not least, I would want to thank my family members who have been so supportive
throughout this process, especially my late grandfather, mother, father, and brother.

Md. Amin-Uzz-Zaman Madani

Student Id: 200840

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 ABSTRACT

When the air quality in Bangladesh deteriorates, the majority of the population in the city and
suburbs wear masks. During the lockdown, due to less vehicle movement in the road, as well
as closing of the office, schools might have an impact on the air quality of the mega cities of
Bangladesh. In order to assess the real scenario, Six months (1 st June to 30th November, 2021)
of air quality and meteorological data were collected for the Dhaka and Chittagong city.
Statistical analyses were used to arrive at the conclusion. The data was analyzed in Excel and
SPSS. Pollutant and precipitation data for six months are shown in a time series graph, which
shows that all pollutants are strongly interconnected with precipitation. A graph of pollutants
vs lockdown phase was created. During lockdown periods, the concentration of contaminants
was minimal and considered acceptable by the public. In order to determine if all pollutants
are indeed dependent on precipitation or not, regression analysis has been performed on
precipitation and pollutants. With the exception of O 3, all other pollutants are found to have a
positive and statistically significant link with precipitation. The association between covid19
cases and other variables is identified using correlation analysis among covid19 cases,
environmental condition, and air quality index (AQI). As a result, it can be concluded that the
covid19 instance has a negative association with air quality despite having a positive
correlation with humidity, precipitation, and wind speed. In other words, these independent
verifiable have an effect on the covid19 infectious rate. Despite the fact that air quality has no
influence on covid 19, it does have an impact on other lung conditions. As a result, finding a
feasible solution to minimize the concentration of air pollutants during the dry season is a
major concern for the people of Bangladesh. Although significant effort has been done in this
study, additional analysis using yearly primary data is required in order to obtain an accurate
picture of the situation. Therefore, it is possible to implement actions that will lessen or
eliminate the problems.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................9
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................10
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................12
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY....................................................................................12
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY....................................................................................12
1.3 HYPOTHESIS...............................................................................................................13
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE...............................................................................................13
2 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................14
2.1 PRESENT SITUATION..................................................................................................14
2.2 BANGLADESH'S CLIMATOLOGICAL SITUATION..........................................................15
2.3 SELECTION OF THE STUDY AREA..............................................................................15
2.3.1 POPULATION.......................................................................................................16
2.3.2 INDUSTRIAL REVALUATION................................................................................17
2.3.3 TRAFFIC CONGESTION........................................................................................18
2.3.4 MEGA PROJECTS.................................................................................................18
2.3.5 BRICK KILNS......................................................................................................18
2.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION................................................................................18
2.4.1 ACCUWEATHER.............................................................................................19
2.4.2 RR NETWORK.....................................................................................................20
2.4.3 COVID19 DASH BOARD FOR BANGLADESH......................................................20
2.5 WHY COVID19?.......................................................................................................20
2.6 AIR POLLUTANTS TO BE CONSIDERED......................................................................21
2.7 DOE AIR QUALITY STANDARDS...............................................................................21
2.8 ACCUWEATHER AIR QUALITY SCALE..................................................................21
2.9 DATA ANALYSIS........................................................................................................23
2.9.1 CORRELATION.....................................................................................................23
2.9.2 REGRESSION ANALYSIS......................................................................................23
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................................24
3.1 ANALYSIS FOR DHAKA CITY.....................................................................................24
3.1.1 POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATION VS PRECIPITATION RATE, A TIME SERIES
GRAPH (6 MONTHS).........................................................................................................24
3.1.2 POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION VS LOCKDOWN PHASE......................................27
3.1.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND PRECIPITATION.............................30

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 3.1.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR QUALITY, METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND COVID 19
CASES 33
3.2 ANALYSIS FOR CHITTAGONG CITY............................................................................34
3.2.1 POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATION VS PRECIPITATION RATE A TIME SERIES GRAPH
OF (6 MONTHS).................................................................................................................34

3.2.2 POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION VS LOCKDOWN PHASE......................................37

3.2.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND PRECIPITATION.............................40
3.2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID19 CASES, METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND AIR
QUALITY...........................................................................................................................43
4 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................44
5 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................44

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 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN UPAZILAS OF DHAKA DISTRICT (POPULATION
CENSUS, 2011)..................................................................................................................17
TABLE 2.2: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN DISTRICTS OF CHITTAGONG (POPULATION
CENSUS, 2011)..................................................................................................................18
TABLE 2.3: DOE AIR QUALITY RANGE, CATEGORY, AND COLOUR..........................................22
TABLE 2.4: ACCUWEATHER AIR QUALITY SCALE/ CATEGORY, RAGE, AND DESCRIPTION. .22
TABLE 3.1: PEARSON CORRELATION BETWEEN AIR QUALITY, COVID19 CASES AND
METEOROLOGY.................................................................................................................34
TABLE 3.2: PEARSON CORRELATION BETWEEN AIR QUALITY, COVID19 CASES AND
METEOROLOGY.................................................................................................................44

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 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1: BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER LOCKDOWN SITUATION IN DHAKA CITY (SOURCE:
SELF CAPTURE).................................................................................................................13
FIGURE 2.2: STUDY AREA MAP.................................................................................................15
FIGURE 2.3: POPULATION DENSITY AND GROWTH RATE FROM (1950-2021) (SOURCE:
MACROTRENDS, 2022)......................................................................................................15
FIGURE 2.4: AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA COLLECTION PICTURE (SOURCE:
ACCUWEATHER)..........................................................................................................19
FIGURE 2.5: RAINFALL DATA COLLECTION PICTURE FROM RR NETWORK (SOURCE: RR
NETWORK)........................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 2.6: TROPOSPHERIC NO2 COLUMN, 2020 AVG. AND 2017-2019 AVG. (NASA, 2020)
..........................................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 3.1: PM10 VS PRECIPITATION......................................................................................24
FIGURE 3.2: PM2.5 VS PRECIPITATION......................................................................................24
FIGURE 3.3: O3 VS PRECIPITATION...........................................................................................25
FIGURE 3.4: NO2 VS PRECIPITATION.......................................................................................25
FIGURE 3.5: SO2 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY...................................26
FIGURE 3.6: CO (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY....................................26
FIGURE 3.7: PM10 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR DHAKA CITY..................................................27
FIGURE 3.8: PM2.5 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR DHAKA CITY..................................................27
FIGURE 3.9: SO2 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR DHAKA CITY....................................................28
FIGURE 3.10: O3 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR DHAKA CITY....................................................28
FIGURE 3.11: NO2 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR DHAKA CITY.................................................29
FIGURE 3.12: CO VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR DHAKA CITY...................................................29
FIGURE 3.13: PM10 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY...............................30
FIGURE 3.14: O3 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY....................................30
FIGURE 3.15: NO2 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY.................................31
FIGURE 3.16: PM2.5 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY...............................31
FIGURE 3.17: SO2 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY.................................32
FIGURE 3.18: CO (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR DHAKA CITY.................................32
FIGURE 3.19: PM10 VS PRECIPITATION....................................................................................34
FIGURE 3.20: PM2.5 VS PRECIPITATION....................................................................................35
FIGURE 3.21: O3 VS PRECIPITATION.........................................................................................35
FIGURE 3.22: NO2 VS PRECIPITATION.....................................................................................36
FIGURE 3.23: SO2 VS PRECIPITATION......................................................................................36
FIGURE 3.24: CO VS PRECIPITATION.......................................................................................37
FIGURE 3.25: PM10 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR CHITTAGONG CITY......................................37
FIGURE 3.26: O3 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR CHITTAGONG CITY...........................................38
FIGURE 3.27: NO2 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR CHITTAGONG CITY........................................38
FIGURE 3.28: PM2.5 VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR CHITTAGONG CITY.....................................39
FIGURE 3.29: SO2 (ΜG/M3) VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR CHITTAGONG CITY..........................39
FIGURE 3.30: CO (ΜG/M3) VS LOCKDOWN PHASE FOR CHITTAGONG CITY..........................40
FIGURE 3.31: O3 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR CHITTAGONG CITY.........................40
FIGURE 3.32: NO2 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR CHITTAGONG CITY......................41
FIGURE 3.33: PM2.5 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR CHITTAGONG CITY.....................41
FIGURE 3.34: PM10 (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR CHITTAGONG CITY.....................42

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FIGURE 3.35: CO (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR CHITTAGONG CITY .......................42

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FIGURE 3.36: CO (ΜG/M3) VS PRECIPITATION (MM) FOR CHITTAGONG CITY .......................43
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

COVID-19 has made us the first generation to confront a worldwide pandemic of this
magnitude, which has been a harrowing experience since health, environment, and
socioeconomic values have never been worse in human history. Implementing a lockdown
approach may help prevent the spread of novel coronaviruses (COVID-19), and it has also
been shown to be an effective method for reducing air pollution in urban areas. According to
Bangladesh's epidemiology department, the IEDCR, "the first three cases were confirmed in
Bangladesh" on March 8, 2020. There have been substantial increases in the number of
infections since then, making Bangladesh one of the worst-hit and most affected countries in
South Asia. A "lockdown" of the nation was imposed on March 23 to safeguard the citizens
(Wikipedia 2020). Public transportation was 90 percent decreased as a result of the outbreak
(Muhammad et al., 2020). Constraints on human actions resulted in pollution levels dropping
(Hashim et al., 2020). In the wake of the COVID-19 shutdown, the changing nature of air
quality instantly became a new focus of contemporary research results (Kerimray et al.,
2020). As a precaution, businesses and other institutions were closed throughout the country,
including Dhaka and Chittagong. There was a reduction in air pollution during these partial
lockdown periods; yet, there were additional occurrences when it began to rise at regular
intervals. Despite the fact that these were hypothetical views, there was no evidence to
support either a decrease in pollution or an increase in pollution during lockdown periods.
COVID19 is a respiratory infection, and as a result, many people believe that air pollution is
to blame for the disease's frequency in Bangladesh. This research will investigate the current
most pressing issues, revealing the underlying facts and explanations.

1.2 Significance of the Study

In Bangladesh, less fossil fuel was burnt, and less air pollution was emitted as a consequence
of the lockdown effect. This particular inquiry arises itself, "What would the air quality be
like if all combustion automobiles and industrial pollutants were abolished from cities,
leaving only public transit, basic supply transportation, and eco-friendly industries?"
(Baldasano M. Jose., 2020). According to Van Doremalen's laboratory findings, SARS-CoV-
2 may persist for an extended period of time in ambient aerosols, which might be a
significant source of COVID-19 transmission. (van Doremalen et al., 2020). It is currently
unclear how much of the increase in COVID-19's rate at which it was spreading may be

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attributed to air pollution in rational environments. According to previous research, viruses
may flourish under certain climatic conditions. For Example, temperature and relative
humidity have an adverse effect on influenza infection rates in Japan. (Iha et al., 2016).
Lockdown, COVID19 Cases and pollution are linked in a way that can be explained by this
study, which will show that whether or not there is a correlation between them.

1.3 Hypothesis
It is hypothesized that all pollutants, including PM10, PM2.5, O3, SO2, NOx, and CO, are
not directly correlated with precipitation.

1.4 Aims And Objective

The following are the objectives of this study:
a) To determine the relationship between Air pollutants and precipitation,
b) To determine the relationship between Air Quality and COVID19 Cases;
c) To determine the relationship between Air pollutants and the Partial lockdown phase.
d) To undertake a trial analysis of environmental conditions and COVID-19 cases in
Dhaka and Chittagong.
e) To find out the factors which are responsible for pollution reduction.
This study aimed to perform an exploratory analysis of environmental circumstances and
COVID-19 cases in Dhaka and Chittagong city that was connected with the pre-, during, and
post lockdown phase data.

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Page | 3
 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Present Situation

The Bangladeshi government has now opened up the lockdown phase. Air pollution has
become a more pressing issue. Asthma has been more prevalent among children since the
lockdown phase. The AQI has surpassed the June 05-July 31 periods AQI. The average air
quality index (AQI) is 172 µg/m3, worse than the lockdown situation.

Figure 2.1: Before, during and after lockdown situation in dhaka city (source: self
capture)

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Figure 2 .1 despites the three stages of lockdown: before, during and after. There was no
change in the flow of traffic or the pace of development prior to the lockdown. Low traffic
and restricted movement were observed during the lockdown. After lockdown, traffic
congestion and the movement of people returned to normal and reached their previous peaks.

2.2 Bangladesh's Climatological Situation

Bangladesh has six different seasons, but the majority of the year is divided into three phases.
Summer, monsoon, and winter are the three major seasons of the year. Winter storms are
more common than monsoon ones due to climate change, making it more difficult to survive.
In the summertime, even the riverine area is experiencing drought. As the seasons change, so
does the surrounding landscape. Climate here is characterized by
1. high temperatures,
2. heavy rainfall,
3. intense humidity.
Bangladesh's climate is heavily influenced by rain due to its location in the tropical monsoon
area. The weather is hot and humid throughout the summer months. A combination of high
temperatures creates a hot environment and a high relative humidity percentage. Throughout
the monsoon season, precipitation is a common occurrence. The temperature is moderate
throughout this season, with average humidity. Temperatures and humidity are at their lowest
levels during the winter.

2.3 Selection of The Study Area

When it comes to choose a study area,
1. Dhaka and
2. Chittagong
these two cities were chosen.

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 N

Dhaka W E

Legend
Chittagong
City
Division
Boundary

Figure 2.2: Study area map

2.3.1 Population
Bangladesh is one of the world's densest nations. Overall population density per square
kilometer has increased steadily since 1950, although the pace of expansion has tapered down
in recent years. Figure 2 .3 shows that, despite the fact that the growth rate was slowing, the
density was increasing year after year.

1,200 3.50%

1,000 3.00%

2.50%
Population Density

800
Growth rate

2.00%
600
1.50%
400
1.00%
200 0.50%

0 0.00%
09

97

85

57
21
17
13

05
01

93
89

81
77
73
69
65
61

53
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

Year
Population Density Growth Rate

Figure 2.3: Population density and growth rate from (1950-2021) (source: Macrotrends,
2022)

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In this study Dhaka and Chittagong was selected as people move to Dhaka and Chittagong
city for better opportunities and life style.

1.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.

2.3.1.

2.3.1.1 Dhaka
Dhaka is the most populated city in Bangladesh. The population density of Dhaka district is
around 8229 per square kilometer (BBS, 2011). The population is distributed in Dhaka's
upazila, as shown in Table 2 .1.

Table 2.1: Population distribution in upazilas of dhaka district (Population Census,

2011)

Population Density per

Upazila Name
Male Female Both Sex sq. KM.
Dhaka Metropolitan 4931802 3974237 8906039 30551
Dhamrai 207078 205340 412418 1342
Dohar 107041 119398 226439 1402
Keraniganj 421809 372551 794360 4760
Nawabganj 149298 169513 318811 1302
Savar 738764 647146 1385910 4948

From Table 2 .1 it is known that the Dhaka metropolitan's population density per square
kilometer is 30551. Which indicated that due to the large population in this area, city
administration is very important. Therefore, waste management, traffic control, and the
management of land and water bodies in this area are all troublesome. As a result,

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environmental contamination is common. With numerous environmental issues to contend
with, Dhaka is plagued by three major problems: air pollution, water pollution, and noise
pollution.

2.3.1.2 Chittagong
In Bangladesh one of the most important sea ports is in the city of Chittagong located on the
Bay of Bengal. Because of this port, the economy between Dhaka and Chittagong and
neighboring regions is thriving. Billion dollars pass through Chittagong every day on their
way to Dhaka and the rest of Bangladesh. Table 2 .2 demonstrates the population density in
this district is around 1,702 per square kilometer (BBS, 2011). The primary sources of
pollution in this mountainous region have inadequate waste management policy, sewerage
policy, water management policy, traffic management and haphazard urban expansion.
Table 2.2: Population Distribution in Districts of Chittagong (Population Census, 2011)

Population Density per

District Name
Male Female Both Sex sq. KM.
Chittagong Zila 38,38,854 37,77,498 76,16,352 1,702

2.3.2 Industrial Revaluation

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Bangladesh has experienced rapid growth and
development. Since 1971, Bangladesh's economy has evolved away from being mostly
dependent on agricultural production to being based on services and manufacturing. The vast
majority of garment and textile industries in Dhaka and Chittagong are successfully operating
nowadays. Based on an investigation undertaken for the fiscal year 2018-2019, Bangladesh
has 4621 industries with a total labor force of 4 million people, and total garment exports
were valued at 34.13 billion dollars in the previous fiscal year (Textile Focus, 2020). After
the pandemic effect in 2021, several industries were permanently shut down, however the
remaining industries are now operational. They are the primary source of pollution in the
environment, particularly water and air pollution.

2.3.3 Traffic Congestion

Dhaka and Chittagong are experiencing peak traffic congestion each day. Around, tens of
thousands of automobiles are on the road. Which leads in the release of air pollutants such as
NOx, SO2, and CO.

2.3.4 Mega Projects

In recent years, a few mega projects have been underway in Dhaka and Chittagong.

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 1. Dhaka Metro Rail,
2. Dhaka Airport Terminal 3,
3. Chittagong Metro Rail,
4. Kornafuli Tunnel,
5. Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit, and
6. high-rise buildings
are among the city's major infrastructure projects. They are the most significant source of
particulate matter pollution in the environment. Every day, hundreds of tons of construction
waste were disposed of frequently here and there, contributing to atmospheric pollution with
PM10 and PM2.5. Which is the consequence of air pollution.

2.3.5 Brick Kilns

Thousands of brick kilns exist in Dhaka and Chittagong, despite government tries to wipe out
the brick kilns. CO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, and a variety of other air pollutants were emitted by
these brick kilns. These are the results of pollution in the air.

2.4 Method of Data Collection

Secondary sources were used to obtain pollution data (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, O3, and
CO), meteorological data (humidity, wind speed, and temperature), and COCID19 data for
this study. Rainfall data was only collected using primary source. It was difficult to get
primary data in cities like Dhaka and Chittagong because of the pandemic condition. As a
result, data was collected using ACCUWEATHER, RR Network, and a COVID19 dash
board. ACCUWEATHER is a secondary source of AQI and meteorological data. They have
three stations in Bangladesh (Dhaka, Rajshahi, and Chittagong). Data on temperature,
humidity, wind speed, and air quality index were collected from this website. RR network is a
primary data sources for precipitation, provided by the BMD (Bangladesh Meteorological
Department). This website provided daily precipitation data. For Bangladesh, data on
COVID19 infected patients was collected using a COVID19 Dash Board. The Ministry of
Health is responsible for providing this portal to the public.

2.4.1 ACCUWEATHER
Despite the difficulty in selecting secondary sources, ACCUWEATHER was the only
secondary source with three stations in Bangladesh (Dhaka, Chittagong, and Rajshahi).
Pollutant data, air quality index, wind speed, humidity, and temperature were collected from

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this portal. Overall, AQI data and meteorological data were collected from
ACCUWEATHER.

Figure 2.4: Air quality and meteorological data collection picture (Source:
ACCUWEATHER)

depicts the specific data that were obtained by using the secondary source
ACCUWEATHER. The selected meteorological data was displayed in the orange boxes
above the picture, and this was taken into consideration.

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2.4.2 RR Network
Precipitation data were collected from the Bangladeshi Meteorological Department website
named "RR NETWORK a primary source. They have 13 stations all over Bangladesh.

Figure 2.5: Rainfall data collection picture from RR network (Source: RR Network)

2.4.3 COVID19 Dash Board for Bangladesh

Detailed information on COVID19 cases was obtained from the COVID19 Dynamic Dash
Board For Bangladesh, which was supplied by the Government of Bangladesh. It is a Primary
data source.

2.5 Why COVID19?

A researcher claims that "air pollution is the source of the COVID19 pandemic." Though
there is no proof, it is widely accepted. According to Bangladeshi perspective, COVID19
cases were analyzed with air pollution and climate data to determine their relevance. .

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 Figure 2.6: Tropospheric NO2 column, 2020 Avg. and 2017-2019 Avg. (NASA, 2020)

The air quality was improved during lockdown periods, the concentration of the pollutant had
dropped. Consequently, the concentration of NO2 fell to its lowest possible level, as
demonstrated in Figure 2 .6. As a result, three air quality statuses were observed: before
lockdown, during lockdown, and after. The air quality has been established in this study for
three separate periods.

2.6 Air Pollutants to Be Considered

In this report, data was collected from secondary sources. Air quality data was collected from
ACCUWEATHER. Only PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO data were provided in this
portal. So, for analyzing purposes, those pollutant's data was used.

2.7 DOE Air Quality Standards

For Air Quality maintenance, a standard was published by DOE
.
Table 2.3: DOE air quality range, category, and colour

Category
Air quality index
Colour
(AQI) Range In English In Bangla

0-50 Good Bhalo Green

51-100 Moderate - Yellow Green

101-150 Caution - Yellow

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151-200 Unhealthy Ashasthykar Orange

201-300 Very Unhealthy Khub Ashasthykar Red

301-500 Extremely Unhealthy Ottanta Ashasthykar Purple

According to Table 2 .3, it is evident which range is detrimental to the health of the
Bangladeshi people. While Individuals with red or purple air quality can survive, there is a
high probability of long-term injury in the near future. These standards were followed by the
industries and other organizations for emission activities, research work, and other purposes.

2.8 ACCUWEATHER Air Quality Scale

As the data was collected from secondary sources. For the collection of pollutant data,
ACCUWEATHER was used. In this portal, they have their air quality scales and ranges.

Table 2.4: ACCUWEATHER air quality scale/ category, rage, and description

Air quality
Category index Description
(AQI) Range
Excellent 0 - 19 The air quality is ideal for most individuals;
enjoy your normal outdoor activities.

Fair 20 - 49 The air quality is generally acceptable for

most individuals. However, sensitive groups
may experience minor to moderate symptoms
from long-term exposure.
Poor 50 - 99 The air has reached a high level of pollution
and is unhealthy for sensitive groups. Reduce
time spent outside if you are feeling symptoms
such as difficulty breathing or throat irritation.
Unhealthy 100 - 149 Health effects can be immediately felt by
sensitive groups. Healthy individuals may
experience difficulty breathing and throat
irritation with prolonged exposure. Limit
outdoor activity.
Very Unhealthy 150 - 249 Health effects will be immediately felt by

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 sensitive groups and should avoid outdoor
activity. Healthy individuals are likely to
experience difficulty breathing and throat
irritation; consider staying indoors and
rescheduling outdoor activities.
Dangerous 250+ Any exposure to the air, even for a few
minutes, can lead to serious health effects on
everybody. Avoid outdoor activities.

Table 2 .4 lists the air quality scales and their associated ranges, which can be used to assess
if the air is safe or not.

2.9 Data Analysis

2.4.

2.4.1.

2.4.2.

2.9.1 Correlation
Correlation is a statistical term that quantifies how closely two variables are connected
linearly. It is a commonly used term for expressing superficial correlations without making a
causal declaration (Investopedia, 2021).

r xy =
∑ ( xi −x)( y i− y)
√∑ ( x i−x )2 ∑ ( y i− y )2

Where:
a) rxy – the correlation coefficient of the linear relationship between the variables x and y
b) xi – the values of the x-variable in a sample
c) x̅ – the mean of the values of the x-variable
d) yi – the values of the y-variable in a sample
e) ȳ – the mean of the values of the y-variable

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2.9.2 Regression Analysis
The term "regression analysis" refers to a compilation of statistical techniques for estimating
relationships between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables (CFI,
2021).
Y =a+bX +∈
Where:
a) Y – Dependent variable
b) X – Independent (explanatory) variable
c) a – Intercept
d) b – Slope
e) ϵ – Residual (error)

Page | 15
Page | 16
 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Analysis for Dhaka City

3.1.1 Pollutants Concentration Vs Precipitation Rate, a Time Series Graph (6 Months)

400 160

350 140

300 120

Precipitation (mm)
PM10 µg/m3

250 100

200 80

150 60

100 40

50 20

0 0
24 ug
ug

20 ov
ov
19 ct

27 ct

4- t
25 p
ep
21 n

29 n
un

23 l

31 l

8- l
16 ug

12 v
11 ct
13 n

17 p
15 l

c
u

u
Ju

e
u

o
Se

Se
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S

-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
-J

-J

-J

N
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date
PM10 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.7: Monthly variation of PM10 and Precipitation

Figure 3 .7 is showing the relationship between PM10 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of PM10 was 29 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was
23.98 mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of PM10 was 163
µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 4.72 mm. From which it can be initially determined that
because of precipitation, the concentration of PM10 decreased.

300 160

140
250
120
Precipitation (mm)

200
100
PM2.5 µg/m³

150 80

60
100
40
50
20

0 0
24 ug
ug

20 ov
ov
19 ct

27 ct

4- t
25 p
ep
23 l
21 n

29 n
un

31 l
8- l
16 ug

12 ov
11 ct
p

17 p
13 n

15 l

c
u

u
Ju

e
u

Se

Se
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S

-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
-J

-J

-J

N
7-

3-
5-

1-

9-

Date
PM2.5 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Page | 17
 Figure 3.8: PM2.5 VS Precipitation
Figure 3 .8 is showing the relationship between PM2.5 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of PM2.5 was 13 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was
23.98 mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of PM2.5 was 129
µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 4.72 mm. From which it can be initially determined that
because of precipitation, the concentration of PM2.5 decreased.

140 160

120 140

120

Precipitation (mm)
100
100
80
O3 µg/m³

80
60
60
40
40
20 20

0 0
24 ug
ug

ov
20 ov
4- t
19 ct

27 ct
21 n

29 n
un

25 p
ep
16 ug

12 v
23 l

31 l

8- l

11 ct
13 n

17 p
15 l

c
u

u
Ju

e
u

o
Se

Se
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S

-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
-J

-J

-J

N
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date
O3 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.9: O3 VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .9 is showing from From June to September 2021, the average O 3 content was 26
µg/m3, with a precipitation rate of 23.98 mm. The average concentration of O 3 was 42 µg/m3
from October 2021 to November 2021, and the precipitation rate was 4.72 mm, indicating
that the concentration of O3 fell due to precipitation.

60 160

140
50
120
Precipitation (mm)

40
100
NO2 µg/m³

30 80

60
20
40
10
20

0 0
24 ug
ug

19 ct

27 ct

4- t

20 ov
ov
29 n

23 l

8- l

25 p
ep
21 n

un

31 l

16 g

11 ct

12 ov
17 p
13 n

p
15 l

c
u
u

u
Ju

e
u

Se
u

Se
u
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S
-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
-J

N
-J

-J
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date
NO2 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Page | 18
 Figure 3.10: NO2 VS Precipitation
Figure 3 .10 is showing the relationship between NO2 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of NO2 was 14 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 23.98
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of NO2 was 25 µg/m3 and
precipitation rate was 4.72 mm. From which it can be initially determined that because of
precipitation, the concentration of NO2 decreased.

30 160

140
25

Precipitation (mm)
120
20
100
SO2 µg/m³

15 80

60
10
40
5
20

0 0
24 ug
ug

20 ov
ov
19 ct

27 ct

4- t
25 p
ep
un
21 n

29 n

31 l

16 ug

12 v
23 l

8- l

11 ct
13 n

ep

17 p
15 l

c
u

u
Ju

e
u

o
e
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S

-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
S

S
-J

-J

-J

N
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date
SO2 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.11: SO2 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City

Figure 3 .11 is showing the relationship between SO 2 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of SO2 was 7 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 23.98
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of SO 2 was 13 µg/m3 and
precipitation rate was 4.72 mm. From which it can be initially determined that because of
precipitation, the concentration of SO2 decreased.

1000 160
900 140
800
120
Precipitation (mm)

700
600 100
CO µg/m³

500 80
400 60
300
40
200
100 20

0 0
24 ug
ug

20 ov
ov
25 p
ep

19 ct

27 ct

4- t
21 n

29 n
un

23 l

31 l

8- l
16 ug

12 ov
11 ct
13 n

17 p
15 l

c
u

u
Ju

e
u

Se

Se
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S

-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
-J

-J
-J

N
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date
CO µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Page | 19
 Figure 3.12: CO (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City
Figure 3 .12 is showing the relationship between CO and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of CO was 203 µg/m 3 and precipitation rate was
23.98 mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of CO was 419
µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 4.72 mm. From which it can be initially determined that
because of precipitation, the concentration of CO decreased.

3.1.2 Pollutant Concentration Vs Lockdown Phase

60

50

40
PM10 µg/m³

30

20

10

0
23-Jun 28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug

Date

Figure 3.13: PM10 VS Lockdown Phase For Dhaka City

Figure 3 .13, the partial lockdown period lasted from June 23, 2022 to July 13, 2022, and
July 22, 2022 to August 09, 2022. PM10 concentrations was on average 30 µg/m3 throughout
these hours. Which was a tolerable limit for the people of Bangladesh.

25

20

15
PM2.5 µg/m³

10

0
23-Jun 28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug

Date

Page | 20
 Figure 3.14: PM2.5 VS Lockdown Phase For Dhaka City
Figure 3 .14, the partial lockdown lasted from June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22,
2022 to August 09,2022. During these times concentration of PM 2.5 was on average of 8
µg/m3. Which was a tolerable limit for the people of Bangladesh.

14

12

10

8
SO2 µg/m³

0
23-Jun 28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug

Date

Figure 3.15: SO2 VS Lockdown Phase For Dhaka City

Figure 3 .15, the partial lockdown lasted from June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22,
2022 to August 09,2022. During these times concentration of SO2 was on average of 5 µg/m 3.
Which was a tolerable limit for the people of Bangladesh.

70

60

50

40
O3 µg/m³

30

20

10

0
23-Jun 28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug

Date

Figure 3.16: O3 VS Lockdown Phase For Dhaka City

Page | 21
Figure 3 .16 the partial lockdown lasted from June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22,
2022 to August 09,2022. During these times concentration of O3 was on average of 29 µg/m3.
Which was a tolerable limit for the people of Bangladesh.

25

20

15
NO2 µg/m³

10

0
23-Jun 28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug

Date

Figure 3.17: NO2 VS Lockdown Phase For Dhaka City

Figure 3 .17 the partial lockdown lasted from June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22,
2022 to August 09,2022 was the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of
NO2 was on average of 13 µg/m3. Which was a tolerable limit for the people of Bangladesh.

400

350

300

250
CO µg/m³

200

150

100

50

0
23-Jun 28-Jun 3-Jul 8-Jul 13-Jul 18-Jul 23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug

Date

Figure 3.18: CO VS Lockdown Phase For Dhaka City

Figure 3 .18 the partial lockdown lasted from June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22,
2022 to August 09,2022 was the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of
CO was on average of 148 µg/m3. Which was a tolerable limit for the people of Bangladesh.

Page | 22
3.1.3 Relationship between pollutants and Precipitation

Figure 3.19: PM10 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City

Relationship between PM10 and precipitation was analyzed in Figure 3 .19. linear R2 value
of PM10 Vs precipitation is 0.038 µg/m 3. Though the R2 value of PM10 and Precipitaiton is
positive. The linear graph showed that if precipitation is low PM10 is High and if the
precipitation is high PM10 is low.

Figure 3.20: O3 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City

Relationship between O3 and precipitation was analyzed in Figure 3 .20. linear R2 value of
O3 Vs precipitation is 9.456E-5 µg/m3. From the R2 value it is understandable that they have
no significant relationship between them. As a result because of precipitation it has no change
in its concentration and linear graph is a straight line parallal to the X axis.

Page | 23
 Figure 3.21: NO2 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City
The relationship between NO2 and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.15. The R2 value
of NO2 and precipitation is 0.014 µg/m3 which indicates a positive relationship between the
pollutant and precipitation. Though the signifance is really low. From the linear graph it is
understandable that when the precipitation is high NO2 was low and when the precipitation is
low NO2 was high.

Figure 3.22: PM2.5 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City

The linear relationship between PM2.5 and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.16. The r
square value of PM2.5 and precipitation is 0.039 which is positive but not significant.
Though the linear graphn is showing that because of precipitation rate PM2.5 changes. High
precipitation low concentration and low precipitation high concentration.

Page | 24
 Figure 3.23: SO2 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City
The linear relationship between SO2 and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.16. The r
square value of SO2 and precipitation is 0.027 which is positive but not significant. Though
the linear graphn is showing that because of precipitation rate SO2 changes. High
precipitation low concentration and low precipitation high concentration of SO2.

Figure 3.24: CO (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Dhaka City

The relationship between CO and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.15. The R2 value
of CO and precipitation is 0.016 µg/m3 which indicates a positive relationship between the
pollutant and precipitation. Though the signifance is really low. From the linear graph it is
understandable that when the precipitation is high CO was low and when the precipitation is
low CO was high.

3.1.4 Relationship between air quality, meteorological data and covid 19 cases
Significant relationship between COVID19 cases, meterological data and air qulity data is
demonstrated in Table 3 .5. Pearson correlation for COVID19 with Precipitation, Humidity,
Temperature, Windspeed and AQI is 0.03, 0.175*, 0.01, 0.176*, and -0.335** respectively.

Page | 25
COVID19 instances were found to be substantially associated to humidity, windspeed, and
AQI. The rate of Covid19 cases is inversely proportional to humidity and wind speed. On the
other hand, it has a negative relationship with the air quality index, which implies that as air
quality improves, COVID19 decreases and vice versa.

Table 3.5: Pearson Correlation between air quality, covid19 cases and meteorology

Temperatur
Precipitatio

Windspeed
COVID19

Humidity

AQI
n

e
Pearson
1.00 0.03 .175* 0.01 .176* -.335**
Covid19 Correlation
Sig. (2-
0.71 0.02 0.94 0.02 0.00
tailed)
Pearson
0.03 1.00 .261** 0.01 .171* -.193*
Precipitation Correlation
Sig. (2-
0.71 0.00 0.86 0.03 0.01
tailed)
Pearson
.175* .261** 1.00 0.05 0.14 -.603**
Humidity Correlation
Sig. (2-
0.02 0.00 0.48 0.06 0.00
tailed)
Pearson
0.01 0.01 0.05 1.00 -0.10 -.228**
Temperature Correlation
Sig. (2-
0.94 0.86 0.48 0.21 0.00
tailed)
Pearson
.176* .171* 0.14 -0.10 1.00 -.394**
Windspeed Correlation
Sig. (2-
0.02 0.03 0.06 0.21 0.00
tailed)
AQI Pearson
-.335** -.193* -.603** -.228** -.394** 1.00
Correlation
Sig. (2- 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
tailed)

Page | 26
 N 170 170 170 170 170 170
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

3.2 Analysis for Chittagong City

3.2.1 Pollutants Concentration Vs Precipitation Rate a Time Series Graph of (6

Months)

250 250

200 200

150 150

Precipitation (mm)
PM10 µg/m3

100 100

50 50

0 0
ul

11 ct
13 n

9- p
17 p
23 l
31 l
8-A ul

19 ct
27 ct
4-N ct
16 ug

12 ov
21 n
29 n
n

25 ep
ep
24 ug
1-S g

20 ov
ov
-Ju
-J u

e
Se
u
-Ju
-Ju
-Ju

3-O
7-J

-O
-O
-O
-J
5-J

-S
-S
-A
-A

-N
-N
15

Date
PM10 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.25: PM10 VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .25 is showing the relationship between PM 10 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of PM10 was 14 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 24
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of PM 10 was 87 µg/m3
and precipitation rate was 8 mm. As a result it can be determined that because of precipitation
the concentration of PM10 decreased.

Page | 27
 200 250
180
160 200
140

Precipitation (mm)
120 150
PM2.5 µg/m3

100
80 100
60
40 50
20
0 0

11 ct

27 ct
4- ct
15 l

31 l

19 ct
13 n
21 n

16 ug
24 ug

1- g
9- p
17 ep
25 ep
ep

12 ov
23 l

8- ul
29 n
un

20 ov
ov
Ju

u
u

Se
Ju

u
u

-O
-O
-O
-J
-J
-J

S
-S
-S
-J

A
-A
-A

-N
-J
-J

-N
7-
5-

3-
Date

PM2.5 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.26: PM2.5 VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .26 is showing the relationship between PM2.5 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of PM2.5 was 6 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 24
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of PM2.5 was 70 µg/m3
and precipitation rate was 8 mm. As a result it can be determined that because of precipitation
the concentration of PM2.5 decreased.

100 250
90
80 200
70
Precipitation (mm)
60 150
O3 µg/m3

50
40 100
30
20 50
10
0 0
24 ug
ug

20 ov
ov
27 ct

4- ct
25 ep
ep

19 ct
21 n

31 l
29 n
un

16 ug

12 ov
23 l

8- l

11 ct
13 n

17 p
15 l
u
u
u
Ju
u

Se

Se
Ju

-O
-O
-O
O
-J
-J
-J

-S
-S
-A
-A

-N
-N
-J

-J
-J

N
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date

O3 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.27: O3 VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .27 is showing the relationship between O3 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of O3 was 21 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 24
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of O3 was 37 µg/m3 and

Page | 28
precipitation rate was 8 mm. As a result it can be determined that because of precipitation the
concentration of O3 decreased.

40 250

35
200

Precipitation (mm)
30
NO2 µg/m3

25 150
20

15 100

10
50
5

0 0

ug

20 ov
ov
24 ug

25 ep
ep

27 ct

4- ct
29 n

19 ct
21 n

un

12 ov
23 l

31 l

8- l
16 ug

11 ct
13 n

17 p
15 l
u

u
Ju
u

Se

Se
Ju

-O

-O
-O
O
-J
-J

-J

-S

-S

-N
-A

-A

-N
-J

-J

-J

N
A
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-
Date

NO2 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.28: NO2 VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .28 is showing the relationship between NO2 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of NO2 was 9 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 24
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of NO2 was 16 µg/m3 and
precipitation rate was 8 mm. As a result it can be determined that because of precipitation the
concentration of NO2 decreased.

16 250
14
200
12
Precipitation (mm)

10
SO2 µg/m3

150
8
6 100

4
50
2
0 0
ov
21 ug
28 ug

4- g

20 ov
18 ep
25 ep

2- p

30 ct

6- ct
19 un
26 un
un

23 ct

13 ov
17 ul
24 ul
31 ul
7- ul
14 ug

9- t
16 ct
11 p
12 un

10 l

c
Ju

e
Se

-O
-O
-O
O
O
-J
-J
-J
-J

-S
-S
-S
-A
-A
-A

-N
-N
N
-J
-J
-J

A
J

3-
5-

Date

SO2 µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.29: SO2 VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .29 is showing the relationship between SO2 and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of SO2 was 1 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 24

Page | 29
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of SO2 was 6 µg/m3 and
precipitation rate was 8 mm. As a result it can be determined that because of precipitation the
concentration of SO2 decreased.

450 250
400
350 200

Precipitation (mm)
300
150
CO µg/m3

250
200
100
150
100 50
50
0 0
24 ug
ug

20 ov
ov
19 ct

27 ct

4- t
21 n

29 n
un

25 p
ep
23 l

31 l
8- l

12 ov
16 ug

11 ct
15 l
13 n

17 p

c
u

u
Ju

e
u

Se

Se
Ju

-O

-O

-O
O
-J

-J

-J

-S

-S
-A

-A

-N

-N
-J

-J

-J

N
7-
5-

3-
1-

9-

Date

CO µg/m³ Pricipitation (mm)

Figure 3.30: CO VS Precipitation

Figure 3 .30 is showing the relationship between CO and Precipitation. From June, 2021 to
September, 2021 average concentration of CO was 122 µg/m3 and precipitation rate was 24
mm. From October, 2021 to November 2021 average concentration of CO was 258 µg/m3
and precipitation rate was 8 mm. As a result it can be determined that because of precipitation
the concentration of CO decreased.

3.2.2 Pollutant Concentration Vs Lockdown Phase

PM10 µg/m³
35

30

25

20
Axis Title

15

10

0
23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug

Axis Title

Figure 3.31: PM10 VS Lockdown Phase For Chittagong City

Page | 30
Figure 3 .18 From June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22, 2022 to August 09,2022 was
the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of PM10 was on average of 13
µg/m3. Which indicates tolerable limit.

O3 µg/m³
60

50

40
Axis Title

30

20

10

0
23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug

Axis Title

Figure 3.32: O3 VS Lockdown Phase For Chittagong City

Figure 3 .18 From June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22, 2022 to August 09,2022 was
the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of O3 was on average of 25
µg/m3 defines tolerable limit for Bangladeshi people.

NO2 µg/m³
18

16

14

12

10
Axis Title

0
23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug

Axis Title

Figure 3.33: NO2 VS Lockdown Phase For Chittagong City

Figure 3 .18 From June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22, 2022 to August 09,2022 was
the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of NO2 (µg/m3) was on average
of 8 µg/m3 indicates tolerable limit for the pople of Bangladesh.

Page | 31
 PM2.5 µg/m³
12

10

8
Axis Title

0
23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug

Axis Title

Figure 3.34: PM2.5 VS Lockdown Phase For Chittagong City

Figure 3 .18 From June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22, 2022 to August 09,2022 was
the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of PM2.5 (µg/m3) was on
average of 4 µg/m3 which is the tolerable limit.

SO2 µg/m³
3

2
Axis Title

0
23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug

Axis Title

Figure 3.35: SO2 (µg/m3) VS Lockdown Phase For Chittagong City

Figure 3 .18 From June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22, 2022 to August 09,2022 was
the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of SO2 was on average of 1
µg/m3 indicates the lowest concentration.

Page | 32
 CO µg/m³
180

160

140

120

100
Axis Title

80

60

40

20

0
23-Jun 3-Jul 13-Jul 23-Jul 2-Aug 12-Aug 22-Aug

Axis Title

Figure 3.36: CO (µg/m3) VS Lockdown Phase For Chittagong City

Figure 3 .18 From June 23, 2022 to July 13,2022 and July 22, 2022 to August 09,2022 was
the partial lockdown phase. During these times concentration of CO was on average of 120
µg/m3 from which it can be indentified that the concentration was really low and in a
tolerable limit.

3.2.3 Relationship between pollutants and Precipitation

Figure 3.37: O3 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Chittagong City

Relationship between O3 and precipitation was analyzed in Figure 3 .19. linear R2 value of
O3 Vs precipitation is 9.456E-5 µg/m3. From the R2 value it is understandable that they have
no significant relationship between them. As a result because of precipitation it has no change
in its concentration and linear graph is a straight line parallal to the X axis.

Page | 33
 Figure 3.38: NO2 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Chittagong City
The relationship between NO2 and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.15. The R 2 value
of NO2 and precipitation is 0.014 µg/m3 which indicates a positive relationship between the
pollutant and precipitation. Though the signifance is really low. From the linear graph it is
understandable that when the precipitation is high NO 2 was low and when the precipitation is
low NO2 was high.

Figure 3.39: PM2.5 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Chittagong City

The linear relationship between PM2.5 and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.16. The r
square value of PM2.5 and precipitation is 0.039 which is positive but not significant. Though
the linear graphn is showing that because of precipitation rate PM 2.5 changes. High
precipitation low concentration and low precipitation high concentration.

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 Figure 3.40: PM10 (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Chittagong City
Relationship between PM10 and precipitation was analyzed in Figure 3 .19. linear R2 value
of PM10 Vs precipitation is 0.038 µg/m3. Though the R2 value of PM10 and Precipitaiton is
positive but the linear graph showed that if precipitation is low PM 10 is High and if the
precipitation is high PM10 is low.

Figure 3.41: CO (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Chittagong City

The linear relationship between SO2 and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.16. The r
square value of SO2 and precipitation is 0.027 which is positive but not significant. Though
the linear graphn is showing that because of precipitation rate SO2 changes. High
precipitation low concentration and low precipitation high concentration of SO2.

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 Figure 3.42: CO (µg/m3) VS Precipitation (mm) For Chittagong City
The relationship between CO and precipitation is demonstrated in figure 3.15. The R2 value
of CO and precipitation is 0.016 µg/m3 which indicates a positive relationship between the
pollutant and precipitation. Though the signifance is really low. From the linear graph it is
understandable that when the precipitation is high CO was low and when the precipitation is
low CO was high.

3.2.4 Relationship between COVID19 cases, meteorological data and Air Quality
Significant relationship between COVID19 cases, meterological data and air qulity data is
demonstrated in Table 3.1. Pearson correlation for COVID19 with Precipitation, Humidity,
Temperature, Windspeed and AQI is 0.03, 0.175*, 0.01, 0.176*, and -0.335** respectively.
Where COVID19 cases was significantly correlated with humidity, windspeed and AQI.
Covid19 cases rate has positive relation with humidity and wind speed. It has a negative
relationship with the air quality index, meaning that as air quality improved, COVID19
declined, and conversely, as air quality deteriorated, COVID19 increased.

Table 3.6: Pearson Correlation between air quality, covid19 cases and meteorology
Temperatur
Precipitatio

Windspeed
Humidity
Covid19

AQI
n

Pearson
1.00 .178* .271** 0.14 .208** -.366**
Correlation
Covid19
Sig. (2-
0.02 0.00 0.08 0.01 0.00
tailed)
Precipitation Pearson .178* 1.00 .279** -0.05 .229** -.214**

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 Correlation
Sig. (2-
0.02 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00
tailed)
Pearson
.271** .279** 1.00 0.04 0.05 -.521**
Correlation
Humidity
Sig. (2-
0.00 0.00 0.58 0.49 0.00
tailed)
Pearson
0.14 -0.05 0.04 1.00 -0.11 -.307**
Correlation
Temperature
Sig. (2-
0.08 0.50 0.58 0.16 0.00
tailed)
Pearson
.208** .229** 0.05 -0.11 1.00 -0.07
Correlation
Windspeed
Sig. (2-
0.01 0.00 0.49 0.16 0.36
tailed)
Pearson
-.366** -.214** -.521** -.307** -0.07 1.00
Correlation
AQI Sig. (2-
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36
tailed)
N 170 170 170 170 170 170
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
.

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 4. CONCLUSION

The analysis for the pre-, during-, and post-lockdown phases yielded some significant results.
During the lockdown phase, the air quality was really pleasant, as illustrated in the diagram.
PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO levels were all within acceptable limits. Despite the fact
that the air quality was heavily contaminated with CO and O3, Prior to the lockdown, air
quality was satisfactory due to precipitation. During Eid-ul-Azha, however, the government
lifts the lockdown. Even though there was moderate precipitation, pollution concentrations
rose during this time. This indicates that there was a lot of movement and was a lot of traffic.
After August 09, 2021, when the lockdown phase was fully lifted the industrial, construction,
and social work sectors were able to resume normal operations. From the end of September
and the beginning of the November air quality decreased as it was before during nomal phase
before covid 19 lockdown. According to data from DOE and ACCUWEATHER, the average
air quality was unhealthy. That is, it has a long-lasting influence on people's bodies. To
determine the association between precipitation and pollutants, regression analysis was used.
Except for O3, all pollutants in this study, PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, and CO, have a
relationship with precipitation. Their concentration changes as a result of the presipitation. It
was determined from the air quality, meteorological, and covid 19 case data table that covid
19 has a negative connection with AQI, implying that air quality has no effect on covid 19
infaction rate. Although covid 19 correlates positively with precipitation, humidity, and wind
speed. Which suggests that these meteorological factors have an effect on the rate of covid19
infection. Overall, this study requires additional examination, based on primary data, because
it cannot be easily concluded whether or not there is an effect of air quality on covid19
instances and lung disorders.

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