Oxidation number (O.

N) : -

- The average charge per atom possessed by an element in a species is

called O.N of that element in that specie.
(atom, molecule, ion)
Example : -

HCN
Example : -

- O.N may be positive, negative, integer, fractional or even zero.

C3O2 (carbon suboxide)

Example : -

Na2S4O6
O.N of some common elements : -

- For elements present in their free state (Natural form @ room

temperature and pressure) , the O.N is zero
Eq. H2 , He, C, N2 , O2 , F2
Na, Mg , S8 , P4 , Cl2, O.N = O
Fe , Zn , Ag etc
All IA group elements : -

Show (+1) O.N in their compounds.

All IIA group elements : -

Show (+2) O.N in their compounds.

Fluorine : -

It is the most electronegative element hence always show (-1) O.N. in

its compounds.
For hydrogen : -

General O.N = (+1)

In metal hydrides , (O.N)H = (-1)
For Oxygen : -

General O.N = (-2) in oxides

In peroxides = (-1)
In Superoxide = (-1/2) (O-2)
p-block elements : -

Generally have a range of O.N as following

(n-8) to (+n)
Where n ⟶ is the number of valence electrons

- For halogens (except F)

For chalcogens except oxygen : -
O.N = (-2) to (+6)

- For nitrogen family

O.N = (-3) to (+5)

Oxidation : -
The process in which O.N. of element increases.

Eg. Zn ⟶ Zn2+

Eg. Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+

Eg. Cl- ⟶ Cl2

Eg. MnO2 ⟶ MnO-4

Reduction : -
The process in which O.N. of element increases.

Eg. Br2 ⟶ Br-

Eg. Cu2+ ⟶ Cu+

Eg. ClO3- ⟶ Cl-

Eg. Cr2O7- ⟶ Cr3+

Oxidising agent / oxidant : -
Substance which oxidises other substance by getting reduced
itself.
Reducing agent / Reductant : -
Substance which reduces other substances by getting oxidised
itself
Eg.
Fe + H+ ⟶ Fe2+ + H2
Disproportionation reaction : -
- Redox reaction in which an element present in one single
O.N at reactant side converts into two different O.N at
product side showing both oxidation and reduction.
- Means only one element is involved in redox.
Self decomposition of H2O2 : -
Ion - electron method : -
- Applicable for ionic reactions only means based upon modern
concept.
Step - 1 : Split the given redox reaction into two half reactions as
oxidation and reduction.
Step - 2 : In both reactions, balance elements other than H and O
by hit and trial.
Step - 3 : Balance O by adding suitable no. of H2O.
Step - 4 : Balance H

In acidic medium ⟶ by adding H+

In basic medium ⟶ by adding OH- and H2O both

Step - 5 : Balance charge by adding suitable no. of electrons at

suitable side.

Step - 6 : Multiply both reactions by suitable number separately

to make some no. of e. ON both sides.

Step - 7 : Add both half reactions due to which electrons will be

cancelled out and balanced redox reactions is obtained.
Example : -
Oxidation number method : -
- Select two species showing oxidation and reduction at the
reactant side by observing change in oxidation number
- Calculate net increase or decrease in ONo per molecule for
these two species
- Make total increase = total decrease by multiplying species
with suitable numbers
- Now balance others by hit and trial method
- Balance remaining O by adding water
- Balance remaining H by adding H+ or OH- and H2O (in ionic
reactions)
HNO3 + SO2 ⟶ NO2 + H2SO4
Illustration : -
Cr2O72- + C2O42- ⟶ Cr3 + CO2
Equivalent concept : -
Gram equivalent mass : -
IT is the mass of one gram - equivalent of the substance in grams
for a substance.
- For a substance, eq mass in grams IS equal to the mass of
one equivalent.
i.e. E gram ⇒ one eq. of substance
So For A substance
Normality : -
- It is a concentration term means is defined for solution.
- It its defined as the number of eq. of solute present in 1L of
solution.
Calculation of n factor For ions : -
N-fac = charge on ion

Eg: H+ = 1
Ba2+ = 2
OH- = 1
CO32- = 2
PO43- = 3
For acids : -
N - fac = maximum basicity

Basicity ⟶ No. of replaceable H+ per molecule of acid.

For bases : -
N - fac = maximum acidity
For Salts : -
N - fac = magnitude of total charge on cation or the total charge
on anion
N-factor in non-redox reaction : -
mag. of charge exchanged per molecule
N-factor in a redox reaction : -
For a substance present in a redox reaction, the net ↑ or ↓ in O.N
per molecule”. Is known as N-Factor of that substance in that
reaction.
Permanganate ion

acidic
Mn2+

MnO4- + R.A basic/neutral

MnO2

Strong basic
MnO42-
Dichromate ion : -
It also acts as an O.A but only in acidic med.

Cr2O72- H+ Cr3+
Law of equivalence : -
- In a chemical reaction all reactants react in equal number of
equivalents and produce same number of equivalents of each
product.
Titration : -
(Aaq.) vs B(aq.)

AIM - Determination of the concentration of soln present in conical

flask by titration of it with standard solution from burret.

At equivalence point
(eq)A = (eq)B