Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LPT 0
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
MODULAR
APPROACH
UNDERSTANDING
the SELF
GENERAL EDUCATION 2
Tiwi Albay
COURSE OVERVIEW
1
Appendix A no. 1
2
Taken from the description of GE Core Courses
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 2
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This module covers the very “nature of self-identity, the factors, and forces that
affect the whole self.”2 With this, the course is intended to; a) define self, unpacking the
self, and managing the self. Thus the course will use various interdisciplinary
perspectives in terms of a) physiological; b) theological; c) sociological; d) philosophical;
and e) anthropological aspect of man as you strive to perfectly understand the self. This
module includes the mandatory topics on Family Planning and Population Education
as part of this curriculum.3
COURSE OUTLINE
MODULE PART 1: DEFINING THE SELF: PERSONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL
PERSPECTIVES ON SELF AND IDENTITY
COURSE SYLLABUS
Course Title: Understanding the Self
Course Description: The course deals with the nature of identity, as well as the
factors and forces that affect the development and
maintenance of personal identity.
I. Preliminary Term
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
In this module, I deeply encourage you to complete your requirements for you to
pass in this course.
3. Suggested reading materials for supplemental reading for further discussions and
for widening your understanding
COURSE METHODS
This module uses the ACES teaching approach. It follows the logical sequencing
of learning activities from the mood – setting activity to closing activity as shown
below:
As your teacher, I am just the guide and facilitator of this course. I shall lead you
by giving instructions and supervising the procedures. Since the primary subject
matter is your SELF, the success of the module depends on your participation and
cooperation in this modular approach.
For your guidance as on how I computed your grades as an assessment, I divided into
three main areas for each term, namely:
Glossary 1
Key Concepts/ terms in this module that you need to be remember.
Ego It is the “I” part of the individual that gives him/her sense of his/her
own identity. It is also the rational part of the personality.
Environment The sum total of the forces or experiences that a person undergoes from
conception to old age. It is known as nurture.
Fertilization Refers to the meeting of the female and male sex cell.
Gender One of those loci of the self that is subject to alteration, change, and
development.
Moral Refers to the judgments people make about courses of action are correct
reasoning or incorrect in particular situations. Reasons influence moral
development.
Nurture The sum total of the forces that a person undergoes from conception to
old age.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 7
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Personality Refers to the set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving that makes a
person different from other people.
Self Carl Rogers regards this as humanistic and more on recognizing human
potential for psychology growth. It is made up of many self-
perceptions, abilities, and personality characteristics that are organized
and consistent with one another.
REFERENCES 1
1. Alata, Eden Joy Pastor et al. Understanding the self. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
2018. pp. 125City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. 2018.
2. Arcega, Analiza F. et al. Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E publication,
Inc. 2018.
3. Compiled Readings for Clinical Pastoral Education [CPE] by Sr. Marie Therese S.
Yusay, SPC. 2008.
6. Sanchez, Custodiosa A., et al. General Psychology. Fourth Ed. Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc., 2005.
COURSE GUIDE
The very key for you to finish this modular approach lies in your hands. This
module is exactly designed for you to develop your diligence, independence, and
intelligence. As would-be-teacher, this approach is a great help for you to be innovative
and creative, and prepare you to become a great teacher. Aside from meeting all the
contents and performance standards of this course in accomplishing the given activities,
you will be able to develop invaluable learning strategies that lead you to be a
responsible person. The following guides and house rules will help you to be on the
right track.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 9
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
1. Schedules and time management in reading and understanding every part of the
module is so essential and a great help. If in case you do not understand the ideas,
theories, or principles, kindly read it over and over again. If you do not understand the
lesson, you may ask the assistance of your para-teacher such as your parents, elder
siblings, and other significant adult or friends to enlighten and help you. However, if
you do all those things that I have mentioned already, but still you do not understand
the topic, you may personally chat with me to lead you to the right track of the lesson.
2. Study well how to do and manage your activities of this module. In lieu of this,
diligence is my advice. You need to avoid procrastination. The mentality of saying “saka
na iyan…” “mamaya nayan..” and “sa aga naan!” will not help you to fulfill your
responsibility in this course.
3. Always remember, before you answer the “self-assessment test” kindly read and
ponder well and understand the readings. Do not jump directly to the activities.
4. Again if you see a note to research and read what is in the link, do it promptly.
However, if you do not understand the supplemental readings, you need to re-read and
focus. If this will not work again, chat me, even free data, so that I can explain to you
the lessons.
5. I have a warning for you. Do not make a low standard in doing your journal,
worksheets, analysis, and reflection paper just for the sake of submission. Always target
the highest standards in doing your assigned task. I know you can do it well!
6. Again, I have a warning for you. Avoid plagiarism! Learned to acknowledge the
source/s. Why? We need to respect the intellectual property and to avoid any penalty.
7. Do not miss to accomplish every activity and worksheets because I will record all
those things. For you to be guided, kindly refer to the “Students Study Schedule” for
you to be updated and reminded regarding your task. Always put this in your mind,
you are the main agent and I am only a recorder of your grades. Hence, I do not make
any magical power for this matter.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 10
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
8. One week before the end of each term (Prelim, Midterm, and Final), you will be
tasked to send back through correspondence the accomplished worksheets, quizzes,
long test, activities and more, in a long brown envelop with your name.
9. Since the subject refers to “Understanding the Self,” I do hope that in this course
you will become a mature person by doing it diligently, intellectually, and
independently with deep responsibility and passion for learning.
10. Finally, you are the learner; therefore, you do the module on your own, your
para-teacher at home will support you but the activities must be done by you. As TCC
students, we need to demonstrate our core values, mission, vision, and institutional
outcomes.
Unit test…………………………………………………….August__
Unit test…………………………………………………….November___
Unit test…………………………………………….………November __
Bonifacio Day………………………………………………November 30
Evaluation
1. Read all the required reading materials like the supplementary readings and
answer the self-assessment activities, quizzes, journals, and reflection questions.
2. Follow the submission date (for prelim, midterm, and finals) to send back
through correspondence the accomplished worksheets, quizzes, long tests,
activities, and journals in a long brown envelop with your name.
3. Do the prelim, midterm, and final examinations
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 20
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
The most challenging and exciting phase is your college life. It is a new
adventure that everyone looks forward to. It is a world different from your elementary
as well as junior and senior high schools. Since you are in your freshman year in TCC,
everything – including this subject is new to you.
1. Memorize the vision and mission, and core values of the school
2. Explain the program and the TCC‟s vision-mission statements and objectives
3. Demonstrate self-understanding and self-acceptance
Do you know yourself? Ask yourself these inquiries. Then, answer the
following questions about yourself as precisely as you can about the school.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 21
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Where you able to answer the question posted above? If so, then, answer these
reflective questions:
1. How are you going to live the Mission, Vision, and Core Values at home?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. How are you going to relate the course to the Vision, Mission, and Core Values
respectively?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 22
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
ABSTRACTION
In college, you are expected to do something for the whole community and even
at home. You are now a freshman student. Can you identify the things that you expect
to do for the community and for the school?
*Note: for further readings please refer to the TCC Student Handbook page 1 - 9 (This
is referring to the school Mission, Vision, and Core Values.)
a. Your Name
b. Your positive attribute that begins with the first letter of your surname (E.g.
Cierva – Courageous)
c. The school where you came from
d. Your reason for studying in this college institution
e. Your feeling to be in this course
Our names represent who you are. Your name signifies you. However, the name
is not the person itself no matter how intimately bound it is with the bearer. It is only a
signifier. Self is thought to be more than the name. Self is something that a person
perennially molds, shapes, and develops. The self is not static.
Find the song “Who I am?” by Casting Crowns on the internet. Also,
reflect on the song‟s lyrics. Then, answer the questions:
5. What are the biggest and most important things you have learned in life so far?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Find a mirror then look at yourself and answer the following reflective questions.
1. How can you describe yourself in just a single word according to your
perspective or point of view? “I am _________________.”
2. What aspect of yourself do you believe you have to improve? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Can one truly know the self? How?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACTION
Socrates is interested in the nature of man. He was the first philosopher who
employs systematic questioning about self. “Every man is composed of body and soul.”
– i. e. dualism [i.e. Man is composed of two important aspects of his/her personhood]
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 25
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Socrates considered a man from the standpoint of his inner life. The well-known
life of Socrates tells each man to bring his inner self to light. A bad man is not virtuous
through ignorance. Virtue is the deepest and most basic propensity [strong natural
tendency to do something] of man. Knowing one‟s own virtue is necessary and can be
acquired or learned. Since virtue is innate in the mind and self-knowledge is the source
of all wisdom, an individual may gain possession of oneself and be one‟s own master
through self-knowledge.
Socrates affirmed that the unexamined life is not worth living, with this; Plato
claimed this notion in his dialogues. Plato basically took off from his master and
supported the idea that man is by nature as dual. He added that there are components
of the soul: a] rational soul; b] spiritual soul; and c] appetitive soul.
In the book, “The Republic,” Plato emphasized that justice in the human person
can only be achieved if the three parts of the soul are working harmoniously with each
other. The rational soul forged/ copied by reason and intellect that govern the affairs of
the human person; the spiritual soul which in charge of emotions; and appetitive soul in
charge of base desires.[1]
Therefore, the human person‟s soul becomes just and virtues when this ideal
state is reached. To make it simple, a man was all-knowing before he came to be born
into this world. In concrete terms, man must imitate his former self; he should live a life
of virtue in which true human perfection exists.
“Love in fact is one of the links between the sensible and the eternal world.” - Plato
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 26
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Descartes conceived man as having a body and a mind. He claimed that there is
so much that we should doubt since much of what we think and believe is not true.
Rene thought that the only thing that one cannot doubt is the reality of the self, for even
if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a “doubting” self, a being that thinks
and therefore, that cannot be doubted.
The self then for Descartes is also a mixture of two distinct entities, the COGITO,
the thing that thinks, which is the mind, and the EXTENZA of the mind, which is the
body, ie. like a machine that is attached to the mind.[2]
The body of the human person does not make a man a man; instead, that is the
mind. Descartes posted a question: “What then am I?” A thinking being – that doubts,
understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, imagines, and perceives.
To sum, the mind and the body are independent of each other and serve their
own purpose, man must use his own mind and thinking abilities to investigate, analyze,
experiment, and develop himself/ herself.
Hume postulates that self is nothing else but “a bundle of impressions.” What
are the impressions? David Hume categorized all into two: 1) impressions and 2) ideas.
The first one is the basic objects of our experience or sensation. So, it forms the core of
our thoughts. For instance, when one touches rock, the hardness sensation is a direct
experience which is an impression.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 27
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
On the contrary, Ideas are replicas of our impressions. Because of this, they are
not as lively and clear as our impressions. For example, the feeling of being broken-
hearted for the first time that is a clear idea. So, what is the self? According to Hume,
the self is “a bundle or collection of various perceptions, which succeed each other with
an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement.” (Hume and
Streinberg, 1992). Thus, the self is simply a collection or compilation of all our
experiences with a particular being.
Kantian ethics presents that every man is an end in himself and should never be
treated merely as a means or object. With this notion, it follows the plain dictum on
reason and justice: Respetuhun mo an iba, siring sa pagrespeto sa sadiri mo.
You must not use others as “kasankapan” for the sake of achieving your private
goals or end. Hence, respect other's basic rights and equality.
For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior that a person exhibits in his
everyday life. With this, Ryle says that self is not an entity one can easily locate and
analyze but rather simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all the
behaviors that people create.
Merleau-Ponty: Phenomenologist
He insisted that the body and mind are connected from one another. One cannot
find any experience that is not an embodied experience. All experience is embodied.[3]
One‟s body is his opening toward his existence to the world. Because of these bodies,
men are in the world. He dismisses the Cartesian Dualism. For him, the Cartesian
problem is nothing but plain misunderstanding. The living body, his thoughts,
emotions, and experiences are all one.
“God created man in His image; in the divine image He created him; male and
female He created them. God blessed them, saying, „Be fertile and multiply; fill the
earth and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, the birds in the air, and all
the living things that move on the earth.” Gen. 1:24-28
Thus, it is right to say that the self is the “multi-bejeweled crown of creation” –
the many gems thereof representing and radiating the glorious facets of man‟s self that
include the physical, intellectual, moral, religious, social, political, economic, emotional,
sentient, aesthetic, sensual, and sexual aspects.[4]
Augustine‟s view of the human person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval
world. Augustine combined platonic ideas into the perspective of Christianity.
He believed that a virtuous life is the dynamism of love. Loving God means
loving one‟s fellowmen; and loving one‟s fellowmen denotes never doing any harm to
another and this the reflection of true justice.
“An sakong puso dai matutuninong sagkod na Ika mapasapuso ko.” – Augustine
Unlike Augustine, Aquinas adopted some ideas from Aristotle. Aquinas said that
indeed, man is composed of two main parts: matter and form. Matter (hyle) refers to the
common stuff that makes up everything in the universe; and Forms (morphe) refers to
the essence of the substance of things. It is what makes it what it is.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 29
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
In the case of the human person, the body of man is something that he shares
even with animals. What makes a human person a human person is his very essence.
Like Aristotle, the soul is what animates the human body; it is what makes us humans.
Freud asserts that the human psyche [personality] is structured into three main
parts. These structures – ID [internal desires], EGO [reality], and SUPEREGO
[conscience] – all these develop at various stages in the life of a person.
Erikson is primarily concerned with how both psychological and social factors
affect the development of individuals. He formulated 8 major stages of development of
the human person, each posing a unique developmental task and simultaneously
presenting the individual with a crisis that s/he must overcome.
SUMMARY
aspects. It is significant for you to explore yourself and not limit your understanding to
those that are just given to you.
APPLICATION
Write an essay about anything that you wish to submit about yourself. (You may use
these following suggested topics)
a. Me as I see me
b. How other people see me
c. How I would like other people to see me
In your own words, state what “self” is for each of the following
philosophers. After doing so, explain how your concept of self is compatible with how
they conceived of the “self”.
Augustine: _____________________________________________________________
Aquinas: ______________________________________________________________
Descartes:_____________________________________________________________
Hume: ________________________________________________________________
Kant: ________________________________________________________________
Ryle: _________________________________________________________________
Self has been debated across time and history. With the advent of social sciences,
the nature of the self became possible for new ways and paradigms to reexamine the
true nature of the self.
There are two components of the human person that the thinkers believed. It is
the relationship between the self and the external world. What is the relationship
between the external world and the self?
3. Interpret how the self can be influenced by the different institutions in the
society; and
4. Examine one‟s self against the different views of self that were discussed
You are going to paste a picture of you when you were in daycare, elementary, in
high school both junior and senior high, and now that you are in TCC. Below each
picture lists down the characteristics that you remember on those different stages
Let‟s have an analysis after having to examine yourself in its different stages,
fill out the table below:
ABSTRACTION
*SEPARATE* - It refers to the distinction from the other-selves. So, the self is unique
and possesses a personal identity. It follows that one cannot be another person.
*SELF-CONTAINED & INDEPENDENT* - It does not require any other self for it to be.
*CONSISTENT* - It is because the self has a personality that is enduring and persistent
for quite some time.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 34
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
UNITARY* - The self is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a
certain person it is like the chief command post in an individual where all processes,
emotions, and thoughts converge.
*PRIVATE*- This last characteristic of the self suggests that the self is isolated from the
external reality.
From this perspective: the concern of this lesson is to understand the vibrant
relationship between the self and the external reality. This is called the social
constructionist perspective which argues for a merged view of the person and their
social context where the boundaries of one cannot easily be separated from the
boundaries of the other. (Stevens, 1996)
Social constructionists argued that self is dynamic. The self has to be seen as
something that is in unceasing flux and is flexible in its dealings with society.
It means a person can change and adjust his behaviors, ways, and even language
depending on his social context. This is normal, acceptable, and expected. The self is
capable of morphing and fitting itself into various circumstances it finds itself in.
According to Marcel Mauss, a French anthropologist, every self has two faces:
personne and moi. The moi - refers to a person's sense of who he is, his body, and his
basic identity, or his biological governess. While, personne - has much to do with what
it means to live in a particular institution, a particular family, a particular religion, a
particular nationality, and how to behave given expectations and influences from
others. To make it short, moi is a person's basic identity; while, personne is composed of
the social concepts of what it means to be who he is.
Mead & Vygotsky believed that without a biological family and sociological
aspect, a person may not even survive or became a human person.
For the social sciences and the self, it is essential to give one the freedom to find,
express, and live his own identity. To illustrate, our gender partly determines how we
see ourselves in the world. Often, society forces a particular identity unto us depending
on our biological sex and /or gender.
Both Vygotsky and Mead treated the human mind as something that is made
constituted through language as experienced in the external world and as encountered
in dialogs with others. A young child internalized values, norms, practices, and social
beliefs and more through exposure to these dialogs that will eventually become part of
his world. VYGOTSKY, for this part a child internalizes real-life dialogs that he has had
with others, with his family, his primary caregiver or his playmates.
Self in Families
Distant from the anthropological and psychological basis for the relationship
between the self and the social world, the sociological likewise struggled to understand
the real connection between the two concepts. In doing so, sociologists focus on the
different institutions in power at play in society. Among these the most prominent is
the family. GENDER has to be personally discovered and asserted and not dictated by
culture and society.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 36
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
APPLICATION
Using a diagram, you are going to present your relationship to society and culture.
Society Culture
SELF
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
Answer the following questions concisely and honestly. Write your answer in the
space provided below.
What social pressures help shape yourself? Would you have wanted it otherwise?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 37
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
What aspect of your self do you think maybe changed or you would like to change?
Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
Form the previous unit, different social sciences have their own research,
definition, and conceptualization of self and identity. The trend of the lessons also
seems to define the concept of the "self" from a larger context (i. e; culture and society)
down to the individual.
This unit provides you an overview of the themes of psychology regarding the
self-concept.
The activity has two main parts try to compare how you look at yourselves
against how people perceive you depending on how you present yourselves to them.
For part one, list 5 qualities or things that you think define whom you are around the
happy face representing you.
For the part 2, in the space below, write “I am __________ (your name). Who do
you think based on what you see me do or hear me say? Give this paper to other (para-
teachers), within 2 minutes. Do not use any bad words and do not write your name.
Compare what you have written about yourself to those written by others
(para-teachers). What aspects are so similar and which are not? What aspects are always
true to you? What aspect is something true or based on circumstances? What aspects do
you think are not part of your personality? Write your answer on the box provided.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 39
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
ABSTRACTION
The statement "I am who I am" gives us beg queries to our minds. "If you are
who you are, then who are you that makes you who you are?"
William James (1890) conceptualized the self as having two aspects the "I" and
the "me". The "I" is the thinking, acting, and feeling self (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisburg
2011; Hogg, and Vaughan 2010). The "me" on the other hand, is the physical
characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that make who you are (Gleitman,
Gross, and Reisburg 2011; Hogg and Vaughan 2010). Carl Rogers's (1959) theory of
personality also used the same terms, the "I" as the one who acts and decides while the
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 40
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
"me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object (Gleitman, Gross and
Reisburg 2011).
Nationality
As you grow and adapt to the changes around you, they also change, but they
are not passive receivers but instead, they actively shape and affect how you see, think,
and feel about the world or things.
These theories generally see the self and identity as a mental construct created
and recreated in memory (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith 2012). Based on current
researches, they pointed out that the frontal lobe of the brain is associated with the
processes concerning the self.
Sigmund Freud, a psychologist, basically saw the self its mental processes and
one's behavior as the product of the interaction between the ID, EGO, and the
SUPEREGO.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 41
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
As mentioned already, the definitions of the self, social interaction has a part to
play in whom you think you are. This is not nature vs. nurture but rather a nature--and-
-nurture perspective.
Three reasons why self and identity are social products: firstly, you do not create
yourselves out of anything; secondly, you need others to affirm and reinforce whom
you think you are, you also need them as reference points about your identity; lastly,
what you think is important in your social or historical context.
Two types of self that we can be aware of: the private self or your internal
standards and private thoughts and feelings. The public self or your public image
commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others (Hogg and
Vaughan 2010)
Our group identity and self-awareness have a great impact on our self-esteem,
one of the common concepts associated with the "self". It defines our own positive or
negative perception or evaluation of ourselves (Jhangiani, And Tarry 2014; Gleitman,
Gross, and Reisberg 2011).
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 42
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Social comparison is one of how our social relationship affects our self-esteem.
Based on social comparison theory, you learn about yourselves, the appropriateness of
your behaviors, by comparing aspects of yourselves with other people (Jhangiani, and
Tarry 2014; Hogg and Vaughan 2010).
While the UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON is comparing you with those who
are better off than you (Jhangiani, and Tarry 2014). Well, it can be a form of motivation
for some, but a lot of those who do this comparison felt lower self-esteem as they
highlight more of their weakness.
In this case, you usually react in three ways: FIRST, you distance yourselves from
that person or redefine your relationship with that person; SECOND, you may
reconsider the importance of the skill in which you were outperformed in some areas;
and LASTLY, you may strengthen your resolve to improve that certain aspect of
yourselves.
APPLICATION
Research and list 3 major things to boost your self-concept or self- esteem. Cite
the sources. Analyze which of those tips are more likely to do backfire and make
someone conceited or narcissistic and revise them to make the statements both helpful
to the individual as well as society in general.
Eastern and western countries have different perceptions of the self. In this unit,
we are going to show the dichotomy on self.
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 44
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
According to your personal observation, write the top three differences b/w
western (Europe and America) and Eastern (Asians) society, culture, and individual in
the table below. Cite your sources.
WESTERN EASTERN
MIGUEL C. CIERVA JR. LPT 45
UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Do you agree with your differentiation b/w Western and Eastern? Where
can you find the Philippines in the distinction? What factors make the Philippines
similar or different from other Asian countries? Are there a dissimilarity b/w regions or
ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines setting? Write your answer on the space
provided below.
ABSTRACTION
The perspectives of each culture and country about the concept of “self” can be
analyzed in many ways. In this lesson, we will look at religious beliefs and political
philosophies that greatly influenced the mindset of each country or culture.
Secondly, Taoism is a philosophy that was founded by Lao Tzu. Taoism is living
in the way of the Tao (Universe). On the contrary to Confucianism, they rejected the
hierarchy and strictness. They prefer to live a simple life. They argued that self is not an
extension of family or community but rather self is part of the tao. For this belief, the
ideal self is selflessness, not forgetting about the self, rather it is living balanced-about
prejudices and egocentric ideas and thinking about equality as well as complementarily
among humans as well as other beings (Ho 1995).
Thirdly, Buddhism believed that self is seen as mere illusion, born out of
ignorance, or human centeredness; therefore, the self is the source of all sufferings. Life
is full of suffering and it is made up of a cycle of birth, decay, illness, death. It is
therefore our quest to forget about the self, forget the craving of the self, break the
attachments you have with the world, and renounce the self w/c is the cause of
suffering and in doing so, attain the state of nirvana. Nirvana (liberation)-blowing out
the flames of desire.
Western Self focuses on individualistic self. You compare to be better. Then, you
put primacy on developing yourself.
Eastern roots are from Asia. It is collectivist in culture. It is all about 'We'. Drawn
on people's actions and thought as one. Trying to get rid of the false 'me' concept and
find meaning in discovering the true 'me'. Life is all about unity. The inner self must be
freed from self-centeredness or self-attachment.
APPLICATION
Option 1: Make a mandala artwork that represents yourself. Then, put your explanation
at the back of the mandala.
Option 2: Create a concept map of the SELF according to Filipino culture. Provide a
brief explanation of your output. You can also cite books or researches about Filipino
culture, self and identity to further elaborate on the topic.
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Fill out the table by listing the common secondary sexual male and female
characteristics.
Watch the video titled “The Miracle of Life” by RenderingCG on Youtube. Fill
out the text below as you are watching. If you miss something, get back to it after
viewing the short film.
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1. The egg travels through the ___________________ after being released from the
___________.
2. The fertilized egg contains _______ from both parents.
3. The egg is surrounded by a cloud of _______________________.
4. These hairs, called _______________, move the egg along towards the uterus.
5. It takes the egg ______ days to travel ____ inches along the fallopian tube.
6. The egg must join with a sperm within ______ hours in order for conception to
take place. If no sperm is present, the egg ________________.
1. Nearly ______ % of the sperm will die almost immediately after entering the
woman‟s body.
2. Sperm will remain viable (able to survive) only for ____ to ____ hours.
3. The sperm has one goal: ___________________________________
4. There are many barriers (things to overcome) for a sperm to reach the egg. Some
of these include:
a. ____________________________ d.__________________________
b. ____________________________ e. _________________________
c. _____________________________
1. The fallopian tube has _______ openings; one leads to the _________ and the other
to the _____________.
2. Of the 200 million sperms that enter, only about _______ ever reach the egg.
3. Only ______ sperm will enter and fertilize the egg.
4. Once inside the egg, the sperm undergoes a big change, it __________________.
5. The genetic material is released from the ________________________.
6. Within ______ hours, the new cell begins to divide.
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ABSTRACTION
The gonads begin to form until about the eight weeks of embryonic development
explained by Marieb, E.N. (2001). The embryonic structures of males and females
during the early stages of human development are alike and are said to be in an
indifferent stage. When the reproductive structures have formed the development of
the accessory structures and external genitalia begins. [See the miracles of life - video
clip]
Beginning of life
Life begins at fertilization. It is the meeting of the female sex cell and the male sex
cell. These sex cells are developed in the reproductive organs called GONADS. The
male sex cell called spermatozoa [sing. –zoon] is produced in the male gonads called
testes. On the other hand, the female sex cells called ova are produced in the female
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gonads known as ovaries. The fertilized egg cell known as zygote contains all the
hereditary potentials from the parents. This zygote goes to the uterus and continues to
grow during the gestation period of about 280 days or 36 weeks or 9 calendar months.
Both male and female chromosomes contain several thousands of genes – called
deoxyribonucleic acid which is the code of heredity. Maturation is the unfolding of the
inherent traits.
Human Development
Human anatomy
Puberty is the period of life when the reproductive organs grow to their adult
size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones
[testosterone in male and estrogen in female] and generally between the age of 10-15
years old.
At the age of 13, male puberty is characterized by an increase in the size of the
reproductive organs followed by the appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary, and
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
face. The reproductive organs continue to grow for two years until sexual maturation is
marked by the presence of mature semen in the testes.
For the female, the budding of their breasts usually occurring at the age of 11 as a
sign of their puberty stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period of females which
happens two years after the start of puberty. Hormones play an important role in the
regulation of ovulation and fertility of females
Two interacting forces that develop the individual: heredity and environment.
Heredity [nature] is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring it provides the
raw materials of which the individual is made up. While the environment [nurture] is
the sum total of the forces or experiences that a person undergoes from conception to
old age. It includes family, friends, school, nutrition, and other agencies one is in
contact with.
Infections are the most common problems associated with the reproductive
system in adult age.
Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women and those
whose resistance to diseases is low, like, Escherichia coli which spread through the
digestive tract, the sexually transmitted microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea
and herpes virus and yeast fungus.
Pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility are also the effects of vaginal infections.
For males, the most common inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, STD, Orchiditis.
The major threat to reproductive organs is Neoplasms, tumors of the breast and
cervix cancers in adult females and prostates cancer in adult males.
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Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive abilities in their late 20‟s, i.e.
irregular ovulation and shorter menstrual periods – menopausal period.
The production of estrogen may continue after menopause but the ovaries finally
stop functioning as endocrine organs. The reproductive organ and breast begin to
atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer released from the body. With this case, the
vaginal becomes dry that causes intercourse to become painful if frequent and vaginal
infections become increasingly common.
Note: there is no counterpart for menopause in males. Although aging men show
a steady decline in the testosterone section, their reproductive capability seems
unending. Healthy men are still able to father offspring well into their 80‟ and beyond.
Erogenous zones
It refers to the part of the body that is primarily receptive and increase sexual
arousal when touched sexually. Examples: mouth, breast, genitals, anus. However,
erogenous zones may vary from one person to another. Some people may desire and
enjoy being touched in a certain area more than the other area, like, neck, thighs,
abdomen, and feet.
Solitary behavior
This is common for males but becomes less frequent or is abandoned when socio-
sexual activity is available.
Nowadays, humans are frequently being exposed to sexual stimuli esp. from
advertising and social media. Some adolescents become so much aggressive when they
respond to such stimuli.
Socio-sexual behavior
It is the greatest amount of socio-sexual behavior that occurs b/w only one male
and one female. This usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by curiosity,
such as showing or examining genitalia.
Petting differs from hugging, kissing, and generalized caresses of the clothed
body to produce stimulation of the genitals. This is done due to affection as a source of
pleasure, preliminary to coitus [this is an insertion of the male reproductive organ into
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
female organ]. This is regarded as an important aspect of selecting a partner but also a
way of learning how to interact with another person sexually.
The sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or phases when sexual
activity is continued.
3. Sexual climax = a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, and rapid increase in pulse rate
and blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the
female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male that last only for few seconds
normally not over ten.
The nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response. The
autonomic system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses.
The efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit the sensory messages to the brain to
create stimulus and later initiating a sexual response. The brain will interpret the
sensory message and dictate what will be the immediate and appropriate response of
the body. The muscles contract in response to the signal coming from the motor nerve
fibers while glad secretes their respective product. So, sexual response is dependent on
the activity of the nervous system.
Apart from brain-controlled sexual responses is the reflex. This reflex is mediated
by the lower spinal cord that leads to erection and ejaculation for males, vaginal
discharges, and lubricants for females when the genital areas are stimulated. But still,
the brain can overrule and suppress such reflex activity, when the sexual response is
socially inappropriate.
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Sexual problems
1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphilis
4. Chancroid
5. Human Papillomavirus
6. Herpes simplex virus
7. Trichomonas vaginalis
1. Abstinence
2. Calendar method
5. Symptothermal method
6. Ovulation detection
7. Coitus interruptus
1. Oral contraceptive
2. Transdermal patch
3. Vaginal ring
4. Subdermal implants
5. Hormonal injections
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6. Intrauterine device
7. Chemical barriers
8. Diaphragm
9. Cervical cap
10. Male condoms
11. Female condoms
12. Surgical methods (vasectomy and ligation)
APPLICATION
1. Make a slogan that will raise the awareness of the college students and help
eliminate sexually transmitted diseases especially among the youth.
Agree or Disagree. Are you in favor of legalizing marriage among LGBTQ+? Why?
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We cannot deny that we live in a world of sale and shopping. We can find promotions
of product purchase everywhere in the digital space. Many product advertisements are
suggestive of making us feel better or look good in the appearance. Part of our being is
to acquire a different product. Thus, it is true that what makes us want to have those
products are connected with who we are. What we have and possess is related to our
self.
Belk stated that what we have and what we possess is part of our selves. There is a
direct link between self-identity with what we have and possess.
In this activity, make a list of what you have found inside your
school bag and write as many as you want.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Which among the items on your list do you like the most? Why?
3. If ever you were given the change in real life to have one among the list, which
would you choose? Why?
ABSTRACTION
According to William James, the material self is primarily about: our bodies;
clothes; immediate family; home.
HOME
Immediate Family
Clothes
Body
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1. The innermost part of the material self is the body. You are directly attached to
this that you cannot live without it. You strive hard to make sure that this “body”
operates well and good. For example, is Mariah Carey, she was reported in public to
have placed a huge amount for the insurance of her vocal cords and legs.
2. William James believed that an essential part of the material self is clothing
that was being influenced by “the philosophy of dress” by Herman Lotze. Lotze
postulated in his book that any time you bring and put an abject into the surface of your
body, you invest a lot that objects into any consciousness of your existence taking in its
contours to be your own and making it part of the self. In short, clothes affect yourself.
3. Immediate Family is the third in this hierarchy. What your parents and
siblings do or became affects you. In a concrete sense, when an immediate family
member dies, part of you dies, too. When their lives are in success, you also feel their
victories as if you are the one holding the bacon and so on.
4. Home is the last and fourth component of material self in this hierarchy. There
is an old saying, “home is where your heart is.” It is regarded as the earliest nest of your
selfhood. Your experience inside the home was recorded and marked on particular
parts of yourself. It says, “if only walls can speak”. The home thus is part of an
extension of the self, because, in it, you can directly connect yourself.
Russel Belk (1988) posits that “… we regard our possessions as part of our selves.
We are what we have and what we possess.” Hence, the possessions that we dearly
have tell something about who we are, our self-concept, our past, and even our future.
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APPLICATION
1. Make a reflection paper about the material self in your journal notebook. If in
case you don‟t have still the journal notebook, use the space provided below for
your reflection.
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From the activity given, how these experiences affect your belief in
God about yourself? Write your answer on the box provided.
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ABSTRACTION
Religion
Rebecca Stein (Stein 2011) works defined religion "as a set of beliefs and practices
that usually includes some or all of basic characteristics. These
characteristics are the following:
Religion is everywhere. The choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self
although the choice may be influenced by the particular society and culture.
all known societies. Hence, it is possible to view the ritual as a way of defining or
describing humans.
The self can be described as a ritual being who exhibits a striking parallel
between their ritual and verbal behavior. With this, language is a system of symbols
that is based upon arbitrary rules; while ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic
acts that are based upon arbitrary rules. Thus, participation in rituals is the expression
of religious beliefs.
Here are different religions with diverse beliefs and practices. (Excerpt of some
religious beliefs and practices are found in the University of London's Religion and
Belief Guide 2017.)
Buddhism
Core beliefs
Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of roses. Instead, there are suffering,
pain, and frustrations in life. When people suffer, they want to experience the goodness
of life and avoid disappointments. This becomes a habit known as the reactive cycle of
wanting and hating and like and dislike. Through the practice of mediation, this
reactive cycle can be broken by acquiring more wisdom and deeper understanding, and
acceptance of things as they are.
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Samantha and Vipassana are the two types of meditation practices by the
Buddhist. The Samatha is practiced as mindfulness of breathing and development of
loving-kindness. Vipassana practices aim to develop insight into reality. Through a
reflection on Dharma, Buddhist can achieve a deeper understanding of life. With this,
Buddhists believe in the non-violence principle.
Some major Buddhist celebrations are Parinirvana Day in February; Buddha Day
(Wesak) in May; Dharma Day in July; Padmasambhava Day in October; and Sangha
Day in November.
CHRISTIANITY
Core beliefs
Christians believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three divine persons: God the
Father (Creator), God the Son (Redeemer), and God the Holy Spirit (Sanctifier). Jesus
Christ, the incarnated word of God, who came into the flesh, to spread the good news of
our salvation. He died for the sins of humanity but on the third day, He resurrected
from the dead, so that anyone who believes in Him will be saved and have eternal life
with Him. The Bible is a selection of books, which is divided into the Old Testament
and the New Testament.
There are various customs and practices that have been observed by Christians.
One of the common practices is Baptism. The Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the
birth in the Christian world, while the sacrament of communion is an act of
remembrance of Jesus‟ sacrificial love. Generally, Jesus Christ teaching in the
unconditional love that is expressed in love with the poor, oppressed, and the outcast of
the society.
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HINDUISM
Core beliefs
Hindus believed that existence is a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, governed by
the law of Karma. Karma is a concept where the reincarnated life will depend on how
the past life was spent by the person. Hindus considered that the soul passes through a
cycle of successive lives and its next reincarnation is always dependent on how the
previous life was lived. Vedas are sacred Scriptures of Hindus. Mahabharata and
Ramayana are two other important texts of the Hindus belief.
The most celebrated festivals of the Hindus is the Diwali and Navrati. Diwali is
the festival of lights; while, Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which celebrates the
triumph of good over evil one.
ISLAM
Core beliefs
Muslims believe in Allah. They believed in the unity and universality of God.
Muslims also have a strong sense of community or "ummah" and an awareness of their
solidarity with all Muslims worldwide. Islam means "willful submission to God ".
The Muslims believed that Mohammed is the last and final prophet sent by God.
Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 CE and received revelations from God through
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
an Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years. The Sacred of Islam is called the Quran,
which was taught to be recited in Arabic because any translation is seen as inadequate.
1. Shahadah – the profession of firm faith: "There is no God but the one true
God and Mohammed is his messenger".
2. Salat - the prayer that is always practiced five times a day.
3. Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the poor. It says that 2.5% of a
Muslim's assets should be offered.
4. Haji – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims are asked to do the
pilgrimage at last once in their lifetime.
5. Sawm – fasting. During the celebration of Ramadan, the ninth month of the
Islamic lunar calendar, the Muslims do fasting from food, drink, and sexual
act.
These two major festivals in Islam are common to us. It is Eidul-Fitr and Eidul-
Adha. The first one refers to the celebration at the end of Ramadan, on the other hand,
Eidul-Adha is the celebration within the completion of the Pilgrimage, the Haji.
JUDAISM
Core beliefs
Through the leadership of Moses and Joshua, the Jews believe in the God of
Abraham, that liberated the Hebrew people from the slavery from Egypt towards the
Promised Land, Canaan.
The Jews believe in the coming of the Messiah. The sacred scripture of the Jews is
called the TANAK. The study and interpretation of Torah, Neviim, and Ketuvim are
part of the Jewish culture.
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Customs and Practices: There are five major festivals observed by the Jews:
3. Pesach - Passover
4. Shavuot - Pentecost
5. Sukkot - Tabernacles.
Another extensive study of self can be found in the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl.
(The following are an excerpts from the
http://www.victorfranklinstitute/About_Viktor_Frankl.html)
Frankl was born on March 26, 1905, in Vienna, Austria, where famous
psychiatrists Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler lived.
Logotherapy
deriving from guilt the opportunity to change oneself for the better; and deriving from
life‟s transitoriness an incentive to take responsible action.
There are three possible sources in finding meaning in life: 1] purposeful work –
meaning of life is unique to every individual; 2] courage in the face of difficulty – a
meaningful life is a life with suffering. Suffering is part of life; and 3] love – is the only
way to grasp another human being in the innermost core of his personality. The
ultimate factor to find meaning in life is nothing but love.
APPLICATION
Reflection paper: Make an insightful essay using Victor Frankl‟s sources of the
meaning of life.
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Make a documentary report about local rituals and commentaries covering your
own municipality that shapes yourself.
This lesson primarily defined morality as having to do with right and wrong in
the context of social norms. The unit went on to say that one‟s level of morality is tested
especially when one is placed in a dilemma in w/c s/he has to make a decision on what
best course of action to take while taking into account that his/her decision does not
disturb, offend or hurt other people.
The importance of teaching children the ability and skill to determine what is
right or wrong was likewise emphasized. Parenting styles are considered a significant
factor in developing moral reasoning. The four styles of parenting were also described
in this lesson.
Quotations on Morality
The following are quotations on morality. Read all of them and pick one that
appeals to you the most. In a short paragraph, explain your ideas or interpretation of
the quotation.
“We are all born empty vessels w/c can be shaped by moral values.” – Jerry Springer
“Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value.” – Albert
Einstein
“Family and moral values are so central to everything that I am.” – Mariam Wright
Edelman
ABSTRACTION
People every day are confronted with various dilemmas. In some instances, it is
easy for one to respond to a difficult situation, while in some cases, choosing the best
response is difficult.
The dilemma comes from the Gk term “dis” means twice; and “limma”
assumption. These dilemmas are situations where you are confused about decision
making because of competing values that are seemingly equally important. In short, the
dilemma is a complex situation in which a difficult choice must be made.
The moral is related to a sense of standard that determines what is right and
what is wrong. It distinguishes correct/ right/ good from incorrect/ wrong/ evil from
inappropriate. Morality refers to a system of beliefs and values that ensures that
individuals will keep their obligations to others in society and behaves in ways that do
not interfere with the right and interests others.
Moral reasoning
Moral reasoning refers to the judgment people make about what courses of
action are correct or incorrect in specific situations. The reasoning is a cognitive skill but
influences moral development.
motor action. second is the preoperational stage in w/c the child learns to use symbols
like words or mental images to solve simple problems. The third is the concrete
operations stage in w/c the child develops the ability to perform a number of logical
operations on concrete objects that are present. And lastly, the formal operations stage
in w/c the individual acquires the ability to solve abstract problems in a logical manner.
When you are at the crossroads of making a decision, always go back to your
goals and your philosophy of life as your guide.
Parenting styles
The fourth style was introduced by Maccoby and Martin in 1983. They coined the
term uninvolved or neglectful [parents who take on a hands-off stand in the affairs of
their children.]
APPLICATION
Write your philosophy of life in your journal notebook by considering these following
points:
a. Goal in life
b. What you expect to happen in your life in about 10 years
c. What ways, mechanisms, or strategies you should do to achieve your goal
A. Identify the parenting style associated with the parental behavior in each item.
1. _________________ I always scold my child when s/he misbehaves.
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B. Examine each of the parenting styles. Discuss with your para-teacher which
among these styles will enable a child to differentiate appropriate from
inappropriate behaviors.
Cut out pictures from magazines and newspapers that demonstrate what
being a Filipino is about. Paste them below.
Answer the questions below with what you have posted in the previous
activity.
1. How those pictures remind you of your being a Filipino?
2. Are you proud of being called a Filipino? Why and why not?
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
ABSTRACTION
Foreign culture, beliefs, language, and religion have made a huge dent on our
own by setting a foundation for the contemporary Filipino identity and culture that
shapes ourselves.
There are many Filipinos globally renowned personalities; Manny Pacquiao; Lea
Salonga; who have made the Filipinos recognized around the world through their
expertise.
Citizenship is not only a marker of being a Filipino. Culture and history greatly
influenced the manner that Filipinos learn, live, and behave to date.
1. Hospitality
They always make their guests feel at home, offering them something to eat, and
or even a place to stay. They are also fond of giving pasalubong or tokens and pabaon
or farewell gifts to their visitors.
Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hands while saying “Mano Po!”
constantly using “Po" and “opo” in conversation.
4. Cheerful Personality
Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. Smiling is a coping strategy
for many Filipinos especially during trying Times and calamities.
5. Self-sacrifice
6. Bayanihan
7. “Bahala na”
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“Bahala na” is a Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata,” meaning
no worries. The phrase said originated from the “Bathala na,” where Bathala means
God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's hands. It can also view as a
cheerful and positive attitude of Filipinos.
8. Colonial Mentality
It is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor
foreign products more than their own. It does not only concern goods, but also the
desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty trends.
9. “Mañana” Habit
“Ningas" is a Filipino term for flame and “Kugon" is a Filipino term for Cogon
grass that easily burns out after it is put into flames. It refers to the attitude of eagerly
starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty.
11. Pride
When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard to apologize and
wait until the other party asks for an apology first.
Where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for that
person. They pull each other down and ruin each other reputation rather than bringing
them up, resulting in no progress.
Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late. They tend to not observe
punctuality altogether.
APPLICATION
Make an acrostic below w/c will describe you, in relation to your being a Filipino:
F
I
L
I
P
I
N
O
Today‟s generation, more people are becoming more active in using the internet
for academic research, pleasure, business, communication, and other purposes. On
the other hand, people also assume numerous identities while in cyberspace. With
this, people act differently when they are online and offline. In this unit, we are
going to explore the real identity and online identity of the self.
Contract three sentences that should start with “I am _________.” Three of the
two sentences should be true about you that state about your characteristics, negative or
positive traits, accomplishments, personalities, and behaviors. One statement should be
a lie – something that you just made up about yourself online.
1. I am _________________________________.
2. I am _________________________________.
3. I am _________________________________.
ABSTRACTION
It has only been 25 years since Tim Berners - Lee made the World Wide Web
available to the public. Now, the internet has already become an integral part of
everyday life for most of the world's population.
Almost two-thirds of the world's population now has a mobile phone. More than
half of the world's web traffic now comes from mobile phones. More than half of all
mobile connections around the world are now "broadband" more than one in five of the
world's population online in the past 30 days.
Based on
Figure, the number of
digital users worldwide
increases. More
people are becoming
interested and devoted
in using the Internet
for various activities. In
Philippines,
adolescents are
among the most avid
users of the internet.
Online identity is the sum of our characteristics and our interaction. Partial
identity is a subset of characteristics that make up our identity.
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Meanwhile, the persona is the partial identity we create that represents ourselves
in a specific situation.
Self-Presentation and Impression Management
Goffman (1959) and Leary (1995) stated that self-presentation is the "process of
controlling how one is perceived by other people" and is the key to relationship
inception and development. Individuals selectively provide information to construct
positive images about themselves and carefully cater to this information in response to
other's feedback that will create pleasing to their own selves...
Remember that anything posted online should be considered "Public" no matter
what our "Privacy" setting is. Personal identity is the “interpersonal level of self which
differentiates the individual as unique from others. Social identity is the level of self
whereby the individual is identified by his or her group membership in social media.”
BELK (2013) explained that sharing information is no longer new. Digital devices
help us share information generally.
As Schwarz (2012) mentioned, we have entered an extraordinary era of self-
portraiture. Blogs and web pages have been continually used for greater self-reflection
and self-presentation Facebook and other social media application are now a key part of
self-presentation for one-sixth of humanity.
Nowadays, many teenagers, as well as adults, share even more intimate details
with their partners like their passwords (Gershon 2010). This could be an ultimate act of
intimacy and trust or the ultimate expression of paranoia and distrust with partners.
This real condition has been called "Fear of Missing Out".
People would like to remain updated and they keep on sharing themselves
online because it adds a sense of self-confidence at their end especially if others like and
share their posts.
Disinhibition Effect is one of the reasons for so much sharing and self-disclosure
online (Ridley 2012: Suler 2004), the lack of face-to-face gaze-meeting, together with
feelings of anonymity and invisibility, gives people the freedom for self-disclosure but
can also “flame” others and may cause conflict in some occasions. The resulting
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disinhibition causes people to believe that they are able to express their “true self”
better online than they ever could in face-to-face contact (Taylor 2002). Hence, it does
not mean that there is a fixed “true self.” The self is dynamic. It works in progress and
we keep on improving and developing ourselves every single day. Seemingly self-
revelation can be therapeutic to others especially if it goes together with self-reflection
(Morris et al. 2010.)
The internet constantly asks us “Who are you” and “What do you have to
share?”, it is up to you if you are going to provide answers to such queries every time
you use the internet and do what extent are going to share details to others.
Some shared bad, embarrassing, and lustful things they experienced. We also
react and comment on the negative experiences of others. Sometimes we empathize
with people. We also argue with others online. Relationships may be made stronger or
broken through posts online.
According to Michelle Foucault`s (1998) Confession along with contemplation,
self-examination, learning, reading, and writing self- critical letters to friends, are a part
of the “ technologies of the self” through which we seek to purge and cleanse
ourselves. However, confessional blogs may also be therapeutic for the audience to
read; allowing both parties (Kitzmann 2003).
Thus, we should have a filtering system to whatever information we share
online, as well as to what information we believe in, w/c are being shared or posted by
others online. In the same way, we should also think before we post or share in order to
prevent any conflicting arguments, and cyberbullying and to preserve our relationships
with others.
Gender and Sexuality Online
The term “sex”, “gender” and “sexuality” are often thought of as synonymous,
they are actually quite distinct according to Marwick (2013). The differences between
the common understandings of these terms and how researchers think about them yield
insights about the social functioning of gender.
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SEX is the biological state that corresponds to what you might call a “man” or a
“woman”. Whereas “sex” is often explained as biological, fixed, and immutable, it is
actually socially constructed (West and Zimmerman 1987). Gender- is the social
understanding of how sex should be experienced and how sex manifests in behavior,
personality, preferences, capabilities, and so forth. A person with male sex organs is
expected to embody a muscular gender. While sex and gender are presumed to be
biologically connected, we can understand a socio-culturally specific set of norms that
are mapped onto a category of “sex” (Kessler and Mc Kenna 1978, Lorber 1994). For
example, male and female is the sex while gender refers to man and woman. Gender is
historical. It is produced by media and popular culture. It is taught by families, schools,
peer groups, and nation-states (Goffman 1977).
Sexuality is an individual expression and understanding of desire. While like
gender, this is often viewed as binary (homosexual or heterosexual), in reality, sexuality
is often experienced as fluid.
Rules to be observe
Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical use
of the Internet according to New (2014)
a. Stick to safer sites
b. Guard your passwords
c. Limit what you share
d. Remember that anything you put an online post on a site is there forever,
even if you try to delete it.
e. Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
f. Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online.
g. Be choosy about your online friends.
h. Be patient
APPLICATION
1. Make a slogan or poster about becoming a responsible internet user. Use coloring
materials to improve your output.
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
1. Make an essay regarding the false identity or false identity that affects yourself..
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This lesson tacked the field of social psychology. It particularly discussed the
center of social relationships. This instructional module defines love and
differentiated kinds of love. Finally, it emphasized the importance of maintaining
good social relationships, as well as the guidelines and rules on how to go about it
so that people can live harmoniously w/ one another self.
c. What did you talk about? Who made the first move in striking a
conversation? _______________________________________________
d. What did you feel at that time? __________________________________
From the activity given, choose a friend from your neighborhood and
share with you his/her information regarding the activities.
From this point, you will see the main idea of the lesson. That family is the basic
unit of society. Secondly, you need people in our lives. Lastly, you feel happy if you
relate well with other people.
ABSTRACTION
Social relationship
There are numerous ideas when you hear the word social. In a general sense, the
term has something to do with relating or interacting with others. The study of
relationships or interactions with others is called social psychology (Lahey [2007).
Hence, social psychology is the study of group and intergroup phenomena.
Interactions and relationships are the keywords. Interaction is to the mutual and
reciprocal exchange of communication or action between two or more persons or
groups. Whereas, relationships refer to a particular way in which two or more
individuals behave toward or deal with each other. These two terms imply a two-
way social exchange.
If we look at it closer, there is fine line b/w interaction and relationship. Why? It
is because the interaction is always a part of a relationship. However, the
relationship includes not only the kind of interaction between each person but also
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a. Person perception
b. Social norms
c. Conformity
Some factors make conformity more likely to exist in a specific group: 1] size of
the group; 2] unanimous group; 3] culture; and 4] gender.
However, individual members are not expected to always yield to the pressure
to conform especially if it is morally wrong. An individual member can decide for
himself whether or not to conform and to what extent.
d. Familiarity
e. Attraction
f. Attitudes
Attitudes inclined people to act and feel in certain ways towards people, objects,
or ideas. It can either be positive or negative. A positive attitude reflects an
optimistic disposition. On the contrary, a negative attitude associate with a
pessimistic feeling of dislike.
Generally, the attitudes of a person develop over time and have emotional
components. However, they are normally acquired from two sources – first-hand
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experience and accounts by others. Attitudes are learned from others through
modeling and reinforcement. Hence, Attitudes are not permanent. It can be changed
or modified even after they have been formed.
g. Stereotypes
APPLICATION
A. Two different pictures of teachers inside the classroom are presented. Answer
the questions that follow.
2. What are your initial thoughts about the teacher on the left or the right?
3. If you were the teacher in the pictures, how would you want to be dressed?
Describe it and explain your reason for your choice.
Create your poem with the theme concerning love. It may be in Bicol, Filipino, or
English.
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
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Knowing the "self "is not enough. Since "you are" is partly made up of your
choices you must also have the ability to choose especially to be better "you".
There are several techniques that you can adapt depending on your situation and
preferences to make you a better learner. Learning should not just mean studying
for your quizzes and exams in school. Learning could also acquire outside the
classroom or even outside school. A certain hobby or skill, your favorite sports are
some examples that you want to enhance and acquire techniques. However, some
techniques or new ways on how to study better will be discovered and rediscovered.
What important are you learn how to learn these things at this moment.
Kindly visit and answer the metacognitive awareness inventory (MAI) and
evaluate yourself as a learner. A copy of MAI can be downloaded from the
following link:
http://www2.viu.ca/studentsuccessservices/learningstrategies/documents/Metac
ognitiveAwarenessInventory.pdf
1. Do you agree with the result of your MAI? Why or why not?
2. Make a list of your Top 5 Tips for studying based on your personal experiences.
Share your answer in class.
3. Does your MAI result consistent with your personal Top 5 for studying?
ABSTRACTION
We are rational beings. We think more complex. But being called rational is not
about how you think, how you process information, and how you utilize techniques
while you are studying. This idea falls under metacognition. Metacognition is
defined as "thinking about thinking" (Livingston 1997, Papaleontioulouca 2003). It is
the awareness and limitations of your current knowledge and skills (Meichenbaum
1985 in American Institute Research 2010). By this metacognition, it enables the
person to adapt their existing knowledge and skills to a learning task, seeking the
optimum result of the learning experience.
Some people learn better because: a) They like the topic; b) They challenge the
topic, and c) They have a reward system after the finished task.
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Remember that the emotional and motivational state is ideal for the person to
further facilitate his/her learning.
A) First, the personal variables which are your evaluation of your strength and
weaknesses in learning
B) Secondly the task variables this is what you know and what you think about
the nature of the task and the task requires.
C) Lastly refers to what strategies or skills you already have in dealing with a
certain task
3. SKIMMING - This is browsing over the material and keeping an eye on keywords,
phrases, or sentences. It is also about knowing where to search for such key terms.
4. REHEARSING - This is not just all about repeatedly talking, writing, or doing
what you have learned but trying also to make a personal interpretation or
summary of your learning experience.
Other strategies:
• Self-reflection
1. "Tacit" learners who are unaware of their metacognitive process although they
know the extent of their knowledge
2. "Aware" those whom learners know some of their metacognitive strategies but do
not plan on how to use these techniques
3. " Strategic" those who strategize and plan their course of action toward the
learning experience
4. "Reflective" learners reflect on their thinking while they are using the strategies
and adapt metacognitive skills depending on their situation
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The goal of metacognition is for the student to be self-regulated learning i.e, the
education should not be limited by the capabilities of the teachers, in short, you
should have the capability to study things on your own as well as accurately
evaluate our progress.
14 Intelligent Behaviors
4. Flexibility in thinking
9. The precision of language and thought – provide criteria for value judgments
13. Cooperation
Other tips that you can use in studying are the following:
5. Revise, summarize and take down notes the reread them to help you minimize
cramming in the last minute
APPLICATION
The American Psychological Association (2017) has these statements about stress:
Since stress is inevitable to live, we have to learn how to handle and cope up with it.
More so, we have to be familiar with other approaches to a healthy lifestyle, which is
self-care.
You are asked to make a movie analysis from the movie “Inside out”
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ABSTRACTION
The American Institute of Stress (AIS) has distinguished diverse types of stress
and the human response to it.
Hans Selye defined stress as the body‟s nonspecific response to any demand,
whether it is caused by or results in pleasant or unpleasant stimuli. It is essential to
differentiate between the unpleasant or harmful variety of stress termed distress,
which often connotes disease, and eustress, which often connotes euphoria. Eustress
is stress in daily life that has positive connotations, such as marriage, promotion,
baby, winning, money, new friends, and graduation. Distress is stress in daily life
that has negative connotations such as divorce, punishment, injury, negative
feelings, financial problems, and work difficulties.
However, eustress causes much less damage than distress. Selye hypothesized a
general adaption or stress syndrome. This general stress syndrome affects the whole
body. The general stress syndrome has three components:
1. The alarm stage - represents a mobilization of the body‟s defensive forces. The
body is preparing for the entire “fight or flight” syndrome.
2. The stage of resistance – the body becomes adaptive to the challenge and even
begins to attack it. The length of this stage of resistance is dependent upon the
body‟s innate and stored adaptation energy reserves and the intensity of the
stressor.
3. The exhaustion stage – the body dies because it has used up its resources of
adaptation energy.
Stress diseases are maladies caused principally by errors in the body‟s general
adaptation process. The biggest problems with derailing the general stress and
causing disease is an absolute excess, deficiency, or disequilibrium in the number of
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The stress response begins in the brain. When someone confronts an oncoming
car or other danger, the eyes or ears (or both) send the information to the amygdala,
an area of the brain that contributes to emotional processing. The amygdala
interprets the images and sounds. When it perceives danger, it instantly sends a
distress signal to the hypothalamus (Health Harvard 2017).
Functions of Hypothalamus.
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When someone experiences a stressful event, the amygdala, an area of the brain
that contributes to emotional processing, sends a distress signal to the
hypothalamus. This area of the brain functions like a command center,
communicating with the rest of the body through the nervous system so that the
person has the energy to fight or flee (Health Harvard 2017).
The hypothalamus is a bit like a command center. This area of the brain
communicates with the rest of the body through the autonomic nervous system,
which controls involuntary body functions like breathing, blood pressure, heartbeat,
and the dilation or constriction of key blood vessels and small airways in the lungs
called bronchioles. The autonomic nervous system has two components the
sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The
sympathetic nervous system functions like a gas pedal in a car. It triggers the fight-
or-flee response, providing the body with a burst of energy so that it can respond to
perceived dangers.
The parasympathetic nervous system acts like a brake. It promotes the “rest and
digest” response that calms the body down after the danger has passed (Health
Harvard 2017).
After the amygdala sends a distress signal, the hypothalamus activates the
sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through the autonomic nerves to the
adrenal glands. These glands respond by pumping the hormone epinephrine (also
known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream. As epinephrine circulates through the
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body, it brings on several physiological changes. The heart beats faster than normal,
pushing blood to the muscles, heart, and other vital organs. Pulse rate and blood
pressure go up. The person undergoing these changes also starts to breathe more
rapidly. Small airways in the lungs open wide. This way, the lungs can take in as
much oxygen as possible with each breath. Extra oxygen is sent to the brain,
increasing alertness. Sight, hearing, and other senses become sharper. Meanwhile,
epinephrine triggers the release of blood sugar (glucose) and fats from temporary
storage sites in the body. These nutrients flood into the bloodstream, supplying
energy to all parts of the body (Health Harvard 2017).
All of these changes happen so quickly that people aware of them. The wiring is
so efficient that the amygdala and hypothalamus start this cascade even before the
brain‟s visual centers have had a chance to fully process what is happening. That is
why people can jump out of the path of an oncoming car even before they think
about what they are doing. As the initial surge of epinephrine subsides, the
hypothalamus activates the second component of the stress response system known
as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis glands. The HPA axis relies on a
series of hormonal signals to keep the sympathetic nervous system– the “gas pedal”
–pressed down. If the brain continues to perceive something as dangerous, the
hypothalamus releases a corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which travels to
the adrenal glands, prompting them to release cortisol. The body thus stays revved
up and on high alert. When the threat passes, cortisol levels fall. The
parasympathetic nervous system– the “brake”– then dampens the stress response
(Health Harvard 2017).
Persistent epinephrine surges can damage blood vessels and arteries, increasing
blood pressure and raising the risk of heart attacks or strokes. Elevates cortisol levels
create physiological changes that help to replenish the body‟s energy stores that are
depleted during the stress response. But they inadvertently contribute to the
buildup of the fat tissue and weight gain. For example, cortisol increases appetite, so
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that people will want to eat more to obtain extra energy. It also increases the storage
of unused nutrients as fat. Chronic low – level stress keeps the HPA axis activated,
much like a motor that is idling too high for too long. After a while, this affects the
body that contributes to the health problems associated with chronic stress (Health
Harvard 2017).
Several techniques to counter chronic stress were presented in the same article
(Health Harvard 2017):
2. Physical activity. People can use exercise to stifle the buildup of stress in
several ways. Exercise, such as taking a brisk walk shortly after feeling stressed, not
only deepens breathing but also helps relieve muscle tension. Movement therapies
such as yoga, tai chi, and qi gong combined with fluid movements, with deep
breathing, and mental focus, all of which can induce calm.
Self-care therapy
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Nancy Apperson [2008] of Northern Illinois University has provided steps for
self-care:
1. Stop, breathe, and tell yourself: “This is hard and I will get through this one
step at a time.”
2. Acknowledge to yourself what you are feeling. All feelings are normal so
accept whatever you are feeling.
3. Find someone who listens and is accepting. You do not need advice. You need
to be heard.
c. Know your limits and when you need to let go. Identify or create a nurturing
place in your home.
f. Escape for a while through reading books, watching movies, or short trips.
Self-compassion theory
It is another counter stress by Kristin Neff [2012] in her article “science of self-
compassion]
we soothe ourselves when confronting pain rather than getting angry when life falls
short of our ideals… self-compassion recognizes that life challenges and personal
failures are part of being human, an experience we all share. In this way, it helps us
to feel less desolate and isolated when we are in pain.
One of the most consistent findings in the research literature is that self-
compassion is linked to less anxiety and depression. Self-compassion is not merely a
matter of looking on the bright side of the coin or avoiding negative feelings. A self-
compassionate person recognizes suffering, but they are kind toward themselves.
Self-compassion is associated with greater wisdom of dealing with difficult
emotions.
Self-compassionate letter
Candidly describe a problem that tends to make you feel bad about yourself,
such as a physical flaw, a relationship problem, or failure at work or school. Note
what emotions come up – shame, anger, sadness, fear – as you write.
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Finally, write a letter to yourself from that perspective. What would your friend
say about your perceived problem? What words would s/he use to convey deep
compassion? How would your friend remind you that you are only human? If your
friend were to make any suggestions, how would they reflect unconditional
understanding?
When you are done writing, put the letter down for a while and come back to it
later. Then read the letter again, letting the words sink in, allowing yourself to be
soothed and comforted.
You should be in control of the stress that confronts us every day. Self-care and
self-compassion are two ways to positively confront stress. We should love and care
for our self more and more each day.
APPLICATION
1. Make a reflection paper about how you handle your daily stress.
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
You are going to video yourself and present your talent/s through the use of
“TikTok.”
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You are going to analyze based fro that given activity, why that kind of talent,
skill, or gift is being presented? How does it feel sharing and exposing your talent?
ABSTRACTION
In early units, it was said that general mental or cognitive abilities contribute to
the kind of person one is and one can be. Charles Spearman [1904] believed that
intelligence consists of general mental abilities or intelligence quotient [IQ/ g factor]
and domain-specific abilities. IQ is a standardized measure that represents a
person‟s reasoning skills.
Contributors to intelligence
Two factors: heredity [nature] – refers to genes one inherits from his/ her
parents, w/c provide the upper and lower limits of his/her intelligence quotient,
and environment [nurture] – involves the experiences and psychological and
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
physical exposure of the individual to the various influences around him/her. It has
been resolved that heredity and environment both interact to contribute to
intelligence and personality.
While you may be low on a certain skill, there might be other capabilities that
you are. Just discover more and develop them further.
Motivation
b. Drive reduction theory – this theory explains that organisms are driven by
physiological needs. A need energizes one‟s drive to eliminate or reduce the
deprivation, for example, if one feels hunger, hunger is the motivator to satisfy the
need.
complex, and intense feelings of the experience. This seeking has various forms,
namely: 1] motivated to engage in sports; 2] attracted to vocations/ occupations; 3]
drink heavily, smoke, use illicit drugs; and 4] short term hedonistic attitude towards
intimate partners.
d. Cognitive approach – there are two aspects of this approach, namely: intrinsic
motivation [refers to the inherent or internal stimulus of an individual to satisfy his/
her drive w/o the need for reward and punishment]; and extrinsic motivation
[based on incentives w/c are artificial devices w/c are employed to evoke conducive
satisfaction]. Therefore, the former refers to internal factors like self-determination,
curiosity, challenge, and effort. The latter involves outside factors such as rewards
and punishment.
Emotional quotient (EQ) is a type of intelligence that refers to the ability to perceive,
appraise, understand, and express emotions accurately and appropriately. EQ has an
intellectual component, especially in using emotions to facilitate thinking or logical
reasoning. For example, in a class, the teacher asks the question, “In which geographical
region is the Philippines located?” Paul sees Jane raising her hand but he blurts out,
“Southeast Asia!” one will readily think that Jane might be angry because Paul gets the
credit. It may thus be said that Paul has a high IQ but low EQ.
Reasoning
As a rational being, people make decisions every day. Making a decision involves
picking or selecting the best option that will give the best consequences. The reason is
cognitive or intellectual skills. It is a way to determine if a choice is the best from among
several options. It is a mental process that involves using and applying knowledge to
solve problems.
The reason has two types: deductive [begins w/ making general assumption and
then drawing specific conclusions based on this assumption] and inductive [a process in
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UNDERSTANDING the SELF
Biased reasoning refers to the act of jumping to conclusions before even knowing all
the facts. Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for information that supports one‟s
decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.
Both intellectual and emotional abilities are necessarily tapped in decision making.
APPLICATION
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
One of Jack Canfield‟s featured quotes about success is “by taking the time to
stop and what you have achieved – and perhaps learned through a few mistakes,
stumbles, and losses you actually can enhance everything about you. “Self-
acknowledgment and appreciation are what give you the insight and awareness to
move forward higher goals and accomplishments” (Brown 2016)
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3. Outline your plans on how you will make your envisioned self into reality in 5,
10 and 20 years.
ABSTRACTION
Edwin A. Locke is internationally known for his research on goal setting. He was
born on January 5, 1938. He is a Dean‟s Professor (Emeritus) of leadership and
motivation at the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland,
College Park.
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This theory was first studied by Dr. Locke in the middle of the 1960s. In 1996, he
published another article entitled “Motivation through Conscious Goal Setting.” Locke
(1996) first described that the approach of goal setting theory is based on what Aristotle
called final causality; that is, the action caused by a purpose.
Goal Attributes
Goals have both an internal and an external aspect. Internally, they are ideas
(desired ends), externally, they refer to the object or condition ought (e.g., a job, a sale, a
certain performance level). The ideas guide action to attain the object. Two broad
attributes of goal are content (the actual object sought) and the intensity (the scope,
focus, and complexity, among others of the choice process). Qualitatively, the content of
a goal is whatever the person is seeking. Quantitatively, two attributes of content,
difficulty, and specificity, have been studied (Locke 2017).
14 research findings:
A research was made by Locke (2017) under the article “Motivation through Conscious
Goal Setting”. The research has the following findings:
13. Goal setting and goal-related mechanisms can be trained and/or adopted in the
absence of self-regulation training.
14. Goals serve as standards of self- satisfaction, with harder goals demanding
higher accomplishment to attain self-satisfaction than easy goals.
APPLICATION
Make a goal-setting plan (short term for one semester only) based on what you
have learned from Locke‟s goal-setting theory.
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The lesson further explained the various tools available. However, you are
encouraged to research other tests or measures relevant to your needs. In the use of
tools, two general approaches to measurement namely formal and informal were
presented..
2. Are there discoveries while doing and after doing a personality test? What are
these?
3. Based on the said test in the activity, what was the assessment given to you?
ABSTRACTION
Assessment
One of the closest experiences you have with assessments is taking a writing test
and going through interviews with academic officials before enrolling in a school of
your choice like here in TCC. We called this part as admission test.
Measurement deals only with the administration of the tool and determines the
numerical values of the data gathered from a tool. Psychological assessment refers to
the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal
qualities of people. It describes the extent to which a person is similar to or different
from others.
Kinds of assessment
The following are the kinds of the test according to purpose, i.e. in terms of
characters they intend to measure:
a. Achievement test – this test measures what has been learned within a specific
period.
b. Mental ability test – measures one‟s level of mental ability, such tests are known
as IQ tests.
The kind of test to use or apply is determined by its purpose. Using inappropriate
assessment tools invalidates the results.
There are two methods: formal assessment (standardized and generally carried
out in professional settings by experts in the behavior being measured; the bases for the
assessment of a person are his/her responses or scores on a test); and informal
assessment (do not observe formal process; the bases for assessing a person are
unstructured or simple observations of his/her behaviors in informal settings and
occasions). The informal assessment gives a clue to what might be happening with the
behavior being studied for described.
Application of assessment
APPLICATION
SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
FINAL EXAMINATION
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REFERENCES
1. Alata, Eden Joy Pastor et al. Understanding the self. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.,
2018. pp. 125City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. 2018.
2. Arcega, Analiza F. et al. Understanding the Self. Quezon City: C & E publication,
Inc. 2018.
3. Compiled Readings for Clinical Pastoral Education [CPE] by Sr. Marie Therese S.
Yusay, SPC. 2008.
6. Sanchez, Custodiosa A., et al. General Psychology. Fourth Ed. Manila: Rex Book
Store, Inc., 2005.