INTRODUCTION TO RIZAL LAW (RA 1425)
WHO SHOULD RECOGNIZE HEROES?
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEROES:
- Epic Hero
- Tragic Hero
- Anti-Hero
- Super Hero
HERO
-A man of Distinguished Courage or Ability, admired
for his Braved Deeds and Noble Qualities.
-“An admirable leader towering over his peers, who
serves as a noble cause, possessing exceptional talent,
distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise, exercising a
determinative influence over the spiritual life of his
people in a particular remarkable event.”
-National Historical Institute
(Approved by Committee on 1965 by Director Carlos P.
Aquino of the National Library)
o A True Hero developed and manifested strong
conviction which aimed to save his country from
any challenges.
o A Hero is never self-seeking or seeks rewards for
his heroism. Most individuals who were
considered heroes preferred humility and
anonymity.
o Heroes are made and no one was born as a hero.
o Heroes are not born as Saints and many of them
were not exactly Saintly.
WHO DECLARES IF ANYONE IS A HERO? HOW DID RIZAL
BECOME A HERO?
- There is no Law, Executive Order or Official
Proclamation which directly made Rizal into a
hero.
- Passage of 50 years before a person is finally
confirmed as a Hero.
- If the person is still being admired after the
passage of that period and his ideas and ideals are
still invoked and appreciated, then that person
has passed the test of time and considered a true
hero.
-National Historical Institute
(Now the National Historical Commission of the
Philippines)
- Should be better left to the people through their
Popular Acclamation
-Should be sustained and should withstand
the test of time.
- Role of the government and other authorities is
to continue to keep alive the memory of these
heroes and to confirm their heroism after a long
period of study and reflection.
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY RIZAL?
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING RIZAL?
WHY IS RIZAL ONE OF THE MINOR SUBJECTS TAKEN UP
IN COLLEGE?
WHY IS RIZAL INCLUDED IN THE COURSE OUTLINE?
WHAT RELEVANCE DOES RIZAL HAVE IN COLLEGE
EDUCATION?
- Because it is mandated by Law
REPUBLIC ACT 1425 (RIZAL LAW)
-An act to include in the curriculum of all public and
private Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the
Life Works and Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly his
novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO,
Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for
Other Purposes.
Section 1: Requirement for Students in the Colleges and
Universities to study the Life, Works and Writings of Jose
Rizal
Section 2: Requirement for the Colleges and Universities to
have sufficient and unexpurgated copies of Rizal’s works
and writings especially his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo in their respective libraries
Section 3: Translation and publication of Rizal’s works to
English and other dialects of the Philippines in cheap
editions and distribution of his works through the Purok
organizations
Section 4: Stipulation that the discussion of Rizal’s idea
does not violate the state’s prohibition of discussion of
religious beliefs in the country's public learning
institutions
Section 5: The appropriation of the sum of 300,000 for the
publication of popular and cheap editions of Rizal’s works.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in
June 1956.
REASONS FOR TEACHING THE RIZAL COURSE IN
PHILIPPINE SCHOOLS:
- To Recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals
and teachings in relation to present conditions
and situations in the society.
- To Encourage the application of such ideals in
current social and personal problems and
issues.
- To Develop an appreciation and deeper
understanding of all that Rizal fought and died
for.
- To Foster the development of the Filipino youth
in all aspects of citizenship.
SENATOR CLARO M. RECTO
- Main Proponent of the Rizal Bill.
- Dubbed a Communist and Anti-Catholic.
JOSE P. LAUREL
- Senator who co-wrote the Law
- Explained that since Jose Rizal was the Founder
of the Country’s Nationalism and had
significantly contributed to the current condition
of the nation, it is only right that Filipinos,
especially the youth, know about and learn to
imbibe the great ideals for which the hero died.
OBJECTIVES OF RIZAL LAW:
1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of
freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes
lived and died.
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting
his life and works in shaping the Filipino
character.
3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism
through the study of Rizal’s life, works, and
writings.
PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS
- In 1994, through Memorandum Order No. 247,
directed the Secretary of Education, Culture and
Sports and the Chairman of the Commission on
Higher Education to fully implement the RA
1425.
- In 1995, CHED Memorandum No. 3 was issued
enforcing strict compliance to Memorandum
Order No. 247.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 229
-An Act prohibiting cockfighting, horse racing, and jai-
alai on the 30th day of December of each year and to
create a committee to take charge of the proper
celebration of Rizal day in every municipality and
chartered city, and for other purposes.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING RIZAL:
- Provides insights on how to deal with current
problems
- Helps us understand better ourselves as
Filipinos
- Teaches Nationalism and Patriotism
- Provides various essential life lessons
- Helps in developing logical and critical thinking
- Rizal serves as worthwhile model and
inspiration to every Filipino
- Subject is a rich source of entertaining
narratives
CHAPTER 1:
PHILIPPINES IN THE 19th CENTURY
(19th CENTURY FROM 1800 TO 1899)
SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S TIME
- Spanish Rule was imposed in the Philippines by
Conquest
- Before the conquest, Filipinos had their own
Indigenous culture and their own Government,
the Barangay headed by a Native Chieftain
called “Datu”.
- Philippines became a Colony of Spain and she
belonged to the King of Spain.
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI
- First Governor General of the Philippines
- Established the first Spanish settlement in 1565
in Cebu
POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING
THE 19TH CENTURY
- Spanish Colonial Government in the Philippines
ran indirectly through the Viceroy of Spain in
Mexico
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT:
- National Government
- Provincial Government
- Municipal Government
- Barrio or Barangay Government
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL
- Chief Executive in the whole Archipelago
- Head of State and Church
- Commander-In-Chief of the Military
- Power of “Cumplace”
VISITADOR
- Visited the country to check the administration
of the Governor
RESIDENCIA
- Lived in the Philippines to observe the Governor
General
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
- Headed by the Alcalde Mayor.
ALCALDE MAYOR
- Head in the Provincial Level
- Had the power and responsibilities like the
Governor General but its power was limited in
the Province
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
- Headed by the Gobernadorcillio
- Power and Responsibilities was the same as the
Governor General but was limited only in the
Town or “Pueblo”.
- Power of “indulto de comercio” or the power
exclusively for the Gobernadorcillio to engage
in trading
BARRIO GOVERNMENT
- Headed by the Cabeza de Barangay
- Filipino was allowed to assume the position of
Gobernadorcillo and Cabeza de Barangay only if
a Filipino male, 23 years old, educated and had
property of 500 pesos.
SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS OVER THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT
- Different Religious Orders had great
contribution in the establishment of a Spanish
Colonial Government in the country.
REGULAR PRIESTS OR SPANISH PRIESTS
- Able to dominate the control in different
parishes
- Had the power to get the Parishes from the
Secular or the Filipino Priests.
ABUSES OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
o Excessive powers and privileges of the Governor
General made him weak and undisciplined.
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
- Most corrupt branch of the government
- Headed by the Alcalde Mayor
-Provincial Government
Administrator
-Administrator, Judge, Military
Commander
CORRUPT SPANISH OFFICIALS:
GENERAL RAFAEL DE ISQUIERDO (1871-1873)
-Boastful and Ruthless
-Aroused the anger of Filipinos by executing the
Fathers “GOMBURZA”.
ADMIRAL JOSE MALCAMPO (1874-1877)
-Good more fighter but was Inept and Weak
Administrator.
GENERAL FERNANDO PRIMO DE RIVERA
-Two-term Governor General (1880-1883) and (1897-
1898)
-Enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling
casinos in manila which he scandalously permitted
to operate.
GENERAL VALERIANO WEYLER (1888 – 1891)
-Cruel and Corrupt Governor General of Hispanic-
German ancestry
-Arrived in manila as a poor man and returned to
Spain a millionaire.
GENERAL CAMILO DE POLAVIEJA (1896-1897)
-An able militarist but heartless
-Widely detested by Filipino people for executing Dr.
Jose Rizal.
PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES
- 1st Period of the Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes (1810-1813) was fruitful with
beneficent results for the welfare of the colony.
However, the 2nd period of representation
(1820-1823) and the 3rd period (1834-1837)
were less fruitful in parliamentary work.
- Representation of the Overseas Colonies
including the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
was abolished in 1837 and worsen.
SOCIAL CULTURAL CONDITION
- Spaniards imposed new social stratification
which discriminate the natives in their own land.
PENINSULARES
INSULARES
CREOLES
INDIOS
PENINSULARES- Highest class
-Spanish born in Spain and lived in
the Philippines.
INSULARES – Spanish born in the Philippines
CREOLES- Third class
- Mix blood or combination of Spanish and
Filipino
ILLUSTRADO – Well-educated Filipino
PRINCIPALIA – Land owners
INDIOS- Last class
- Unfortunate and discriminated class in the
society.
FRAILOCRACY OR SECULARIZATION OF THE FILIPINO
PRIESTS
FRAILOCRACY– Spanish Political Philosophy of Union of
Church and State
FRIARS, AUGUSTINIANS DOMINICANS & FRANCISCANS
-Control the religious and educational life of the
Philippines.
-In 19th century, they came to acquire tremendous
political power, influences and riches.
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE SPANISH REGIME
o Religion is still the center of the educational
system imposed by the Spaniards.
 o Girls and Boys have separate schools and they UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
also have different curriculums. -Only Institution of University level in manila left
after Spanish period
MALE SECONDARY EDUCATION -Established in 1611 solely for the Spaniards and
- Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio (1589) Mestizos.
- College of San Diego (1599)
- Ateneo de Municipal (1817) EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863
(DECEMBER 28, 1863)
CURRICULUM FOR MALES: - Each major town in the Philippines establish at
- Spanish History least 1 primary school, for boys and another for
- Latin Philosophy girls and the medium of instruction is Spanish.
Canon
- Civil Law MORET DECREE OF 1870
- Rhetoric - Intended to secularize higher education in the
colony but the Friars oppose the idea of the
FEMALE SECONDARY EDUCATION: government's control over education.
- Collegios of Santa Potenciana (1591)
- Santa Isabel (1632) ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING
- Santa Catalina de Sana (1696) THE 19th CENTURY
- Santa Rita College (1719)
- Colegio de Immaculada Conception Concordia MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI
(1868) -Converted the land of the Indios into the
Encomienda to solve issues of Governance
CURRICULUM FOR FEMALES:
- Rules of courtesy ENCOMIENDA
- Vocal music -Grant of inhabitants living in a particular conquered
- Language territory which Spain gave to Spanish colonizer as a
- Sewing reward for his services.

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM THREE TYPES OF ENCOMIENDA

-Used to pacify the Filipinos and train them in
Catholicism and to follow Laws imposed by the
Spaniards.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
-Could not also provide enough books and other
instructional materials needed for the quality
education.
PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS
-Established with the Spanish Missionaries as the
Teachers
-Students were taught in native dialects although
there was a lot requiring the children to be taught in
Spanish
-Religion was the most important subject.
- ROYAL – Taxes will go to the king of Spain
- ECCLESIASTICAL – Taxes will go to the Church
- PRIVADO – Encomienda given to the friend of
the king who had contribution for
the colonization.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENCOMIENDERO
- Right to collect taxes
- Right to monitor the peace and order
- Govern the parcel of land given to him
HACHENDA'S OWNED BY THE FRIARS AND SPANISH
OFFICIALS
SPANISH FRIARS- Belong to different religious orders
where the richest landlords for they
own the best haciendas specifically
agricultural lands in the Philippines.
RURAL FOLKS OR HUMAN NATIVES DONATIVO de ZAMBOANGA – Tax specifically used for
-Those who had been living in Haciendas are the ones the conquest of Jolo
who efforted in cultivating them from generation
after generation became tenants. TRIBUTE – May be paid in cash or in kind

ABUSES OF GUARDIA CIVIL CHURCH OFFICIALS AND TRIBUTE (BUWIS) OR TRIBUTO

POLITICAL LEADERS
GUARDIA CIVIL- Last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny
- Created by the Royal Decree of
February 12 1852.
- Amended by another Royal Decree on
March 24 1888, for the purpose of
maintaining internal peace and order
in the Philippines.
- Patterned after the famous and well-
disciplined Guardia civil in Spain.
DIFFERENT SOCIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IMPOSED BY
THE SPANIARDS
REDUCCION- Policy was implemented so that
Government and Parish Priests could
easily monitor the natives and for the
easy conversion to Catholicism.
BANDALA- Natives are obliged to sell their products to
the Spaniards.
POLO Y SERVICIOUS- Forced labor of all Filipino males
from 16 to 60 years old for 40 day
periods.
“POLO”- Refers to “Community work” and the laborer
was called “Polista”.
- Only way to avoid being forced to do polo y
servicio was to pay “falla”
- In 1884, the 40 days of forest labor was reduced
to 15 days
-Collected from the natives both in cash and in kind
-King of Spain preferred payment of gold but the
Natives paid largely in kind.
MIGUEL LOPEZ de LEGAZPI
-First to order the payment of tribute
-His successors followed the practice.
GALLEON TRADE
-Trading policy changed the system of free trading in
the Philippines where in the other nationalities like
the Chinese are free to exchange their goods with the
Filipinos who had extra goods.
BOLETAS –Ticket for the galleon trade
EFFECTS OF THE GALLEON TRADE
- Decrease in productive of the native industry
because the Alcalde Mayors who were part of
the trading imposed the planting of coconut
and abba fibers the farmers who could not
meet the imposed quota will need to pay a
heavy fine.
- Loss of profit of the local industry.
- Intercultural exchanges between the
Philippines and Mexico. Products of Mexico like
cocoa, Sayote, beans, etc.
- Country while the mango of the Philippines, rice
and textiles were able to reach Mexico.

EFFECTS OF POLO y SERVICIOUS:

- Decrease in the production in agriculture
- Decrease in the population

TAXATION

CEDULA – Male and Female 18 years old and above will

pay every year for cedula.

SANTORIUM – Tax for the church

CHAPTER 2:
ADVENT OF A NATIONAL HERO THE RIZAL CHILDREN
BIRTH OF A HERO
SATURNINA (1850-1913)- Oldest of the Rizal children
JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO y ALONZO REALONDA - Nicknamed “Neneng”
-Born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
Province. PACIANO (1851-1930) – Older brother and confident
-Baptized on June 22, 1861 in the Catholic Church of - Second father of Rizal
his town at the age of 3. -“Pilosopo Tasio” in N.M.T Novel
-Baptized by Father Rufino Collantes
NARCISA (1852-1939) – Pet name: “Sisa”
FATHER PEDRO CASAÑAS – Rizal’s Godfather.
OLIMPIA (1855-1887) – Pet name: “Ypia”
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL JOSE LEMARY
– Governor General of the Philippines when Rizal was LUCIA (1857-1919) – Married Mariano Herbosa
born. -Died of Cholera in 1889
MEANINGS OF RIZAL’S NAMES -Denied Christian burial
because he was a
JOSE – Chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the brother-in-law of Rizal.
Christian Saint San Jose (St. Joseph).
MARIA (1859-1945) – Nickname: ”Biang”
PROTACIO – From Gervacio P. which came from a
Christian calendar. JOSE (1861-1896) – Greatest Filipino Hero and Peerless
Genius
MERCADO – Adopted in 1731 by Domingo Lamco
-Nickname: “Pepe”
(Paternal great-great grandfather)
-From Spanish term meaning “Market” in
CONCEPCION (1862-1865)- Died of sickness at the age
English.
of 3
RIZAL – From Spanish which means “Field where - Her death was Rizal’s first
wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again”. sorrow in life.
- Pet name: “Concha”
Y – and ALONZO – Old surname of his mother.
JOSEFA (1865-1945)- Pet name: “Panggoy”
REALONDA – Used by Doña Teodora from the surname
- Died an old maid at the age of 80.
of her Grandmother.
TRINIDAD (1868-1951)- Pet name: “Trining”
RIZAL’S PARENTS
- Died an old maid at age 83
FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL
SOLEDAD (1870-1929)- Youngest of the Rizal children;
-Born on May 11, 1818 in Biñan, Laguna.
- Pet name: “Choleng”
-Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San
Jose in Manila.
RIZAL’S ANCESTRY
-Married Teodora Alonzo Realonda on June 28, 1848.
-Youngest of the 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and
DOMINGO LAMCO
Juan Mercado.
-Great-great Grandfather of Rizal (Paternal Side)
-Chinese immigrant from Changchow
TEODORA ALONZO REALONDA
-Married to a Chinese Christian girl of Manila named
-Born on November 9, 1827
Ines de la Rosa
- Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at the age of 85.
-Adopted the name Mercado in 1731 which means
-Went to College of Santa Rosa
“Market”
-Well-known College for Girls
FRANCISCO MERCADO CHAPTER 3:
-Domingo Lamco’s son EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN
-Married Cirila Bernacha
Hero’s First Teacher
JUAN MERCADO
Doña Teodora
- Francisco’s son
-Rizal’s first teacher
- Married to Cirila Alejandro
Private tutors: Maestro Celestino (1st tutor)
FRANCISCO MERCADO Maestro Lucas Padua (2nd tutor)
-Youngest son of Juan Mercado Leon Monroyormer
-Rizal’s father. -Classmate of Rizal’s father
-Became Rizal’s tutor in Spanish and Latin.
LAKAN DULA- Rizal’s descendant
- Last native King of Tondo. Jose Goes to Biñan
o After Monroy’s death, Rizal’s parents decided
EUGENIO URSUA to send him to a private school in Biñan.
-Great-great grandfather of Rizal (Maternal Side)
-Japanese married to a Filipina named Benigna. June 1869
-Jose left Calamba for Biñan with Paciano.
REGINA
-Daughter of Eugenio Carromata- Their mode of transportation
-Married Manuel de Quintos
-Filipino-Chinese lawyer Aunt’s House – where Jose lodge.

BRIGIDA FIRST DAY IN BIÑAN SCHOOL

-Daughter of Regina Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
-Married Lorenzo Alberto Alonso -Owner and teacher of the school.
-Spanish-Filipino mestizo -Rizal described Maestro as “tall, thin, long-necked,
and sharp-nosed with a body slightly bent
THE RIZAL HOME forward.”
- 2-storey Building
- Rectangular in shape First School Brawl
- Built of adobe stones and hardwoods, and o Jose challenged Pedro to a fight and he won
roofed with red tiles having learned the art of wrestling from his
- Behind the house were poultry yard full of athletic Tio Manuel.
turkeys and chickens
- Big garden of tropical fruit trees. Andres Salandaan
-Challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match.
A GOOD AND MIDDLE-CLASS FAMILY -Jose, having the weaker arm, lost and nearly cracked
PRINCIPALIA his head on sidewalk.
-Town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines was one of
the distinguished families in Calamba Painting Lessons in Biñan

CARRIAGE- Status symbol of the Ilustrados in Spanish Old Juancho

Philippines. -Father-in-law of the school Teacher
-Freely gave Jose painting lessons.
PRIVATE LIBRARY- Largest in Calamba -Rizal and his classmate Jose Guevarra became
-Consisted of more than 1,000 volume apprentices of the old painter.
 Daily Life in Biñan
Paciano
- Hears mass at 4:00 AM or studies lesson at that -Quit his studies at the College of San Jose and
hour before going to mass. returned to Calamba, where he told the heroic
- Goes to the orchard to look for a mabolo to story of Burgos to Rizal.
eat.
- Breakfast: Rice and 2 dried small fish. In 1891
- Goes to class until 10:00 AM and goes home for -Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to
lunch. GOMBURZA.
- Goes back to school at 2:00 PM and comes out
at 5:00 pm. Injustice to the Hero’s
- Prays with cousins and returns home.
- Studies lesson and draws a little. In 1872
- Supper: 1 or 2 rice with an ayungin. -Doña Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge
- Prays again and if there’s a moon that she aided his brother Jose Alberto in trying to
- Plays with cousins. poison his wife.

Best Student in School Jose Alberto

-Planned to divorce his wife because of her infidelity.
- Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin,
-His wife connived with the Spanish lieutenant of the
and other subjects.
Guardia Civil and filed a case against Rizal’s mother.
- His older classmates were jealous and wickedly
Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
squealed to the teacher whenever he had fights
-Gobernadorcillo of Calamba
- Jose usually received 5 or 6 blows while laid out -Helped the Lieutenant arrest Doña Teodora
on a bench from his teacher.
-Made Doña Teodora walk 50 kms. from Calamba
to the Provincial prison in Santa Cruz.
END OF BIÑAN SCHOOLING
Don Francisco de Mercaida & Don Manuel Marzan
December 17, 1870
-Most famous lawyers of Manila
-Jose left Biñan using the steamer Talim for
Calamba. -Defended Doña Teodora in court
-After 2 ½ years the Royal Audencia acquitted Doña
Arturo Camps- Frenchman and friend of his father who
Teodora.
took care of him during his trip.

Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za

January 20, 1872- Cavite Mutiny

February 17, 1872

-Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora were implicated and executed
-GOMBURZA were leaders of the secularization
movement.
-Martyrdom of the 3 priests inspired Rizal to fight
the evils of Spanish tyranny.
CHAPTER 4:
CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA
CALAMBA, LAGUNA
-Natal town of Rizal
-Named after a big native jar
-Happiest period of Rizal’s life was spent in this
lakeshore town, a worthy prelude to his Hamlet-like
tragic manhood
-Hacienda town which belonged to the Dominican
Order
-Picturesque town nestling on a verdant plain
covered with irrigated rice fields and sugar lands
-A few kilometers to the south looms of the
legendary Mt. Makiling and beyond this mountain is
the province of Batangas
-East of the town is the Laguna de Bay.
UN RECUERDO A MI PUEBLO (IN MEMORY OF MY
TOWN)
-Poem written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15
years old and a student of Ateneo de Manila
Earliest Childhood Memories
1ST MEMORY OF RIZAL
- In his infancy, was his happy days in the family
garden when he was 3 years old.
- He was given the tenderest care by his parents
because he was frail, sickly, and undersized.
- His father built a little nipa cottage in the
garden for him to play in the daytime.
- He watched from the cottage, the Culiauan,
Maya, Maria Capra, & Martin Pitpit and other
birds and listened with “wonder and joy” to the
twilight songs.
AYA (NURSE MAID)
-Kind old woman employed to look after him.
-Imaginary tales told by the Aya aroused Rizal’s
interest in legends and folklore.
-Aya would threaten Rizal with Asuang, Nuno,
Tigbalang (a terrible bearded and turbaned
Bombay) would come to take him away if he would
not eat his supper.
-The Nocturnal walk in the town especially when
there was a moon with his Aya by the river.
DAILY ANGELUS PRAYER
-Happy moonlit nights at the Azotea after the nightly
Rosary.
Hero’s First Sorrow
DEATH OF LITTLE CONCHA (CONCEPCION)
-“When I was four years old,” he said, “I lost my little
sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed
tears caused by love and grief…”
DEVOTED SON OF THE CHURCH
-Young Rizal is a Religious boy
-Rizal grew up a Good Catholic
-At the age of 3, he began to take part in the family
prayer
-His mother taught him the Catholic Prayers
-At 5 years old, he was able to read the Spanish
family Bible
-He was so seriously devout that he was laughingly
called Manong Jose by the Hermanos & Hermanas
Terceras
FATHER LEONCIO LOPEZ
-Town priest
-One of the men he esteemed & respected in
Calamba during his boyhood.
PILGRIMAGE TO ANTIPOLO
-On June 06, 1868, Jose and his father left Calamba
to go on a Pilgrimage to Antipolo.
-First trip of Jose across Laguna de Bay and his first
pilgrimage to Antipolo.
-They rode in a Casco (barge)
-He was awed by “The magnificence of the water
expanse and the silence of the night”
-After praying at the Shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo,
Jose and his father went to Manila and visited
Saturnina, who was then a boarding student at La
Concordia College in Santa Ana.
STORY OF THE MOTH AND THE FLAME
-Was told to Rizal by his mother on a night when her
mother was teaching him how to read a book
entitled “The Children’s Friend” (El Amigos de los
Niños).
-His mother grew impatient of his poor reading and
lack of focus and always straying his eyes on the
flame of the lamp and the cheerful moths
surrounding it.
-Knowing his interest to stories, his mother decided
to stop teaching him and instead read him an
interesting story.
-Upon hearing the story, it gave a deep impression
on Rizal. However, it’s not the story’s moral that
truly struck him, he actually envied the moths and
their fate and considered that the light was so fine
a thing that it was worth dying for.
ARTISTIC TALENTS
-At age 5, started making sketches with his pencil
and to mould in clay and wax objects which
attracted his fancy.
-A religious banner was always used during fiesta and
it was spoiled. Rizal painted in oil colors a new
banner that delighted the townfolks.
-Jose had the soul of a genuine artist.
-At Age 6, his sisters laughed at him for spending so
much time making those images rather than
participating in their games. He told them “All right
laugh at me now! Someday when I die, people will
make monuments and images of me!”
FIRST POEM BY RIZAL
-At Age 8, Rizal wrote his first poem in the native
language entitled “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” (To My
Fellow Children)
-He wrote it in an appeal to our people to love our
National language.
FIRST DRAMA BY RIZAL
-At age 8, Rizal wrote his first dramatic work which
was a Tagalog Comedy. It was staged in a Calamba
festival.
-A Gobernadorcillo from Paete purchased the
manuscript for 2 pesos.
RIZAL AS BOY MAGICIAN
-Learned various tricks such as making a coin appear
and disappear in his fingers and making a
handkerchief vanish in thin air.
-Entertained his town folks with magic-lantern
exhibitions. This consisted of an ordinary lamp
casting its shadow on white screen.
-Also gained skill in manipulating marionettes
(puppet shows).
-In Chapter XVII and XVIII of his second novel, El
Filibusterismo (Treason), he revealed his wide
knowledge of magic.
LAKESHORE REVERIES
- Rizal used to meditate at the shore of Laguna de
Bay, accompanied by his pet dog, on the sad
conditions of his oppressed people.
- He wrote to his friend, Mariano Ponce:
“In view of these injustices and cruelties, although yet
a child, my imagination was awakened and I made a
vow dedicating myself someday to avenge the many
victims. With this idea in my mind, I studied, and this is
seen in all my writings. Someday God will give me the
opportunity to fulfill my promise.”
INFLUENCES IN THE HERO’S BOYHOOD
HEREDITARY INFLUENCE
-Inherent qualities which a person inherits from his
ancestors and parents
MALAYAN ANCESTORS
-Love for freedom, desire to travel, and indomitable
courage
CHINESE ANCESTORS
-Serious nature, frugality, patience, and love for
children.
SPANISH ANCESTORS
-Elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult, and
gallantry to ladies.
FATHER
-Sense of self-respect, love for work, and habit of
independent thinking.
MOTHER
-Religious nature, spirit of self-sacrifice, passion for
arts and literature.

ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE
-Environment, as well as Heredity, affects the nature
of a person; includes places, associates, & events.
CALAMBA AND THE GARDEN OF THE RIZAL FAMILY
-Stimulated the inborn artistic and literary talents of
Jose Rizal
RELIGIOUS ATMOSPHERE AT HIS HOME
-Fortified his religious nature.
PACIANO
-Love of freedom and justice.
SISTERS
-To be courteous and kind to women
FAIRY TALES TOLD BY HIS AYA
-Interest in folklores and legends.
TIO JOSE ALBERTO
-Artistic ability, who studied 11 years in a British
school in Calcutta, India
TIO MANUEL
-Develop his frail body by means of physical exercises
including horse riding, walking, and wrestling
TIO GREGORIO
-Rizal’s voracious reading of good books
FATHER LEONCIO LOPEZ
-Fostered Rizal’s love for scholarship and intellectual
honesty.
-The sorrows in his family contributed for Rizal to
strengthen his character.
o The Spanish abuses and cruelties he witnessed
awakened Rizal’s Spirit of Patriotism and
inspired him to consecrate his life and talents to
redeem his oppressed people.
AID OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE
-A person cannot attain greatness in the annals of
the nation despite having everything life (brains,
wealth, and power) without this.
-Rizal was providentially destined to be the pride and
glory of his nation
-Endowed by God with versatile gifts of a genius,
vibrant spirit of a nationalist, and the valiant heart to
sacrifice for a noble cause.
CHAPTER 5:
SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA
(1872-1877)
- Jose Rizal was sent to Manila 4 months after the
Martyrdom of GomBurZa and with Doña
Teodora still in prison.
- Studied in the Ateneo Municipal
- Established in 1817.
-College under the supervision of
the Spanish Jesuits.
-Bitter rival of the Dominican-
owned College of San Juan de
Letran.
-Formerly the Escuela Pia
(Charity School) for poor boys in
Manila.
-In 1859, name was changed to
Ateneo Municipal by the Jesuits
and later became the Ateneo de
Manila.
RIZAL ENTERS THE ATENEO
On June 10, 1872
-Jose, accompanied by Paciano, went to Manila to
take the entrance examinations on Christian
Doctrine, Arithmetic, and Reading at College of San
Juan de Letran, and passed them.
-His father was the first one who wished him to study
at Letran but he changed his mind and decided to
send Jose at Ateneo instead.
FATHER MAGIN FERNANDO
-College registrar of Ateneo Municipal
-Refused to admit Jose because of the ff:
1. He was late for registration
2. He was sickly and undersized for his age
(11 years old).
MANUEL XEREZ BURGOS
-Nephew of Father Burgos
-Upon his intercession, Jose Rizal was admitted at
Ateneo.
o Jose used Rizal instead of Mercado because the
name “Mercado” had come under suspicion of
the Spanish authorities.
o Boarded in a house on Caraballo Street, owned
by Titay who owed Rizal family 300 pesos.
 Jesuit System of Education - Took private lessons in Santa Isabel College and
paid 3 pesos for extra Spanish lessons.
JESUITS - Placed 2nd at the end of the year, although all
-Trained the character of the student by rigid his grades were still marked Excellent.
discipline, humanities, and religious instruction.
-Students heard Mass in the morning before the Summer Vacation
beginning of daily class. (1873)
-Classes were opened and closed with prayers.
March 1873
-Students were divided into two groups:
-Rizal returned to Calamba for Summer Vacation.
1. Roman Empire – Consisting of the Internos
-His sister Neneng (Saturnina) brought him to
(Boarders) with red banners
Tanawan to cheer him up.
2.Carthaginian Empire- Composed of Externos
-Visited his mother in prison at Santa Cruz without
(Non-boarders) with blue
telling his father.
banners.
-After vacation, he returned to Manila for his 2nd year
term in Ateneo.
o Each of these empires had its rank. Students
-Boarded inside Intramuros at No. 8 Magallanes
fought for positions. Any student could challenge
Street.
any officer in his “empire” to answer questions
on the day’s lesson.
Doña Pepay- Landlady and old widow with a widowed
daughter and 4 sons
o With 3 mistakes, opponents could lose his
position.
Second Year in Ateneo
1st best: EMPEROR
(1873-74)
2nd best: TRIBUNE
3rd best: DECURION - Rizal lost the leadership but he repented and
4th best: CENTURION even studied harder, once more he became
5th best: STANDARD-BEARER emperor.

o Ateneo students’ uniform is consisted of “hemp- - He received excellent grades in all subjects and a
fabric trousers” and “striped cotton coat”. gold medal.

o Coat was called “rayadillo” and was adopted as - He had 3 classmates from Biñan who had also
the uniform for Filipino troops during the days been his classmates in the School of Maestro
of the First Philippine Republic. Justiniano.

RIZAL’S FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO

(1872-73) Prophecy of Mother’s Release

June 1872 - Doña Teodora told her son of her dream the
-1st day of class in Ateneo. previous night.
- Rizal, interpreting the dream, told her that she
Fr. Jose Bech – 1st Professor of Rizal. would be released from prison in 3 months time.
It became true.
- Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class since - Doña Teodora likened his son to the youthful
he was a newcomer and knows little Spanish. Joseph in the Bible in his ability to interpret
- He was an Externo and was assigned to dreams.
Carthaginians.
- At the end of the month, he became Emperor of
his Empire.
- He was the brightest pupil in the whole class.
 TEENAGE INTEREST IN READING Graduation with Highest Honors

COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO - Excellent scholastic records from 1872-1877

-By: Alexander Dumas
-Jose Rizal’s first favorite novel.
HISTORICAL WORK UNIVERSAL HISTORY
-By: Cesar Cantu
-Non-fiction novel read by Rizal
TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINES
-By: Dr. Feodor Jagor
-German who visited the Philippines
(1859-1860)
-He foretold that someday Spain would lose the
Philippines and that America would come to succeed
here as colonizer.
Third Year in Ateneo
(1874-75)
- Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother
was released from prison.
- Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his
studies.
- He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his
spoken was not fluently sonorous.
FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO
(1875-76)
June 16, 1875
-He became an Inferno in Ateneo.
Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
-Inspired him to study harder and write poetry.
-Rizal described him as “Model of Uprightness,
Earnestness, and Love for the advancement of his
pupils”.
March 23, 1877
-Commencement Day
-16 year old Rizal received from his Alma Mater the
Degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors.
Extra-Curricular Activities
- An emperor inside the Classroom and Campus
leader outside.
- Secretary of the Marian Congregation.
- Member of Academy of Spanish Literature and
the Academy of Natural Sciences.
- Studied painting under the famous Spanish
painter Agustin Saez.
- Studied sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus,
noted Filipino sculptor.
- Engaged in gymnastics and fencing. F
Fr. Jose Villaclara
-Advised him to stop communing with the muses and
pay more attention to practical studies such as
Philosophy and Natural Science.
Sculptural Works in Ateneo
- Carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a piece
of batikuling (Philippine hardwood).
Father Lleonart
-Requested him to carve an image of the Sacred Heart
of Jesus.
-Ateneo students placed the image on the door of the
dormitory and remained there for many years.
Anecdotes on Rizal, The Atenean

- Returned to Calamba with 5 medals and Felix M. Ramos

excellent ratings. -One of Rizal’s contemporaries in Ateneo.

Last Year in Ateneo Manuel Xeres Burgos

(1876-77)
June 1876
-Last year of Rizal in Ateneo.
-The most brilliant Atenean of his time
-“The pride of the Jesuits”
-Obtained highest grades in all subjects.
-Whose house Rizal boarded shortly before he
became an inferno.
Poems Written in Ateneo
Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
-1st poem he wrote for his mother’s birthday.
In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he wrote more
poems such as the following:
- Filicitacion (Felicitation)
- El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes
(The Departure Hymn to Magellan’s fleet)
- Y Es Espanol: Elcano, the first to circumnavigate
the world
- El Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo (The
Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo).
Summer 1876 in Calamba
-Wrote the religious drama in poetic verses.
- Finished the script on June 2, 1876
-Submitted the finished manuscript entitled “San
Eustacio, Martir” (St. Eustace, the Martyr) to Father
Sanchez in his last academic year in Ateneo.
First Romance of Rizal

In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics:
- Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My
Town)
- Alianza Intima Entre la Region Y La Buena
Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion
and Good Education)
- Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria
(Through Education the Country Receive Light)
- E Cultivero Y El Triunfo (The Captivity and the
Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment
of Boabdil)
- La Entrada Triuntal de Los Reyes Catolices en
Granada (The Triumphal Entry of The Catholic
Monarches into Granada)
In 1877, he wrote more poems:
- El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of
Colombus)
- Colon y Juan II (Colombus and John II )
- Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great
Solace in Great Misfortune)
- Un Diarogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los
Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students).
o Rizal experienced his 1st romance when he was
16 years old
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
-Pretty 14 years old Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas
-Sister of his friend Mariano Katigbak
-Rizal’s sister, Olimpia, was a close friend of Segunda
in La Concordia College.
-Already engaged to Manuel Luz.
o His first romance was ruined by his own shyness
and reserve.
o Segunda returned to Lipa and later married
Manuel Luz.
o Rizal remained in Calamba, a frustrated lover,
cherishing nostalgic memories of lost love.

Rizal’s Religious Poems

Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)

-A brief ode
-Written in 1875 when he was 14 years old.

A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary).

Dramatic Work in Ateneo

Father Sanchez
-Rizal’s favorite teacher
-Asked Rizal to write a drama based on the prose story
of St. Eustace the Martyr.
CHAPTER 6:
Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882)
Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education
- Doña Teodora opposed the idea of sending Rizal
to UST to pursue higher education because she
knew what happened to Gom-Bur-Za and the
Spaniards might cut off his head if he gets to
know more.
- Rizal was surprised by his mother’s opposition,
who was a woman of education and culture.
Despite his mother’s tears, Don Francisco told
Paciano to accompany Rizal to Manila.
Rizal Enters the University
April 1877
-Rizal matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas.
-Enrolled in UST taking up Philosophy and Letter for
two reasons: 1. His father liked it
2. He was “still uncertain as to what
career to pursue”
-Asked the advice of Father Pablo Ramon (Rector of
Ateneo) on what career to choose but was unable to
advice since he was in Mindanao.
First-year Term (1877-1878)
-Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy,
and History of Philosophy.
Father Pable Ramon’s Advice
-Study Medicine
-Reason: To be able to cure his mother’s growing
blindness
Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo
(1878)
- While Rizal was studying at UST, he also studied
in Ateneo.
- He took the vocational course leading to the title
of “Perito Agrimensor” (Expert Surveyor).
- Colleges for boys in Manila offered vocational
courses in Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanics,
and Surveying.
- He excelled in all subjects in the surveying
course, obtaining gold medals in Agriculture and
Topography.
- At age 17, he passed the final examination in the
surveying course.
November 25, 1881
-Rizal was granted the title as Surveyor.
o Because of his loyalty to Ateneo, he continued to
participate actively in the Ateneo’s extra-
curricular activities.
o He was President of the Academy of Spanish
Literature and Secretary of the Academy of
Natural Sciences.
Romances with Other Girls
MISS L
-Fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
-Romance died a natural death.
-2 Reasons for his change of heart:
1. The sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh
in his heart
2. His Father did not like the family of “Miss L”.
LEONOR VALENZUELA
-Daughter of the next-door neighbors of Doña
Concha Leyva (her house is where Rizal boarded).
-Tall girl with a regal bearing.
-Pet name: “Orang”
-Rizal sent her love notes written in invisible ink.
o Ink consisted of common table salt and water.
o He taught Orang the secret of reading any note
written in the invisible ink by heating it over a
candle or lamp so that the words may appear.
LEONOR RIVERA
-Rizal’s cousin from Camiling.
-Born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867
-Student of La Concordia College where Rizal’s
youngest sister, Soledad was then studying.
-Frail, pretty girl “tender as a budding flower with
kindly, wistful eyes”.
-They became engaged.
-In her letters to Rizal, Leonor signed her name as
“Taimis”, in order to camouflage their intimate
relationship from their parents and friends.
Rizal lived in: Casa Tomasina No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas,
Intramuros
Antonio Rivero- Rizal’s landlord
-Uncle is the father of Leonor Rivera.
Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality
- One dark night in Calamba, during the Summer
vacation in 1878, when Rizal was walking in the
street and dimly perceived the figure of a man
while passing him.
- Not knowing the person was a Lieutenant of
the Guardia Civil, he did not salute nor say
greetings.
- With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped out
his sword and brutally slashed his back.
- Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de
Rivera, the Spanish Governor General of the
Philippines at that time, but nothing came out
because he was an Indio and the accused was
a Spaniard.
- Later in a letter to Blumentritt dated March 21,
1887, he related, “I went to the Captain
General but I could not obtain justice; my
wound lasted two weeks.
“To the Filipino Youth”
(1879)
Liceo Artisco-Literano (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of
Manila
-Society of Literary Men and Artists
-Held a Literary contest
-At the age of 18, Rizal submitted his poem entitled,
“A La Juventud Filipina” (“To the Filipino Youth”).
-The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards, gave
the first prize to Rizal which consisted of a silver
pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold
ribbon.
-Rizal beseeched the Filipino youth to rise from
lethargy, to let their genius fly swifter than the
wind and descend with art and science to break the
chains that have long bound the spirit of people.
-Reasons why Rizal’s poem was a classic in Philippine
Literature: 1. It was the first great poem in Spanish
written by a Filipino, whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary
Authorities
2. It expressed for the first time the
Nationalistic concept that the Filipinos
were the “Fair hope of the
Fatherland”.
“The Council of the Gods”
(1880)
Artistic-Literary Lyceum
-Opened another literary contest for both Filipino
and Spaniards to commemorate the 4th centennial
of the death of Cervantes
-Spain’s glorified man-of-letters
-Famous author of “Don Quixote”
-Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled, “El
Consejo de los Dioses” (“The Council of the Gods”)
and received the first prize, a gold ring engraved the
bust of Cervantes.
Other Literary Works
“Junto al Pasig” (“Beside the Pasig”) (1880)
-A Zarzuela
-Staged by the Ateneans on December 08, 1880 on
the annual celebration of the Feast Day of the
Immaculate Conception (Patrones of the Ateneo).
A Filipinas (1880)
-A sonnet he wrote for the album of the Society of
Sculptors.
Abd-el-Azis (1879)
-Poem declaimed by Manuel Fernandez on the night
of December 08, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo’s
Patroness.
Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon (1881)
-Poem he wrote as an expression of affection to
Father Pablo Ramon.
 Rizal’s Visit to Pakil and Pagsanjan
Summer of May 1881
-Rizal went to a Pilgrimage to the town of Pakil,
famous shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores.
-Was accompanied by his sisters—Saturnina , Maria,
and Trinidad and their female friends.
-They took a Casco (flat-bottom sailing vessel) from
Calamba to Pakil, Laguna and stayed at the home of
Mr. and Mrs. Manuel Regalado, whose son Nicolas
was Rizal’s friend in Manila.
-Rizal and his companions were fascinated by the
famous turumba (people dancing in the streets
during the procession in honor of the miraculous
Birhen Maria de los Dolores)
-Rizal was infatuated by a pretty girl Colegiala,
Vicenta Ybardolaza
-Skillfully played the harp at the Regalado home
-Reasons why Rizal and his company made side trip
to the neighboring town of Pagsanjan:
1. It was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela
2. To see the world famed Pagsanjan Falls.
Champion of Filipino Students
- Rizal was the champion of the Filipino students
in their fights against the arrogant Spanish
students, who insultingly called their brown
classmates “Indio, chongo!”
- In retaliation, the Filipino students called them
“Kastila, bangus!”
Galicano Apacible
-Rizal’s cousin from Batangas
-Secretary of Compañerismo
-Fierce encounter near the Escolta in Manila where
Rizal was wounded on the head
-Where Rizal was tenderly washed and dressed by
Leonor Rivera in his boarding house “Casa
Tomasina”.
Unhappy Days in UST
o He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of
higher learning because:
1. Dominican professors were hostile to
him
2. Filipino students were racially
discriminated against by the Spaniards
3. Method of instruction was obsolete and
repressive.
o Rizal, the most brilliant graduate of Ateneo,
failed to win high scholastic honors.
Decision to Study Abroad
o After finishing the 4th year of his medical course,
Rizal decided to study in Spain.
o He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry,
discrimination, and hostility in UST
o He did not seek his parent’s permission and
blessings to go abroad, and even his beloved
Leonor.

In 1880
-Rizal founded a Secret Society of Filipino students in
University of Santo Tomas called, “Compaňerismo”
(Comradeship)
-Members were called “Companions of Jehu”, ‘
after the valiant Hebrew general who fought the
Armaeans.